Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Horses
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Ethical Statement
2.2. Study Area
2.3. Sample Collection and Preparation
2.4. Serological Examination
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Category | No. of Horses | Distribution |
---|---|---|---|
Locality | Giza | 110 | 26.2% |
Kafr El Sheikh | 110 | 26.2% | |
Qalyubia | 100 | 23.8% | |
Gharbia | 100 | 23.8% | |
Breed | Arabian | 60 | 14.3% |
Thoroughbred | 200 | 47.6% | |
Mixed | 160 | 38.1% | |
Sex | Male | 190 | 45.2% |
Female | 230 | 54.7% | |
Age | <5 year | 130 | 31% |
5–10 | 180 | 42.8% | |
>10 | 110 | 26.2% | |
Presence of cats | Yes | 180 | 42.9% |
No | 240 | 57.1% | |
Presence of domestic ruminants | Yes | 120 | 28.6% |
No | 300 | 71.4% |
Factor | No. of Examined Horses | No. of Positive | % of Positive | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Locality | |||||
Giza | 110 | 23 | 20.9 | 14.36–29.43 | |
Kafr El Sheikh | 110 | 19 | 17.3 | 11.34–25.41 | |
Qalyubia | 100 | 12 | 12.0 | 7–19.81 | 0.31 |
Gharbia | 100 | 14 | 14.0 | 8.53–22.14 |
Factor | No. of Examined Horses | No. of Positive | % of Positive | 95% CI | Statistics |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Breed | |||||
Arabian | 60 | 5 | 8.3 | 3.61–18.06 | χ2 = 6.167 df = 2 p = 0.04 * |
Thoroughbred | 200 | 29 | 14.5 | 10.29–20.05 | |
Mixed | 160 | 34 | 21.3 | 15.62–28.22 | |
Sex | |||||
Male | 190 | 20 | 10.5 | 6.92–15.7 | χ2 = 8.203 df = 1 p = 0.004 * |
Female | 230 | 48 | 20.9 | 16.12–26.58 | |
Age | |||||
<5 years | 130 | 13 | 10.0 | 5.94–16.36 | χ2 = 7.165 df = 2 p = 0.02 * |
5–10 years | 180 | 30 | 16.7 | 11.93–22.8 | |
>10 years | 110 | 25 | 22.7 | 15.9–31.4 | |
Presence of cats | |||||
Yes | 180 | 38 | 21.1 | 15.78–27.64 | χ2 = 5.621 df = 1 p = 0.02 * |
No | 240 | 30 | 12.5 | 8.9–17.28 | |
Presence of domestic ruminants | |||||
Yes | 120 | 28 | 23.3 | 16.66–31.65 | χ2 = 6.317 df = 1 p = 0.01 * |
No | 300 | 40 | 13.3 | 9.94–17.64 | |
Total | 420 | 68 | 16.2 | 12.98–20.02 |
Variable | B | S.E. | OR | 95% CI for OR | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||
Breed | ||||||
Thoroughbred | 0.574 | 0.519 | 1.78 | 0.64 | 4.90 | 0.268 |
Mixed | 0.965 | 0.519 | 2.63 | 0.95 | 7.26 | 0.063 |
Sex | ||||||
Female | 0.852 | 0.296 | 2.35 | 1.31 | 4.19 | 0.004 |
Age | ||||||
5–10 years | 0.803 | 0.380 | 2.23 | 1.06 | 4.70 | 0.034 |
>10 years | 1.023 | 0.388 | 2.78 | 1.30 | 5.95 | 0.008 |
Presence of cats | ||||||
Yes | 0.679 | 0.283 | 1.97 | 1.13 | 3.44 | 0.017 |
Presence of domestic ruminants | ||||||
Yes | 0.769 | 0.297 | 2.16 | 1.21 | 3.86 | 0.010 |
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Marzok, M.; AL-Jabr, O.A.; Salem, M.; Alkashif, K.; Sayed-Ahmed, M.; Wakid, M.H.; Kandeel, M.; Selim, A. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Horses. Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10030237
Marzok M, AL-Jabr OA, Salem M, Alkashif K, Sayed-Ahmed M, Wakid MH, Kandeel M, Selim A. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Horses. Veterinary Sciences. 2023; 10(3):237. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10030237
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarzok, Mohamed, Omar A. AL-Jabr, Mohamed Salem, Khalid Alkashif, Mohamed Sayed-Ahmed, Majed H. Wakid, Mahmoud Kandeel, and Abdelfattah Selim. 2023. "Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Horses" Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 3: 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10030237