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Geriatrics
Volume 11
Issue 1
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Geriatrics, Volume 11, Issue 1 (February 2026) – 22 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Postoperative delirium is a common complication in older adults undergoing elective surgery and requires effective interdisciplinary risk assessment and communication across care settings. To support this process, the Geriatric Delirium Pass (GeDePa), a paper-based tool for documenting risk factors, was developed and evaluated. Using a multi-method design including a literature review, expert interviews, and a standardized survey applying the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method, 21 healthcare professionals from Austria and Italy assessed the relevance and feasibility of the proposed risk factors. The results support the GeDePa as a feasible tool to facilitate structured delirium risk assessment and improve communication between primary care and hospital settings. View this paper
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15 pages, 1650 KB  
Review
Interdisciplinary Strategies for Improving Oral Health in Older Adults: A Comprehensive Review
by Joanna Cheuk Yan Hui, Lindsey Lingxi Hu, Alice Kit Ying Chan and Chun Hung Chu
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010022 - 19 Feb 2026
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3769
Abstract
Oral health in older adults is a critical component of overall well-being requiring integrated, interdisciplinary approaches to address its complex interplay of medical, functional, and psychosocial challenges. The aim of this is to examine strategies to enhance interdisciplinary collaboration among dental professionals, physicians, [...] Read more.
Oral health in older adults is a critical component of overall well-being requiring integrated, interdisciplinary approaches to address its complex interplay of medical, functional, and psychosocial challenges. The aim of this is to examine strategies to enhance interdisciplinary collaboration among dental professionals, physicians, nurses, nutritionists, and caregivers to improve oral health outcomes in aging populations. Older adults commonly face dental problems such as periodontal disease which can be exacerbated by polypharmacy, systemic diseases, and barriers to accessing care. These multifaceted needs necessitate coordinated efforts across dentistry, geriatric medicine, nursing, and social support systems. Strategies of effective interdisciplinary care include: (1) Medical-dental integration, enabling physicians to screen for oral health issues during routine assessments; (2) Nursing and caregiver engagement in daily oral hygiene support and early problem identification; (3) Nutritional interventions tailored to address chewing difficulties and prevent malnutrition; (4) Social support systems to improve access to affordable care; and (5) Technology-driven solutions such as tele-dentistry to enhance communication, early detection, and care coordination. Despite these opportunities, systemic barriers persist, including fragmented healthcare systems, financial constraints, workforce shortages, cultural biases, and technological gaps. Progress requires commitment from policymakers, healthcare institutions, and health care professionals to prioritize geriatric oral health as a public health imperative. In conclusion, interdisciplinary collaboration enhances older adults’ oral-systemic health via cross-sector policies and healthcare workforce education. Implementing these strategies can mitigate oral health disparities, reduce the burden of chronic diseases, and improve quality of life for aging populations through holistic, patient-centered care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health Care in Older Adults)
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18 pages, 755 KB  
Article
Temporal Prognostic Factors in Elderly Patients with Acute Heart Failure: A Cohort Study from a Spanish Emergency Department
by Itziar Ostolaza Tazón, Héctor Alonso Valle and Pedro Muñoz Cacho
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010021 - 18 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1563
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Acute heart failure (AHF) is a common cause of hospitalization in older adults, associated with high morbidity and mortality. In this population, frailty, comorbidity, and functional variability significantly influence prognosis. This study evaluated short-term (30-day) and long-term (1-year) mortality predictors in elderly [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Acute heart failure (AHF) is a common cause of hospitalization in older adults, associated with high morbidity and mortality. In this population, frailty, comorbidity, and functional variability significantly influence prognosis. This study evaluated short-term (30-day) and long-term (1-year) mortality predictors in elderly patients with AHF treated in the emergency department (HED), considering clinical variables, comorbidities, and precipitating factors (PFs). Materials and Methods: An observational cohort study was conducted based on a secondary analysis of older patients with AHF included in the Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in Emergency Departments (EAHFE) registry, treated at Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (HUMV) between 2007 and 2022. Clinical, laboratory, and PF-related variables were collected. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 30 days and 1 year. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: A total of 548 patients were included (mean age: 80.7 years), of whom 78.6% required hospitalization, mainly in the Internal Medicine department. Mortality was 11.1% at 30 days and 29.9% at 1 year. Age, valvular heart disease, dementia, and elevated creatinine levels were independently associated with higher mortality. Hypoxemia and low-output symptoms were linked to short-term mortality, while NYHA class III and anemia were associated with long-term mortality. Among PFs, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) was related to worse short-term outcomes, whereas rapid atrial fibrillation (AF) was inversely associated with long-term mortality. Conclusions: The prognostic relevance of risk factors differs between short- and long-term outcomes in older patients with AHF. Incorporating clinical characteristics and PFs into risk stratification models may support individualized management and guide follow-up strategies tailored to the geriatric profile. This multidimensional approach is essential to improve clinical decision-making and outcomes in a highly vulnerable population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cardiogeriatrics)
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17 pages, 580 KB  
Article
Age-Related Diagnostic Accuracy and Patient Acceptance of Two Chewing Efficiency Tests: An Exploratory Field Study
by Alexander Schmidt, Marie-Christin Lehmann, Steffen Schlee, Maximiliane Amelie Schlenz and Bernd Wöstmann
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010020 - 16 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1018
Abstract
Objectives: This study investigated the impact of age on the diagnostic accuracy and patient acceptance of two chewing efficiency tests: the digital Mini Dental Assessment (MDA) using carrots and the CHEW test by Slavicek using fruit gum, applied in both clinical and nursing [...] Read more.
Objectives: This study investigated the impact of age on the diagnostic accuracy and patient acceptance of two chewing efficiency tests: the digital Mini Dental Assessment (MDA) using carrots and the CHEW test by Slavicek using fruit gum, applied in both clinical and nursing home settings. Methods: Seventy participants aged 18 to 99 years from dental clinics and nursing homes were included. All participants received a standardized dental examination (reference standard) and performed the MDA and CHEW tests. Sensitivity, specificity, and AUC values were calculated using ROC analysis. Participants rated both tests in terms of taste, consistency, comprehensibility, required time, and subjective chewing sensation. Acceptance was analyzed across age groups and prosthesis types. Results: Both chewing efficiency tests showed good agreement with the clinical reference standard. The AUC was 0.72 for the MDA and 0.78 for the CHEW test (p = 0.192). Sensitivity was higher for the CHEW test (100%) compared to the MDA (83.3%), while the MDA demonstrated slightly higher specificity (59.6% vs. 55.8%). Age significantly influenced both diagnostic outcomes and test acceptance (p < 0.05). Younger participants (<70 years) were more often correctly classified as healthy and tended to prefer the MDA, whereas older participants (≥70 years) preferred the CHEW test, primarily due to taste. Misclassifications occurred most frequently among participants with complete dentures. Conclusions: Both the digital MDA and the CHEW chewing test demonstrated good diagnostic performance in identifying treatment need. Acceptance varied significantly with age, suggesting that test selection may be optimized based on patient characteristics. These simple and rapid assessments may support early detection of dental treatment needs in clinical and nursing home settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health Care in Older Adults)
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16 pages, 3877 KB  
Systematic Review
Meta-Analysis of Short-Term Outcomes After Robotic Pancreaticoduodenectomy in Octogenarians
by Ahmed Hassan, Martyn Charles Stott, Sarthak Jain, Vasileios Kotsarinis, Hadiyat A. Ogunlayi, Lydia Loutzidou, Dimitrios Vouros, Amr Ebrahim, Shahin Hajibandeh, Shahab Hajibandeh, Jacob Kadamapuzha and Thomas Satyadas
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010019 - 13 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1395
Abstract
Background/Objectives: To evaluate short-term postoperative outcomes in octogenarians undergoing robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy. Methods: In compliance with the PRISMA statement standards, a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis was conducted. All studies reporting short-term postoperative outcomes in patients aged ≥ 80 undergoing robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy were included [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: To evaluate short-term postoperative outcomes in octogenarians undergoing robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy. Methods: In compliance with the PRISMA statement standards, a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis was conducted. All studies reporting short-term postoperative outcomes in patients aged ≥ 80 undergoing robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy were included and analyzed. Results: A total of 321 octogenarians from five studies were included. The mean operative time was 459.7 min (95% CI 398.6–520.8) and the estimated intraoperative blood loss was 216.1 mL (95% CI 147.4–284.8). Conversion to open occurred in 3.8% (95% CI 0.0–7.7). The risk of postoperative mortality was 4.5% (95% CI 1.7–7.2) and Clavien-Dindo grade ≥ III (major) complications occurred in 28.0% (95% CI 22.9–33.1). The risk of grade B or C postoperative pancreatic fistula was 10% (95% CI 6.5–13.5). The hospital stay was 14.9 days (95% CI 10.2–19.5). The risk of reoperation and readmission were 8.0% (95% CI 4.4–11.7) and 25.6% (95% CI 16.9–34.3), respectively. Compared to patients aged <80, the risk of major complications was higher (OR: 1.81, p = 0.010) and hospital stay was longer (MD: 5.19 days, p = 0.030) in octogenarians. Compared to the open approach, robotic approach was associated with longer operative time (MD: 137.08 min, p = 0.0009), less intraoperative blood loss (MD: −246.00 mL, p = 0.010), and lower major complications (OR: 0.62, p = 0.020). Conclusions: Subject to selection and confounding bias, robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy may be safe with acceptable postoperative mortality and morbidity in highly selected octogenarians with good performance status. The results of the current study can be used for hypothesis synthesis and power analysis in future comparative studies. Full article
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13 pages, 1242 KB  
Article
Age-Stratified Differences in Cardio–Reno–Metabolic Risk Profiles
by Mihaela Simona Popoviciu and Timea Claudia Ghitea
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010018 - 11 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1417
Abstract
Background: Susception to cardio–reno–metabolic disorders increases markedly with age; however, the dominant contributors to risk may differ across the adult life course. While metabolic abnormalities often predominate at younger ages, vascular and renal alterations become more prominent in older populations. Understanding how these [...] Read more.
Background: Susception to cardio–reno–metabolic disorders increases markedly with age; however, the dominant contributors to risk may differ across the adult life course. While metabolic abnormalities often predominate at younger ages, vascular and renal alterations become more prominent in older populations. Understanding how these risk components reconfigure with aging may inform age-tailored prevention strategies. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included 287 adults undergoing clinical and biochemical evaluation for cardio–metabolic risk. Participants were stratified into three age categories: <65 years (n = 175), 65–75 years (n = 84), and >75 years (n = 28). Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, metabolic parameters, liver enzymes, inflammatory markers, and renal function indices were assessed. Insulin resistance was estimated using the triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index, and renal function was evaluated by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). Comparisons across age groups were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Younger participants (<65 years) exhibited a predominantly metabolic risk profile, characterized by higher body mass index, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, and TyG index (all p < 0.05). In contrast, advancing age was associated with a progressive vascular–renal phenotype, including higher systolic blood pressure, lower diastolic blood pressure, and a marked decline in eGFR (p < 0.001). Liver enzymes decreased with age, while the FIB-4 index increased. UACR and C-reactive protein levels did not differ significantly between age groups. Despite these differences in individual risk markers, the composite risk category score was similar across age strata. Conclusions: Cardio–reno–metabolic risk profiles show distinct age-stratified patterns in dominant risk markers, with metabolic predominance more evident at younger ages and vascular–renal vulnerability more prominent in older adults. These findings support a life-course perspective on risk assessment and highlight the potential importance of early detection of vascular and microvascular risk in metabolically burdened younger individuals, prior to the development of overt renal dysfunction and advanced vascular aging. Full article
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14 pages, 531 KB  
Article
Planetary Health Diet Adherence and Medication Use in Older Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Luca Soraci, Guido Gembillo, Maria Elsa Gambuzza, Edlin Villalta Savedra, Chiara Chinigò, Elvira Filicetti, Mara Volpentesta, Giada Ida Greco, Domenico Santoro and Andrea Corsonello
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010017 - 5 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2304
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in older adults is frequently accompanied by substantial medication burden, increasing risks of adverse drug events and poor adherence. The Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI), emphasizing plant-based foods and sustainable dietary patterns, may improve cardiometabolic health and [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in older adults is frequently accompanied by substantial medication burden, increasing risks of adverse drug events and poor adherence. The Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI), emphasizing plant-based foods and sustainable dietary patterns, may improve cardiometabolic health and reduce medication requirements. This study examined the association between PHD adherence as measured by the PHDI and medication burden among older adults with CKD. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2018 cycles. Older individuals aged ≥ 65 years with CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or albumin-to-creatinine ratio > 30 mg/g) at the baseline visit were included (n = 3161). PHDI scores (0–150) were calculated from two consecutive 24 h dietary recalls. Medication burden was assessed as the total prescription medication count and frequency of individual classes. Multivariable Poisson regression models evaluated associations between PHDI score and number of prescribed medications, adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical covariates; logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between PHDI score and specific medication classes. Results: Mean (SD) age was 75.0 (5.5) years; mean PHDI score was 62.4 (18.7). Participants in the highest PHDI tertile had significantly lower medication burden compared to the lowest tertile. In fully adjusted Poisson regression models, each 10-point increase in PHDI score was associated with 3% fewer medications (RR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.96–0.99, p = 0.011). Participants in the highest PHDI tertile had 8% fewer medications compared to the lowest tertile (RR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.87–0.98, p = 0.013). Higher PHDI scores were significantly associated with lower odds of proton pump inhibitor use (OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.79–0.94 per 10-point increase) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug prescription (OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.76–0.97 per 10-point increase). Participants in the highest PHDI tertile had 34% lower odds of PPI use (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.49–0.89) and nonsignificant lower odds of NSAID use (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.40–1.11) compared to those in the lowest tertile. Conclusions: Higher PHDI adherence was independently associated with lower medication burden in older adults with CKD. These findings suggest that plant-forward, sustainable dietary patterns may reduce pharmacological complexity in this vulnerable population. Prospective studies are needed to assess causality and clinical implementation strategies. Full article
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13 pages, 520 KB  
Article
Effect of Yoga Practices on Postural Stability, Fall Risk, and Psychological Wellbeing in Older Adults
by Sanjay Shete, Anita Verma, Ranjeet Singh Bhogal and Subodh Tiwari
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010016 - 5 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2894
Abstract
Background: Advancing age is frequently associated with balance impairment, increased fall risk, and psychological distress, which together contribute to loss of independence and reduced quality of life. Yoga, as a mind–body practice, has the potential to enhance physical stability as well as mental [...] Read more.
Background: Advancing age is frequently associated with balance impairment, increased fall risk, and psychological distress, which together contribute to loss of independence and reduced quality of life. Yoga, as a mind–body practice, has the potential to enhance physical stability as well as mental well-being in older adults. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a structured yoga program on balance, fear of falling, mobility, and mental health outcomes among older adults. Methods: A quasi-experimental pretest–post-test study was conducted at Nagpur, India. A total of 64 eligible participants (65–85 years) were purposively assigned to a yoga intervention group (n = 32) or a waitlist control group (n = 32). The 12-week intervention comprised preparatory exercises, yoga postures, breathing practices, and meditation. Outcomes assessed at baseline and post-intervention included balance, fear of falling, mobility, depression, and anxiety. Results: Data from 50 participants (yoga: n = 26; control: n = 24) were analyzed. The yoga group showed significant improvements in balance (p < 0.001) and functional mobility (p < 0.001), with significant reductions in fear of falling (p = 0.009), anxiety (p = 0.0003), and depression (p = 0.004). In contrast, the control group exhibited deterioration in functional mobility (p = 0.001) and anxiety (p = 0.009), with no significant gains in other measures. Between-group comparisons confirmed significantly greater improvements in the yoga group across all outcomes. Conclusions: A 12-week yoga program was feasible and effective in improving balance, functional mobility, and mental health, while reducing fear of falling among older adults. Yoga may serve as a safe, non-pharmacological intervention to promote healthy aging in institutionalized populations. Trial registration: This study was prospectively registered with the Clinical Trial Registry of India (Registration No: CTRI/2023/10/058682; Registered on: 16 October 2023). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Healthy Aging)
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15 pages, 250 KB  
Article
Evaluation of Beers Criteria Implementation in the Community Pharmacy Setting to Optimize Medication Management for Older Adults—A Pilot Study
by Reza Karimi, Jason Kuan and June Kume
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010015 - 30 Jan 2026
Viewed by 2148
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This pilot study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of applying the Beers criteria in the community pharmacy setting and aid pharmacists in identifying and emphasizing adverse effects from potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) for older adults. Methods: We applied a single-center retrospective study [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This pilot study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of applying the Beers criteria in the community pharmacy setting and aid pharmacists in identifying and emphasizing adverse effects from potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) for older adults. Methods: We applied a single-center retrospective study to collect demographic and outcome data in order to analyze dispensed PIMs for older adults. We used an evaluation tool to compare warnings between pharmacy dispensing software and the Beers criteria. Descriptive statistics were computed via standard statistical software. Results: Culled from a random selection of 215 patients, the medical records from 50 subjects ≥65 years old were reviewed, including 440 of their medications. Our data demonstrated that 96% of subjects were dispensed at least one PIM, with a total of 34 different PIMs distributed at varying frequencies. A comparative analysis indicated that 74% of dispensed medications had similar, but not identical, warning profiles presented in the dispensing software and Beers criteria. Anticholinergic burden of dispensed PIMs indicated that older adults were at risk of falls and delirium. By supplementing the dispensing software with Beers criteria, we were able to create clinical communication notes for providers, patients, and pharmacy students to emphasize the role pharmacists can play to minimize PIM’s adverse effects on older adults. Conclusions: Our data indicates the feasibility of implementing the Beers criteria in the community pharmacy setting. Integrating the dispensing software warnings with Beers criteria created a structured intervention strategy to prevent potential adverse effects and develop clinical communication notes to emphasize a more engaging role that the community pharmacy setting can play to optimize therapeutic outcomes for older adults. Full article
10 pages, 1722 KB  
Case Report
Activated Lymphocyte-Based Immunotherapy Plus Tomotherapy in an Older Patient with Stage III Lung Cancer: A Case Report
by Anastasia Ganina, Madina Karimova, Dana Idrissova, Aigul Brimova, Manarbek Askarov and Larissa Kozina
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010014 - 29 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1232
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors and is associated with a high mortality rate, especially in aged patients. Immunotherapy is an effective method for treating lung cancer, particularly when used in combination with other treatments like chemotherapy. One of [...] Read more.
Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors and is associated with a high mortality rate, especially in aged patients. Immunotherapy is an effective method for treating lung cancer, particularly when used in combination with other treatments like chemotherapy. One of the types of immunotherapy is the use of autologous immune cells that are pre-activated before injection back to a patient. The effectiveness of this type of immunotherapy is determined by the specificity of its action on cancer cells through the activation of immune cell, e.g., lymphocytes. However, this treatment is not extensively used in elder patients due to higher risk of complications. On the other hand, in those aged patients who suffer from late stage cancer, the immune-cell based immunotherapy may come as a last resort. In this study, we present a clinical case of a 63-year-old patient with advanced-stage lung cancer and CT-confirmed infiltration of the left main bronchus. Treatment of the patient with immunotherapy using autologous activated lymphocytes combined with tomotherapy resulted in prominent improvement and decreased size of the malignancy. This positive effect was accompanied by a decrease in the number of circulating tumor cells in the blood. The patient was treated in May-June 2024 and is still alive with good condition as of August 2025. We conclude that combined treatment is a reliable option for selected aged patients with advanced-stage lung cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Oncology)
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37 pages, 1319 KB  
Review
Late-Onset Depression in an Aging World: A Multidimensional Perspective on Risks, Mechanisms, and Treatment
by Antonio Maria D’Onofrio, Gaspare Filippo Ferrajoli, Lodovico Maria Balzoni, Marco Massetti, Andrea Zanzarri, Giuseppe Marano, Marianna Mazza, Alexia Koukopoulos, Georgios D. Kotzalidis, Lorenzo Moccia, Alessio Simonetti, Delfina Janiri, Marco Di Nicola, Gabriele Sani and Giovanni Camardese
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010013 - 26 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4401
Abstract
Background: Late-onset depression (LOD) represents a distinct clinical and biological phenotype emerging in the context of global population ageing. This study aims to synthesize current evidence on the epidemiology, risk factors, mechanistic pathways, and therapeutic approaches of LOD, integrating biological, psychological, and social [...] Read more.
Background: Late-onset depression (LOD) represents a distinct clinical and biological phenotype emerging in the context of global population ageing. This study aims to synthesize current evidence on the epidemiology, risk factors, mechanistic pathways, and therapeutic approaches of LOD, integrating biological, psychological, and social dimensions. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes recent evidence across epidemiology, clinical symptomatology, neurobiology, and treatment. Where conceptually appropriate or empirically overlapping, we incorporate findings from the broader late-life depression (LLD) literature. Results: LOD emerges (as a distinct clinical and biological entity in later life) as a clinically and biologically meaningful presentation of depression in later life, representing a minority of depressive cases. It is defined by prominent apathy, psychomotor slowing, and cognitive impairment, and is closely linked to frailty, medical comorbidity, and heightened dementia risk. Pathophysiological mechanisms converge on vascular, inflammatory, oxidative, and neuroplasticity pathways, while psychosocial adversity further shapes onset and course. Treatment prioritizes efficacy and tolerability amid multiple morbidity; SSRIs and SNRIs are first-line, with pro-dopaminergic or dual-action agents addressing anhedonia and apathy, and neuromodulation or augmentation strategies reserved for resistance. Integrative approaches combining pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and lifestyle interventions are essential to optimize outcomes in aging populations. Conclusions: Late-onset depression (is a distinct, biologically and psychosocially driven disorder) represents a biologically and psychosocially enriched subtype in its own within the spectrum of late-life depression, requiring integrated, personalized care. Addressing neurovascular mechanisms, psychosocial adversity, and prevention through coordinated geriatric and psychiatric strategies may improve outcomes in aging populations. Full article
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21 pages, 1340 KB  
Review
Iodine and Thyroid Dysfunction in Ageing: Nutritional, Pharmacologic, and Microbial Modifiers in Older Adults
by Corina-Aurelia Zugravu, Marta Petre and Ciprian Constantin
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010012 - 26 Jan 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3428
Abstract
Background: Ageing profoundly alters endocrine regulation and nutrient metabolism, predisposing older adults to thyroid dysfunction. Iodine, an essential micronutrient, lies at the center of this vulnerability due to its narrow physiological range and multiple interactions with nutrition, medications, renal function, and, presumably, [...] Read more.
Background: Ageing profoundly alters endocrine regulation and nutrient metabolism, predisposing older adults to thyroid dysfunction. Iodine, an essential micronutrient, lies at the center of this vulnerability due to its narrow physiological range and multiple interactions with nutrition, medications, renal function, and, presumably, gut microbiota. Objective: This narrative review integrates evidence on how ageing modifies iodine–thyroid homeostasis, emphasizing the roles of dietary intake, pharmacologic exposures, microbiota composition, and age-related metabolic alterations that influence iodine handling and thyroid hormone economy. Main Findings: Physiological ageing reduces renal iodine clearance, thyroidal reserve, and peripheral hormone conversion, while chronic inflammation and multimorbidity increase susceptibility to both iodine deficiency and excess. Polypharmacy, including amiodarone, lithium, and proton pump inhibitors, further destabilizes thyroid function. Age-related dysbiosis may impair micronutrient absorption and immune tolerance, linking gut ecology to thyroid autoimmunity. The gut microbiota may influence thyroid function through immune and metabolic pathways, although current evidence in older adults remains limited. Together, these factors shift the balance between iodine intake and utilization, heightening the risk of subclinical or overt hypothyroidism in older adults. Conclusions: Overall, variations in iodine intake emerge as one of the main determinants of thyroid dysfunction in ageing with nutritional, pharmacologic, and other modifiers primarily influencing iodine-related thyroid vulnerability. The adoption of age-adjusted thyroid reference ranges and preventive monitoring can reduce overtreatment and improve metabolic resilience in later life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)
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14 pages, 278 KB  
Article
Adverse Drug Reaction-Related Hospital Admissions and Adverse Drug Events and Their Association with Short- and Long-Term Health Outcomes in Older Adults
by Juliane Frydenlund, David J. Williams, Frank Moriarty, Emma Wallace, Ciara Kirke, Kathleen Bennett and Caitriona Cahir
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010011 - 20 Jan 2026
Viewed by 2218
Abstract
Background: This study examined whether adverse drug reaction (ADR)-related hospital admissions or adverse drug events (ADE) in primary care are associated with changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL), functional decline, and A&E visits, over time, in two separate prospective cohort studies [...] Read more.
Background: This study examined whether adverse drug reaction (ADR)-related hospital admissions or adverse drug events (ADE) in primary care are associated with changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL), functional decline, and A&E visits, over time, in two separate prospective cohort studies of older adults in Ireland. Methods: The Adverse Drug reactions in an Ageing PopulaTion (ADAPT) (Study 1: N = 230) and the Centre for Primary Care Research (CPCR) (Study 2: N = 605) prospective cohorts were used. Participants completed health outcome questionnaires at baseline and again at 3 months (Study 1) and at 24 months (Study 2). ADR-related admissions and ADEs were assessed at baseline. Multivariable linear, logistic, and ordinal logistic regressions were used to examine associations between ADR-related admissions/ADEs and changes in HRQOL (EQ-5D-5L/3L), functional decline, and A&E visits, adjusting for age, sex, comorbidity, and polypharmacy. Results: In Study 1 (ADAPT cohort), frailty increased and A&E visits decreased over 3 months in both ADR/non-ADR groups (p < 0.01). In Study 2 (CPCR cohort), HRQOL decreased, and functional decline and A&E visits increased for both ADE/non-ADE groups over 24 months (p < 0.05). Individuals with ADEs had lower HRQOL and greater functional decline at both time points (p < 0.001). However, experiencing an ADR or an ADE was not significantly associated with changes in HRQOL, functional decline, or A&E visits over time, after adjustments. Conclusions: There were no substantial differences in the short-term healthcare burden of ADRs, while ADEs had poorer long-term outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic The Imperative of Patient Safety and Safety Culture in Contemporary Healthcare)
19 pages, 1655 KB  
Article
Relevance and Feasibility of a “Geriatric Delirium Pass” for Older Patients with Elective Surgeries: Findings from a Multi-Methods Study
by Patrick Kutschar, Chiara Muzzana, Simon Krutter, Ingrid Ruffini, Bernhard Iglseder, Giuliano Piccoliori, Maria Flamm and Dietmar Ausserhofer
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010010 - 13 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1406
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Postoperative Delirium (POD) is a frequent complication in older patients undergoing elective surgery. Although multicomponent interventions are effective, deficits in interdisciplinary communication and intersectoral collaboration persist. This study developed and evaluated the “Geriatric Delirium Pass (GeDePa)”, a paper-based tool to systematically [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Postoperative Delirium (POD) is a frequent complication in older patients undergoing elective surgery. Although multicomponent interventions are effective, deficits in interdisciplinary communication and intersectoral collaboration persist. This study developed and evaluated the “Geriatric Delirium Pass (GeDePa)”, a paper-based tool to systematically document risk factors for POD across care settings. Methods: A multi-method design was applied, comprising (i) a structured literature review, (ii) semi-structured expert interviews, and (iii) a standardized online survey utilizing the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method (RAM). A total of 21 healthcare professionals (general practitioners, geriatricians, anaesthetists, surgeons, and nurses) were recruited from Salzburg, Austria, and South Tyrol, Italy (2023–2024). Results: Healthcare professionals confirmed the GeDePa’s practical applicability for early POD risk detection across care settings. The expert rating using the RAM Disagreement Index (DI) method deemed all 45 risk factors as sufficiently relevant and, with the exemption of two risk factors (alcohol use, intraoperative complications), feasible. A detailed analysis provided a more differentiated picture, with full consensus reached for only 18 items. Several factors with uncertain consensus (e.g., cognitive impairment and polypharmacy) were retained based on strong evidence in the literature. Others were excluded despite high ratings if they were considered redundant or impractical (e.g., detailed intraoperative complications). In total, 38 of the 45 risk factors were retained. Conclusions: The GeDePa is a feasible and relevant tool for structured delirium risk assessment and enhancing interdisciplinary communication between primary and hospital care. The finalized German and Italian versions are now available and will undergo further testing and implementation in clinical practice. Full article
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11 pages, 245 KB  
Article
The Role of Forgiveness Between Dysfunctional Thoughts and Anxiety in Older Adults’ Family Caregivers
by Javier López, Maria Dolores Ortiz and Cristina Noriega
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010009 - 8 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1374
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Current studies have shown that caregiving anxiety is associated with an individual’s dysfunctional thoughts. The aim of this study was to assess the mediating effect of caregivers’ forgiveness (benevolence, lack of avoidance and lack of revenge) on the relationship between dysfunctional thoughts [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Current studies have shown that caregiving anxiety is associated with an individual’s dysfunctional thoughts. The aim of this study was to assess the mediating effect of caregivers’ forgiveness (benevolence, lack of avoidance and lack of revenge) on the relationship between dysfunctional thoughts and anxiety in the informal caregivers of dependent older adults. Methods: Participants were 222 family caregivers. We conducted path analysis to test the hypothesized model. Results: We found a model that showed a good fit (χ2 = 3.410; χ2/gL = 5; p = 0.63; GFI = 0.994; CFI = 0.999; RMSEA = 0.001). It showed a direct and negative association between dysfunctional thoughts and lack of revenge, and this variable was related positively with both benevolence and lack of avoidance. In turn, benevolence was associated with lower levels of anxiety. The associations between dysfunctional thoughts and anxiety were mediated by caregiver forgiveness. Conclusions: Our research suggests the importance of health workers seeking to understand how individuals judge their avoidance, revenge and lack of benevolence, which affect individuals’ anxiety, for change. This study demonstrates the relevance of forgiving strategies in developing and testing informal caregiving assessments. It is necessary to detect and reduce avoidance and revenge related to caregivers. It is also necessary to detect and improve benevolence. Full article
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13 pages, 1283 KB  
Review
The Mouth–Mind Connection: Interplay of Oral and Mental Health in Older Adults
by Alice Kit Ying Chan, Joanna Cheuk Yan Hui, Lindsey Lingxi Hu and Chun Hung Chu
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010008 - 5 Jan 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2390
Abstract
The global population aged 65 and older is expected to double from 761 million in 2021 to 1.6 billion by 2050. Despite often being treated separately in clinical practice and policy, oral health and mental health are fundamentally interconnected in older adulthood, forming [...] Read more.
The global population aged 65 and older is expected to double from 761 million in 2021 to 1.6 billion by 2050. Despite often being treated separately in clinical practice and policy, oral health and mental health are fundamentally interconnected in older adulthood, forming a bidirectional relationship that exacerbates disability, social inequity, and systemic healthcare challenges. This narrative review aims to summarize the two-way relationship between mental and oral health and emphasize their combined impact on systemic health, social engagement, and independence among ageing populations. The bidirectional relationship has profound clinical significance. Untreated oral diseases induce chronic pain and cause social embarrassment, aggravating pre-existing depression and anxiety. Periodontal disease can worsen systemic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and dementia via a shared inflammatory pathway. Conversely, mental health issues—including depression, anxiety, cognitive decline, and the use of psychotropic medications—reduce motivation for oral care, prompt dental neglect, and affect salivary function, deteriorating oral health. Despite clear connections, systemic gaps persist, including fragmented healthcare systems, financial barriers, stigma, lack of awareness, and caregiver burnout. To address these challenges, strategies such as developing integrated care models to unify dental and mental health services, reforming policies to prioritize oral and mental health parity, advocating anti-stigma campaigns to clear the misconceptions, and implementing community-based healthcare programmes to reach underserved older adults are essential. By recognizing oral health as a vital component of mental resilience, societies can transform ageing into an era of empowered well-being, where the mouth–mind connection promotes holistic health rather than functional decline. Full article
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15 pages, 1310 KB  
Article
Sarcopenia in Hospitalized Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Diagnostic Thresholds and Handgrip Strength Measurement Tools
by Eliana Hanna-Deschamps, François R. Herrmann, Diana Chirouzes, Laurence Claudepierre Buratti, Christophe Luthy, Emilia Frangos, Sophie Pautex, Laurence Genton, Dina Zekry, Christophe E. Graf and Aline Mendes
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010007 - 4 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2007
Abstract
Background: Sarcopenia is highly prevalent among hospitalized older adults and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Multiple diagnostic criteria exist, but the comparative implications of different handgrip strength (HGS) thresholds and measurement tools are less explored. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the [...] Read more.
Background: Sarcopenia is highly prevalent among hospitalized older adults and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Multiple diagnostic criteria exist, but the comparative implications of different handgrip strength (HGS) thresholds and measurement tools are less explored. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of sarcopenia, comparing the diagnostic yield of different HGS thresholds using two measurement instruments (dynamometer and vigorimeter) in hospitalized older adults. Design: This was a cross-sectional observational study. Setting: A tertiary geriatric hospital with acute, rehabilitation, and long-term care wards was included. Participants: A total of 376 hospitalized older adults with complete HGS and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) data were recruited. Measurements: HGS was measured using both a hydraulic dynamometer and a pneumatic vigorimeter. Sarcopenia was defined using cut-offs from EWGSOP2, SDOC, and two DO-HEALTH-derived thresholds. Low muscle mass was identified using the fat-free mass index (FFMI) by BIA. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors of sarcopenia. Results: The prevalence of probable sarcopenia ranged from 68.1% to 89.4%, and confirmed sarcopenia from 39.6% to 50.3%, depending on the thresholds applied. Sarcopenic patients were older (86.1 ± 9.8 vs. 80.4 ± 11.0 years; p < 0.001), had lower BMI (20.7 ± 2.9 vs. 26.1 ± 4.8 kg/m2; p < 0.001), and were more frequently in long-term care (p = 0.014–0.043). Older age (OR 1.03–1.07 per year; p < 0.05) and lower BMI (OR 0.59–0.68 per kg/m2; p < 0.001) were independently associated with sarcopenia; sex and fall history were not. Conclusions: Sarcopenia prevalence was high and varied widely across diagnostic definitions and measurement tools, reflecting both methodological variability and the high vulnerability of hospitalized older adults. These findings highlight the need for standardized, context-adapted diagnostic strategies to guide timely intervention in high-risk hospitalized older adults. Full article
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16 pages, 894 KB  
Article
Effect of a Physio-Feedback Exercise Intervention Program on the Static Balance of Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial
by Jethro Raphael M. Suarez, Kworweinski Lafontant, Chitra Banarjee, Rui Xie, Joon-Hyuk Park and Ladda Thiamwong
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010006 - 3 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1553
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study aimed to assess the impact of a physio-feedback exercise program (PEER) on the static balance of community-dwelling older adults. Methods: A clustered randomized controlled trial involving community-dwelling older adults (≥60 years of age) in the Central Florida area [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study aimed to assess the impact of a physio-feedback exercise program (PEER) on the static balance of community-dwelling older adults. Methods: A clustered randomized controlled trial involving community-dwelling older adults (≥60 years of age) in the Central Florida area was conducted. Participants were randomized by research site into either (1) an 8-week exercise intervention program consisting of group-based and at-home exercises, along with a discussion with a researcher regarding their physiological health before and after the intervention period, or (2) a control group. Static balance outcomes included anterior–posterior root mean square (AP RMS), medial-lateral RMS (ML RMS), sway speed variability, and sway area measured using the Balance Tracking System (BTrackS) at baseline (T1), post-intervention (T2), one-month post-intervention (T3), and three months post-intervention (T4). Results: Among 373 community-dwelling older adults (mean age = 74.3 ± 7.1 years), a trend towards short-term improvement of sway area was observed for the intervention group, as seen through a small, marginally significant reduction in sway area at T2 (standardized β = −0.07; p = 0.050). However, the trend dissipated during post-intervention follow-up periods (T3 and T4). Sway speed variability significantly increased for the intervention group at T4 (standardized β = 0.10; p = 0.014). Conclusions: The PEER intervention may need to increase the total duration of the intervention, the frequency of the weekly exercise sessions, and the amount of standing stance exercises during the group-based and at-home exercise sessions to elicit improvements in static balance among older community-dwelling adults. Full article
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13 pages, 221 KB  
Article
Individual and Cumulative Health and Lifestyle Risk Factors for Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults: Evidence from NHANES
by Chaowalit Srisoem, Mia Haddad, Jittima Panyasarawut and Ling Shi
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010005 - 1 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1916
Abstract
Background: Depression in older adults is a multifactorial condition influenced by health status, functional capacity, and lifestyle factors. This study aimed to investigate the individual and combined associations of these factors with late-life depression. Methods: Using data from the National Health and Nutrition [...] Read more.
Background: Depression in older adults is a multifactorial condition influenced by health status, functional capacity, and lifestyle factors. This study aimed to investigate the individual and combined associations of these factors with late-life depression. Methods: Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), this study evaluated the associations of general health, chronic conditions, functioning, and lifestyle behaviors (including physical activity, sleep, diet quality, smoking, and alcohol use) with depressive symptoms among U.S. adults 65 years and older. Weighted logistic regression models, accounting for the complex survey design of NHANES, were used to examine the factors both individually and in combination. Results: Depressive symptoms were more prevalent among individuals with poor self-rated health, physical and cognitive functional limitations, hypertension, obesity, current smoking, physical inactivity, and alcohol abstinence. A clear cumulative risk gradient was observed with increasing numbers of risk factors: older adults with six or more risk factors had at least 20-fold higher likelihood of depressive symptoms compared with those with one or no risk factors. Conclusions: These findings highlight the interdependent influences of health, function, and lifestyle on late-life depressive symptoms and underscore the need for integrative prevention and intervention strategies to promote mental well-being in aging populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Psychiatry and Psychology)
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12 pages, 374 KB  
Article
Cardiometabolic Index, BMI, Waist Circumference, and Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity Risk in Older Adults
by Setor K. Kunutsor and Jari A. Laukkanen
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010004 - 30 Dec 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3047
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The cardiometabolic index (CMI) is a simple anthropometric–metabolic indicator that has recently gained attention as a marker of cardiometabolic risk. This study compared the associations and predictive utility of CMI, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) for cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM). [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The cardiometabolic index (CMI) is a simple anthropometric–metabolic indicator that has recently gained attention as a marker of cardiometabolic risk. This study compared the associations and predictive utility of CMI, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) for cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM). Methods: Data were drawn from 3348 adults (mean age 63.5 years; 45.1% male) in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing who were free of hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, and stroke at wave 4 (2008–2009). CMI was calculated using the triglyceride-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio and the waist-to-height ratio. Incident CMM at wave 10 (2021–2023) was defined as the presence of ≥2 of these conditions: hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or stroke. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and measures of discrimination were estimated. Results: During 12–15 years of follow-up, 197 CMM cases were recorded. CMI, BMI, and WC were each linearly related to CMM. Higher CMI was associated with increased CMM risk (per 1-SD increase: OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.08–1.44; highest vs. lowest tertile: OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.09–3.25), with similar effect sizes for BMI. WC showed stronger associations (per 1-SD increase: OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.25–1.71; highest vs. lowest tertile: OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.35–3.44). Adding CMI to a base model resulted in a small, non-significant improvement in discrimination (ΔC-index = 0.0032; p = 0.55) but significantly improved model fit (−2 log-likelihood p = 0.004), with comparable effects for BMI and greater improvements for WC. Conclusions: In this older UK cohort, higher CMI levels were associated with increased long-term risk of CMM but did not outperform traditional adiposity measures such as BMI and WC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cardiogeriatrics)
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2 pages, 312 KB  
Correction
Correction: Ikuta et al. Physical Function Trajectory among High-Functioning Long-Term Care Facility Residents: Utilizing Japanese National Data. Geriatrics 2024, 9, 123
by Kasumi Ikuta, Maiko Noguchi-Watanabe, Miya Aishima, Tatsuhiko Anzai, Kunihiko Takahashi and Sakiko Fukui
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010003 - 30 Dec 2025
Viewed by 894
Abstract
There was an error in the original publication [...] Full article
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22 pages, 707 KB  
Article
Assessing Ageist Attitudes: Psychometric Properties of the Fraboni Scale of Ageism in a Population-Based Sample
by Jiri Remr
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010002 - 24 Dec 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3835
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Ageism is a pervasive form of prejudice that undermines health, social participation, and intergenerational solidarity, yet validated research tools for measuring ageism are lacking in many countries. The Fraboni Scale of Ageism (FSA) is one of the widely used instruments, but its [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Ageism is a pervasive form of prejudice that undermines health, social participation, and intergenerational solidarity, yet validated research tools for measuring ageism are lacking in many countries. The Fraboni Scale of Ageism (FSA) is one of the widely used instruments, but its psychometric properties have not previously been examined in the Czech context. This study aimed to translate the 29-item FSA, evaluate its reliability and validity, and describe ageism across generations. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey based on face-to-face interviews was conducted in March 2024 among the Czech population aged 15–74 years (n = 1096). Data analysis included descriptive statistics, internal consistency indices (Cronbach’s α, McDonald’s ω, Composite Reliability, Average Variance Extracted), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on a random half-sample, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the second half. Construct validity was also examined. Results: The Czech FSA showed very good distributional characteristics with no floor or ceiling effects and excellent internal consistency (α = 0.949; subscales α = 0.848–0.898). EFA replicated the original three-factor structure (Antilocution, Avoidance, and Discrimination) explaining 57.6% of variance. CFA supported this structure with good-to-excellent model fit. FSA scores increased systematically from Baby Boomers to Generation Z, indicating higher ageism among younger cohorts. Higher fear of old age, lower education, an earlier subjective boundary of old age, and absence of an older co-resident were associated with higher ageism scores. Conclusions: The Czech version of the FSA is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing ageist attitudes in the Czech population. Its robust psychometric properties and sensitivity to theoretically relevant correlates support its use for monitoring ageism, evaluating interventions, and enabling cross-national comparisons in aging research and policy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Ageism, the Black Sheep of the Decade of Healthy Ageing)
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18 pages, 1717 KB  
Article
Exploring the Impact of a Digital Reading Program on Apathy Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Rural Canada: Insights from Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
by Aderonke Agboji, Shannon Freeman, Davina Banner, Joshua Armstrong, Melinda Martin-Khan and Alexandria Freeman-Idemilih
Geriatrics 2026, 11(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11010001 - 24 Dec 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1728
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Apathy, characterized by diminished motivation and reduced engagement in goal-directed behavior, is a prevalent concern among older adults, particularly in rural communities where opportunities for meaningful engagement may be limited. This study explores the preliminary impact of an in-person eBook club program [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Apathy, characterized by diminished motivation and reduced engagement in goal-directed behavior, is a prevalent concern among older adults, particularly in rural communities where opportunities for meaningful engagement may be limited. This study explores the preliminary impact of an in-person eBook club program on apathy among community-dwelling older adults in Northern British Columbia. Methods: This eight-week pilot single-group, pre-post mixed-methods study combined the use of eReaders to access weekly reading materials with facilitated in-person group discussions designed to foster emotional and social connection. Apathy was assessed using the 3-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-3A) before and after the program. Results: A Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed a statistically significant reduction in apathy scores (Z = −4.01, p < 0.001), with a large effect size (r = 0.76). While not powered for hypothesis testing, these findings suggest the program may have a meaningful effect. Qualitative analysis of participants who reported higher baseline apathy scores identified three key mechanisms of change: positivity effect, selective pruning of social networks, and adaptive coping, consistent with socioemotional selectivity theory. Conclusions: These preliminary results support the feasibility and potential value of theory-informed, low-cost group reading programs for addressing apathy in older adults and can inform the design of a larger, controlled study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Ageing and Lifestyle Medicine: Current Knowledge and Future Direction (2nd Edition))
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