Antinociceptive Effect of a Sacro-Coccygeal Epidural of Morphine and Lidocaine in Cats Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Anaesthetic Management
2.3. Blind Study
2.4. Anaesthetic Drugs and Technique Used to Perform the Sacrococcygeal Epidural Anaesthesia
2.5. Intraoperative Analgesia Assessments and Rescue Analgesia
2.6. Postoperative Pain Assessments and Rescue Analgesia
- UNESP-Botucatu multidimensional composite pain scale (UNESP-Botucatu-MCPS) with increasing pain levels reflected by a score from 0 to 27, based on specific behaviours, posture, attitude, and reactions to physical contact. Due to the difficulty in measuring blood pressure in non-anaesthetized and/or sedated cats [37], this parameter was not evaluated postoperatively (sub-scale 3-physiological variables).
- Wound sensitivity by measuring the minimal mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) using a pneumatic device (ELECALL ELK-50 Digital Dynamometer Force Measuring), with an 8 mm round, flat tip, applied near the surgical wound.
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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VARIABLE | CTR | SCC-E | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (months, median (IQR)) | 11.5 (6.25) | 12.0 (20.0) | 0.393 |
Weight (kg, mean ± SD) | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 0.621 |
Body condition (1–9, median (IQR)) | 6.0 (2.0) | 6.0 (1.0) | 0.353 |
Duration of the anaesthesia (minutes, median (IQR)) | 40.5 (6.5) | 44.5 (4.8) | 0.063 |
Duration of the surgery (minutes, median (IQR)) | 14.5 (3.8) | 16.0 (4.3) | 0.315 |
Time to extubation (minutes, median (IQR)) | 7.5 (8.5) | 8.5 (24.0) | 0.393 |
Time to sternal recumbency (minutes, median (IQR) | 2.0 (11.0) | 11.5 (34.8) | 0.143 |
Number of Analgesic Rescues | Animals with Rescues | Total Amount of Methadone (μg): Mean ± SD | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TOPEN | TOV1 | TOV2 | TUTERUS | TCLOSE | |||
CTR | 0 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 10/10 (100%) | 18.7 ± 3.7 a |
SCC-E | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4/10 (40%) | 4.9 ± 2.5 |
Variable | Group | TBASELINE | TOPEN | TOV1 | TOV2 | TUTERUS | TCLOSE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RR (breaths minute−1 ± SD) | SCC-E | 23 ± 6 | 22 ± 6 | 22 ± 6 | 21 ± 5 | 19 ± 7 | 20 ± 8 |
CTR | 29 ± 6 | 28 ± 6 | 26 ± 6 | 23 ± 5 | 23 ± 7 | 23 ± 8 | |
ETCO2 (mmHg ± SD) | SCC-E | 41 ± 5 | 40 ± 5 | 41 ± 5 | 39 ± 5 | 40 ± 7 | 40 ± 6 |
CTR | 39 ± 4 | 36 ± 6 | 36 ± 5 | 36 ± 6 | 34 ± 9 | 36 ± 5 | |
TEMP (C° ± SD) | SCC-E | 36.8 ± 0.6 | 36.9 ± 0.6 | 36.8 ± 0.6 | 36.7 ± 0.6 | 36.6 ± 0.6 | 36.5 ± 0.6 |
CTR | 36.7 ± 0.3 | 36.8 ± 0.4 | 36.6 ± 0.5 | 36.4 ± 0.4 | 36.3 ± 0.3 | 35.9 ± 1.2 | |
SEVO (% ± SD) | SCC-E | 2 ± 0 | 2 ± 0.5 | 2 ± 0 | 2 ± 0 | 2 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.5 |
CTR | 2 ± 0 | 2 ± 0.5 | 2 ± 1 | 2 ± 0.5 | 2 ± 0 | 2 ± 0.5 |
Score | Recovery Quality | CTR | % | SCC-E | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Poor: Evident signs of excitement during recovery to sternal recumbency such as sudden movements around and lack of awareness of the surrounding environment; growl that does not respond to the animal’s touch. | 0/10 | 0 | 0/10 | 0 |
2 | Moderate: slight signs of excitement during recovery to sternal recumbency such as sudden movements around and lack of awareness of the surrounding environment; growling that does respond to the animal’s touch. | 1/10 | 10 | 1/10 | 10 |
3 | Good: mild signs of excitement that resolve quickly and the animal becomes calm during recovery to sternal recumbency. | 5/10 | 50 | 1/10 | 10 |
4 | Excellent: calm and relaxed animal during recovery to sternal recumbency. | 4/10 | 40 | 8/10 | 80 |
T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T6 | T8 | Total Number of Rescue Animals | Total Amount of Methadone (mg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CTR | 5 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 7/10 (70%) | 7.4 |
SCC-E | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3/10 (30%) | 1.88 |
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Dourado, A.; Gomes, A.; Teixeira, P.; Lobo, L.; Azevedo, J.T.; Dias, I.R.; Pinelas, R. Antinociceptive Effect of a Sacro-Coccygeal Epidural of Morphine and Lidocaine in Cats Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 623. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110623
Dourado A, Gomes A, Teixeira P, Lobo L, Azevedo JT, Dias IR, Pinelas R. Antinociceptive Effect of a Sacro-Coccygeal Epidural of Morphine and Lidocaine in Cats Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(11):623. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110623
Chicago/Turabian StyleDourado, Amândio, Anabela Gomes, Paulo Teixeira, Luís Lobo, Jorge T. Azevedo, Isabel R. Dias, and Rui Pinelas. 2022. "Antinociceptive Effect of a Sacro-Coccygeal Epidural of Morphine and Lidocaine in Cats Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 11: 623. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110623