Salinity Changes the Dynamics of Pyrethroid Toxicity in Terms of Behavioral Effects on Newly Hatched Delta Smelt Larvae
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Larval Fish Source
2.2. Experimental Larvae Exposure
2.3. Analytical Chemistry
2.4. Locomotor Behavior Assay
2.5. Behavioral Parameters
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Pyrethroids Effect on Delta Smelt Larvae Behavior across A Salinity Gradient
3.1.1. Permethrin
3.1.2. Bifenthrin
3.2. Effect of the Salinity on the Toxicity of Pyrethroid Insecticides on Delta Smelt Larvae
3.2.1. Permethrin
3.2.2. Bifenthrin
4. Discussion
4.1. Low Pyrethroid Concentrations Impact Early Larval Delta Smelt Behavior and Decrease Their Anxiety-Related Response
4.2. Salinity Increases Pyrethroid Toxicity, Resulting in Behavior Change
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Correlation (Spearman) | Condition | Periods | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dark | Light | |||||
rs | p | rs | p | |||
Permethrin | Concentration vs. TDM | 0.5 PSU | 0.00 | ns | −0.02 | ns |
2 PSU | 0.09 | * | −0.04 | ns | ||
6 PSU | 0.06 | * | 0.02 | ns | ||
Concentration vs. anti-thigmotaxis | 0.5 PSU | 0.11 | * | 0.21 | * | |
2 PSU | 0.05 | * | −0.01 | ns | ||
6 PSU | 0.05 | * | 0.08 | * | ||
Salinity vs. TDM | Control | 0.01 | ns | −0.05 | ns | |
1 ng/L | −0.09 | * | 0.08 | * | ||
10 ng/L | 0.09 | * | −0.06 | ns | ||
100 ng/L | 0.03 | ns | 0.04 | ns | ||
Salinity vs. anti-thigmotaxis | Control | −0.14 | ns | −0.01 | ns | |
1 ng/L | −0.19 | * | −0.02 | ns | ||
10 ng/L | −0.24 | * | −0.22 | * | ||
100 ng/L | −0.28 | * | −0.16 | * | ||
Bifenthrin | Concentration vs. TDM | 0.5 PSU | 0.04 | * | 0.10 | * |
2 PSU | 0.00 | ns | 0.32 | * | ||
6 PSU | 0.05 | * | 0.07 | * | ||
Concentration vs. anti-thigmotaxis | 0.5 PSU | 0.07 | * | 0.18 | * | |
2 PSU | 0.09 | * | 0.43 | * | ||
6 PSU | 0.11 | * | 0.33 | * | ||
Salinity vs. TDM | Control | −0.02 | ns | −0.10 | * | |
0.1 ng/L | 0.00 | ns | 0.13 | * | ||
1 ng/L | −0.01 | ns | −0.18 | * | ||
10 ng/L | 0.01 | ns | −0.02 | ns | ||
Salinity vs. anti-thigmotaxis | Control | 0.05 | * | 0.16 | * | |
0.1 ng/L | 0.14 | * | 0.67 | * | ||
1 ng/L | 0.10 | * | 0.83 | * | ||
10 ng/L | 0.14 | * | 0.46 | * |
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Segarra, A.; Mauduit, F.; Amer, N.R.; Biefel, F.; Hladik, M.L.; Connon, R.E.; Brander, S.M. Salinity Changes the Dynamics of Pyrethroid Toxicity in Terms of Behavioral Effects on Newly Hatched Delta Smelt Larvae. Toxics 2021, 9, 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9020040
Segarra A, Mauduit F, Amer NR, Biefel F, Hladik ML, Connon RE, Brander SM. Salinity Changes the Dynamics of Pyrethroid Toxicity in Terms of Behavioral Effects on Newly Hatched Delta Smelt Larvae. Toxics. 2021; 9(2):40. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9020040
Chicago/Turabian StyleSegarra, Amelie, Florian Mauduit, Nermeen R. Amer, Felix Biefel, Michelle L. Hladik, Richard E. Connon, and Susanne M. Brander. 2021. "Salinity Changes the Dynamics of Pyrethroid Toxicity in Terms of Behavioral Effects on Newly Hatched Delta Smelt Larvae" Toxics 9, no. 2: 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9020040