Gastrointestinal Polyparasitism in Bushmeat in Zadie Department in Northeast Gabon
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Areas and Sample Collection
2.2. Parasitological Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Types of Parasites Taxa Identified
3.2. Overall Parasite Prevalence and Infestation Rate of Identified Parasites
3.3. Factors Influencing Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Bushmeat
3.3.1. The Type of Bushmeat
3.3.2. Sex
3.3.3. Age
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Village | N° | Sex | Age | Type of Bushmeat | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | Females | Young | Adult | Antelope | Duiker | Porcupine | Small Monkey | Pangolin | Nandinia | Genet | Crocodile | ||
Ekata | 10 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 10 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ilahounéné | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Mékouma | 12 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 9 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Malassa | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ntolo | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ego-Poma | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Grand-Etoumbi | 34 | 15 | 19 | 7 | 27 | 6 | 17 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Zoula | 9 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Etchéla-Edounga | 21 | 7 | 14 | 3 | 18 | 6 | 11 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Komambela | 13 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 12 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Malouma | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 113 | 54 | 59 | 17 | 96 | 24 | 58 | 18 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Parasite Diversity | Adult or Larvae | Eggs or Cyst | Infestation Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Strongylids eggs | √ | √ | 54% |
Ascaris spp. | √ | √ | 18.6 |
Balantidium spp. | - | √ | 10.6 |
Capillaria spp. | - | √ | 7.96 |
Eimeria spp. | - | √ | 15.04 |
Entamoeba spp. | - | √ | 7.96 |
Enterobius spp. | - | √ | 7.08 |
Fasciola spp. | - | √ | 15.9 |
Mammomonogamus spp. | - | √ | 4.42 |
Paramphistomum spp. | - | √ | 18.6 |
Protostrongylus spp. | √ | - | 4.42 |
Strongyloïdes spp. | - | √ | 15.6 |
Taenia spp. | √ | - | 0.9 |
Toxocara spp. | √ | - | 6.2 |
Trichuris spp. | √ | √ | 34.51 |
Parasites Taxa | Animal Species | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antelope | Nandinia | Crocodile | Duiker | Genet | Pangolin | Cercopithecus | Porcupine | ||
(n = 24) | (n = 2) | (n = 1) | (n = 58) | (n = 1) | (n = 1) | (n = 8) | (n = 18) | ||
Strongylid species | Eggs | 75 | 0 | 0 | 41.4 | 100 | 100 | 50 | 72.2 |
Adult | 4.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Total | 75 | 0 | 0 | 41.4 | 100 | 100 | 50 | 72.2 | |
Strongyloïdes spp. | Eggs | 20.8 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 100 | 0 | 25 | 50 |
Adult | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 5.5 | |
Total | 20.8 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 100 | 0 | 25 | 50 | |
Eimeria spp. | Oocysts | 20.8 | 0 | 0 | 17.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.1 |
Balantidium spp. | Oocysts | 8.3 | 0 | 0 | 8.8 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 22.2 |
Entamoeba spp. | Oocysts | 16.7 | 0 | 0 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 5.6 |
Ascaris spp. | Eggs | 20.8 | 50 | 0 | 19.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.1 |
Adult | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Total | 20.8 | 50 | 0 | 20.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.1 | |
Trichuris spp. | Eggs | 42 | 50 | 0 | 26 | 100 | 0 | 87.5 | 28 |
Adult | 17 | 50 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 37.5 | 33.3 | |
Total | 42 | 50 | 0 | 26 | 100 | 0 | 87.5 | 39 | |
Capillaria spp. | Eggs | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.5 | 0 | 100 | 25 | 22.2 |
Protostrongylus spp. | Larvae | 8.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12.5 | 11.1 |
Enterobius spp. | Eggs | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.3 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 16.7 |
Fasciola spp. | Eggs | 37.5 | 0 | 0 | 15.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Paramphistomum spp. | Eggs | 25 | 0 | 0 | 26.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Mammomonogamus spp. | Eggs | 12.5 | 0 | 0 | 1.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.6 |
Taenia spp. | Adults | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Toxocara spp. | Adults | 4.2 | 0 | 0 | 5.2 | 0 | 0 | 37.5 | 0 |
Distribution by Gender | Males | Females | χ2 | df | Comparison Test | S | M+ | F+ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N/53 | P (%) | N/59 | P (%) | p-value | ||||||
Strongylids species | 29 | 54.7 | 31 | 52.5 | 0.92 | 2 | 0.63 | − | + | |
Strongyloïdes spp. | 7 | 13.2 | 14 | 23.7 | 2.02 | 1 | 0.15 | − | + | |
Eimeria spp. | 10 | 18.9 | 7 | 11.9 | 1.06 | 1 | 0.30 | − | + | |
Balantidium spp. | 5 | 9.4 | 7 | 11.9 | 0.12 | 1 | 0.72 | − | + | |
Entamoeba spp. | 3 | 5.7 | 6 | 10.2 | - | 1 | 0.49 | − | + | |
Ascaris spp. | 8 | 15.1 | 13 | 22.0 | 0.88 | 1 | 0.34 | − | + | |
Trichuris spp. | 18 | 33.9 | 20 | 33.9 | 5.1 | 1 | 0.99 | − | ||
Capillaria spp. | 2 | 3.8 | 7 | 11.9 | - | 1 | 0.17 | − | + | |
Protostrongylus spp. | 0 | 0 | 4 | 6.8 | - | 1 | 0.12 | − | + | |
Enterobius spp. | 2 | 3.8 | 5 | 8.5 | - | 1 | 0.43 | − | + | |
Fasciola spp. | 9 | 17.0 | 11 | 18.6 | - | 1 | 0.81 | − | + | |
Paramphistomum spp. | 10 | 19.0 | 3 | 5.1 | - | 1 | 0.03 | + | + | |
Mammomonogamus spp. | 2 | 3.8 | 3 | 5.1 | - | 1 | 1 | − | + | |
Toxocara spp. | 4 | 7.5 | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | + | |||
Taenia spp. | 1 | 1.9 | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | + | |||
5 | 9 | |||||||||
Mean | 7.9 | 14.9 | 10.2 | 17.3 | ||||||
Median | 7.0 | 13.2 | 7.0 | 11.9 |
Distribution by Age | Adult | Young | χ2 | df | Comparison Test | S | A+ | Y+ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N/96 | P (%) | N/17 | P (%) | p-value | ||||||
Strongylids species | 52 | 54.2 | 9 | 53 | 1 | 1 | − | + | ||
Strongyloides spp. | 19 | 19.8 | 2 | 11.8 | 1 | 0.66 | − | + | ||
Eimeria spp. | 14 | 14.6 | 3 | 18.7 | 1 | 1 | − | + | ||
Balantidium spp. | 10 | 10.4 | 2 | 11.8 | 1 | 1 | − | + | ||
Entamoeba spp. | 9 | 9.4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.41 | − | + | ||
Ascaris spp. | 17 | 17.7 | 4 | 23.5 | 1 | 0.82 | − | + | ||
Trichuris ssp. | 35 | 36.5 | 4 | 23.5 | 1 | 0.45 | − | + | ||
Capillaria spp. | 6 | 6.25 | 3 | 17.65 | 1 | 0.27 | − | + | ||
Protostrongylus spp. | 2 | 2.1 | 3 | 17.65 | 1 | 0.025 | + | + | ||
Enterobius spp. | 7 | 7.3 | 1 | 5.88 | 1 | 1 | − | + | ||
Fasciola spp. | 15 | 15.6 | 3 | 17.6 | 1 | 1 | − | + | ||
Paramphistomum spp. | 17 | 17.7 | 4 | 25 | 1 | 0.73 | − | + | ||
Mammomonogamus spp. | 5 | 5.2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | − | + | ||
Toxocara spp. | 5 | 5.3 | 2 | 13.33 | 1 | 0.54 | − | + | ||
Taenia spp. | 1 | 1.04 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | − | + | ||
6 | 9 | |||||||||
Mean | 15.5 | 16.1 | 2.7 | 16.8 | ||||||
Median | 14 | 14.6 | 3 | 18.5 |
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Maganga, G.D.; Makouloutou-Nzassi, P.; Boundenga, L.; Maganga Landjekpo, H.N.; Bangueboussa, F.; Ndong Mebaley, T.; Mounioko, F.; Gbati, O.B. Gastrointestinal Polyparasitism in Bushmeat in Zadie Department in Northeast Gabon. Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10030229
Maganga GD, Makouloutou-Nzassi P, Boundenga L, Maganga Landjekpo HN, Bangueboussa F, Ndong Mebaley T, Mounioko F, Gbati OB. Gastrointestinal Polyparasitism in Bushmeat in Zadie Department in Northeast Gabon. Veterinary Sciences. 2023; 10(3):229. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10030229
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaganga, Gael Darren, Patrice Makouloutou-Nzassi, Larson Boundenga, Hurlis Nesla Maganga Landjekpo, Felicien Bangueboussa, Telstar Ndong Mebaley, Franck Mounioko, and Oubri Bassa Gbati. 2023. "Gastrointestinal Polyparasitism in Bushmeat in Zadie Department in Northeast Gabon" Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 3: 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10030229