Multimodal Assessment of Bottlenose Dolphin Auditory Nuclei Using 7-Tesla MRI, Immunohistochemistry and Stereology
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Specimens
2.2. MRI and DTI
2.3. Western Blot and BLAST
2.4. Immunohistochemistry
2.5. Microscopy and Stereology
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. MRI
3.2. Western Blot and BLAST
3.3. Immunohistochemistry and Stereology
3.3.1. Aβ
3.3.2. Fibronectin
3.3.3. TDP-43
3.3.4. pNFP
3.3.5. Iba-1
3.3.6. GFAP
3.4. Marker Distributions
3.5. Intra- and Interspecies Comparisons
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Antibody 1 | Host | Reactivity | Clonality | RRID | Catalogue Number | Lowest Dilution IHC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AT-8 | Mouse | Human, Mouse, Rat (etc.) | Monoclonal | AB_223647 | MN1020 | 1:1000 |
CD-31 | Rabbit | Human | Polyclonal | AB_726362 | ab28364 | 1:100 |
Collagen IV | Rabbit | Mouse, Rat, Hamster, Cow, Dog, Human, Pig, Zebrafish, African green monkey, Chinese hamster, Syrian hamster | Polyclonal | AB_445160 | ab6586 | 1:300 |
Collagen IV | Rabbit | Mouse | Polyclonal | AB_445160 | ab19808 | 1:300 |
Collagen IV | Rabbit | Human | Monoclonal | AB_2801511 | ab214417 | 1:500 |
CP-13 | Mouse | Human | Monoclonal | AB_2314223 | Davies Lab | 1:1000 |
dMBP | Rabbit | Human, Rat | Polyclonal | AB_2140351 | ab5864 | 1:500 |
GFAP | Rabbit | Mouse, Rat, Human | Monoclonal | AB_880202 | ab68426 | 1:1000 |
Isolectin B4 2 | Bandeiraea simplicifolia | Non-immune origin | Unspecific binding of glycoproteins | NA | L2140 | 1:40 |
MAP-2 | Rabbit | Human | Polyclonal | AB_1853945 | HPA008273 | 1:200 |
MMP-9 | Mouse | Human, Mouse, Rat | Monoclonal | Not available | NBP2-80855 | 1:300 |
MOAB-2 | Mouse | Human | Monoclonal | AB_2895168 | MABN254 | 1:200 |
NeuN | Mouse | Avian, Chicken, Ferret, Human, Mouse, Pig, Rat, Salamander | Monoclonal | AB_2298772 | MAB377 | 1:200 |
PHF1 | Mouse | Human | Monoclonal | AB_2315150 | Davies Lab | 1:500 |
SMI-32 | Mouse | Human, Mouse, Rat | Monoclonal | AB_2715852 | 801701 | 1:1000 |
Vimentin | Mouse | Human, Rat | Monoclonal | AB_306239 | ab8069 | 1:200 |
Data File | Marker | Total Markers Counted | Number of Sampling Sites | Estimated Population Using Mean Section Thickness with Counts | CE (Gundersen), m = 0 | CE (Gundersen), m = 1 | 1st Estimated CE (Schmitz- Hof) | 2nd Estimated CE (Schmitz- Hof) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amyloid-β | ||||||||
LIC CN | Non-ir | 162 | 239 | 960,000.06 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.099 | 0.079 |
LIC CN | Nuclear | 484 | 239 | 2,868,148.5 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.057 | 0.045 |
LIC CN | Cytoplasmic | 7 | 239 | 41481.48 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.470 | 0.378 |
LIC CN | Nuclear + cytoplasmic | 33 | 239 | 195,555.56 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.202 | 0.174 |
LIC CN | All markers | 686 | 239 | 4,065,185.25 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.046 | 0.038 |
LIC EC | Non-ir | 14 | 153 | 82,962.96 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.370 | 0.267 |
LIC EC | Nuclear | 82 | 153 | 485,925.94 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.172 | 0.110 |
LIC EC | Cytoplasmic | 1 | 153 | 5925.93 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
LIC EC | Nuclear + cytoplasmic | 95 | 153 | 562,963 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.157 | 0.103 |
LIC EC | All markers | 192 | 153 | 1,137,777.88 | 0.1 | 0.07 | 0.109 | 0.072 |
LVCN | Non-ir | 45 | 137 | 44,444.45 | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.312 | 0.149 |
LVCN | Nuclear | 128 | 137 | 126,419.76 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.105 | 0.088 |
LVCN | Cytoplasmic | 11 | 137 | 10,864.20 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.343 | 0.302 |
LVCN | Nuclear + cytoplasmic | 65 | 137 | 64,197.54 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.129 | 0.124 |
LVCN | All markers | 249 | 137 | 245,925.94 | 0.1 | 0.07 | 0.083 | 0.063 |
Fibronectin | ||||||||
LIC CN | Non-ir | 594 | 235 | 3,520,000.25 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.049 | 0.041 |
LIC CN | Cytoplasmic | 217 | 235 | 1,285,926.13 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.085 | 0.068 |
LIC CN | Nuclear + cytoplasmic | 129 | 235 | 764,444.5 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.100 | 0.088 |
LIC CN | All markers | 940 | 235 | 5,570,370.5 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.045 | 0.033 |
LIC EC | Non-ir | 147 | 100 | 871,111.19 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.123 | 0.082 |
LIC EC | Cytoplasmic | 35 | 100 | 207,407.41 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.192 | 0.169 |
LIC EC | Nuclear + cytoplasmic | 28 | 100 | 165,925.92 | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.222 | 0.189 |
LIC EC | All markers | 210 | 100 | 1,244,444.5 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.103 | 0.069 |
LVCN | Non-ir | 300 | 145 | 296,296.31 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.099 | 0.058 |
LVCN | Cytoplasmic | 77 | 145 | 76,049.38 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.133 | 0.114 |
LVCN | Nuclear + cytoplasmic | 62 | 145 | 61,234.57 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.137 | 0.127 |
LVCN | All markers | 439 | 145 | 433,580.28 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.072 | 0.048 |
TDP-43 | ||||||||
LIC CN | Non-ir | 555 | 248 | 3,288,889 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.051 | 0.042 |
LIC CN | Nuclear | 74 | 248 | 438,518.59 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.118 | 0.116 |
LIC CN | Cytoplasmic | 60 | 248 | 355,555.56 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.170 | 0.129 |
LIC CN | Nuclear + cytoplasmic | 140 | 248 | 829,629.63 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.108 | 0.085 |
LIC CN | All markers | 829 | 248 | 49,12593 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.044 | 0.035 |
LIC EC | Non-ir | 130 | 106 | 770,370.5 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.150 | 0.088 |
LIC EC | Nuclear | 35 | 106 | 207,407.41 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.218 | 0.169 |
LIC EC | Cytoplasmic | 17 | 106 | 100,740.75 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.253 | 0.243 |
LIC EC | Nuclear + cytoplasmic | 63 | 106 | 373,333.34 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.161 | 0.126 |
LIC EC | All markers | 245 | 106 | 1,451,852 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.064 |
LVCN | Non-ir | 151 | 140 | 149,135.81 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.112 | 0.081 |
LVCN | Nuclear | 47 | 140 | 46,419.76 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.150 | 0.146 |
LVCN | Cytoplasmic | 22 | 140 | 21,728.40 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.217 | 0.213 |
LVCN | Nuclear + cytoplasmic | 53 | 140 | 52,345.68 | 0.29 | 0.15 | 0.148 | 0.137 |
pNFP | ||||||||
LIC CN | Axonal | 3970 | 213 | 2,299,468,544 | 0.06 | 0.02 | - | - |
LIC EC | Axonal | 1795 | 76 | 1,058,085,632 | 0.09 | 0.03 | - | - |
LVCN | Axonal | 1988 | 115 | 195,308,656 | 0.13 | 0.04 | - | - |
Iba-1 | ||||||||
LIC CN | Microglial | 2738 | 227 | 405,629,632 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.035 | 0.019 |
LIC EC | Microglial | 2135 | 122 | 316,296,320 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.047 | 0.022 |
LVCN | Microglial | 1594 | 139 | 39,358,024 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.055 | 0.025 |
GFAP | ||||||||
LIC CN | Astrocytic | 4840 | 229 | 717,036,992 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.014 |
LIC EC | Astrocytic | 2662 | 96 | 394,370,400 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.058 | 0.019 |
LVCN | Astrocytic | 3128 | 137 | 77,234,568 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.043 | 0.018 |
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Antibody | Host | Reactivity | Clonality | RRID | Catalogue Number | Dilution IHC | Dilution WB |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aβ | rabbit | rat, human, mouse, bottlenose dolphin | monoclonal | AB_2532306 | 700254 | 1:500 | 1:500 1 |
fibronectin | rabbit | human | polyclonal | AB_476976 | F3648 | 1:200 | 1:1000 |
TDP-43 | rat | human, Rat | monoclonal | AB_2750118 | 829901 | 1:200 | 1:1000 |
SMI-312 | mouse | human, mouse, rat | monoclonal | AB_2566782 | 837904 | 1:1000 | 1:1000 |
Iba-1 | rabbit | human, mouse, rat, other | polyclonal | AB_839504 | 019-1974 | 1:500 | NA |
GFAP | rabbit | cat, cow, dog, human, mouse, rat, sheep | polyclonal | AB_10013382 | Z0334 | 1:500 | 1:1000 |
Specimen | Auditory Nucleus | Volume MRI (mm3) | Volume Cavalieri (mm3) |
---|---|---|---|
Marine 0142 | LIC | 1775 | 1362 |
LVCN | 435 | 129 * | |
Marine 0116 | LIC | 1345 | - |
LVCN | 387 | - | |
RIC | 1451 | 921 | |
RVCN | 378 | 285 | |
Dolphin 2 ** | RIC | - | 571 |
LVCN | - | 199 |
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Orekhova, K.; Selmanovic, E.; De Gasperi, R.; Gama Sosa, M.A.; Wicinski, B.; Maloney, B.; Seifert, A.; Alipour, A.; Balchandani, P.; Gerussi, T.; et al. Multimodal Assessment of Bottlenose Dolphin Auditory Nuclei Using 7-Tesla MRI, Immunohistochemistry and Stereology. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9120692
Orekhova K, Selmanovic E, De Gasperi R, Gama Sosa MA, Wicinski B, Maloney B, Seifert A, Alipour A, Balchandani P, Gerussi T, et al. Multimodal Assessment of Bottlenose Dolphin Auditory Nuclei Using 7-Tesla MRI, Immunohistochemistry and Stereology. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(12):692. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9120692
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrekhova, Ksenia, Enna Selmanovic, Rita De Gasperi, Miguel A. Gama Sosa, Bridget Wicinski, Brigid Maloney, Alan Seifert, Akbar Alipour, Priti Balchandani, Tommaso Gerussi, and et al. 2022. "Multimodal Assessment of Bottlenose Dolphin Auditory Nuclei Using 7-Tesla MRI, Immunohistochemistry and Stereology" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 12: 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9120692