Recent Advances in Black Phosphorous-Based Photocatalysts for Degradation of Emerging Contaminants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Preparation of Bulk BP
2.1. High-Temperature and High-Pressure Method
2.2. Mercury Catalysis and Liquid Bismuth Recrystallization Methods
2.3. Ball Milling Method
2.4. CVT Method
3. Preparation of BPNS
3.1. Mechanical Exfoliation Method
3.2. Liquid-Phase Exfoliation Method
3.3. Electrochemical Electrode Stripping Method
3.4. Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
3.5. Pulsed Laser Method
4. Photocatalytic Degradation of ECs Using BP-Based Materials
4.1. Heterojunctions
4.1.1. Type I Heterojunction
4.1.2. Type II Heterojunction
4.1.3. Z-Scheme Heterojunction
4.1.4. S-Scheme Heterojunction
4.2. Hybrids and Doped
5. Conclusions and Perspectives
- (1)
- To date, a diverse array of 2D nanomaterials, including GR, inorganic hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and MXenes, as well as g-C3N4 and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), have been developed as catalysts for a broad spectrum of applications. Beyond the inherent advantages of 2D materials, BPNS exhibited a narrow band gap in the visible region, layer-dependent optical properties, high carrier mobility, and abundant lone-pairs for metal ion anchoring, rendering it a valuable candidate in catalytic fields. For instance, compared with BP, GR has found applications in various fields, including electrical and optical devices, owing to its exceptional carrier mobility, remarkable thermal conductivity, and optical transparency. Nevertheless, its intrinsic zero bandgap property disqualifies it as a proficient photocatalyst since it cannot be photoexcited to generate charge carriers. Conversely, TMDs, another extensively explored 2D crystal, exhibit tunable bandgap energies but suffer from low charge mobility, thereby limiting their suitability as ideal photocatalysts. Nevertheless, BP confronted challenges of instability in ambient environments due to chemical degradation, constituting the primary impediment to its prospective utilization in electronic devices, photocatalysis, and other scientific domains. Furthermore, the large-scale production of few-layer stable BP imposed additional constraints on its applications. Although the Earth’s crust contains abundant phosphorus, the production cost of stable few-layer BP is heightened due to the more stringent conditions required for its preparation compared to other 2D materials. Therefore, the exploration of large-scale production of stable, scalable, and cost-effective few-layer BP is particularly crucial.
- (2)
- The integration of machine learning stands as a promising avenue for guiding the production of high-activity BP-based catalysts for ECs degradation. Currently, machine learning has emerged as a prominent and efficacious research methodology within the realm of photocatalysis. It enables the targeted prediction and selection of photocatalysts possessing requisite properties from extensive, pre-established databases. These encompass critical parameters such as the catalysts’ band structures, work functions, and interfacial interactions of composites, as well as the energy fluctuations associated with surface redox reactions.
- (3)
- Researchers can extend the application of BP-based materials to a wider range of photocatalytic reactions. While the application of BP-based photocatalysts has primarily focused on water splitting for H2 generation, there has been limited research on their use in the photocatalytic degradation of ECs. Therefore, it is essential to rationally design BP-based photocatalysts and apply them in the field of photocatalytic degradation of ECs. Investigating the corresponding photocatalytic mechanisms is equally imperative. What is more, the mineralization efficiency of BP-based photocatalysts still requires further enhancement. Previous studies have demonstrated a high photocatalytic degradation efficiency for ECs. However, TOC experiments indicated a certain reduction in mineralization efficiency compared to degradation efficiency. Therefore, further research is needed to investigate the mineralization efficiency of BP-based photocatalytic materials for ECs.
- (4)
- To gain deeper insights into the photocatalytic mechanism, it is imperative to employ advanced characterization techniques and essential theoretical calculations. In addition to conventional methods such as electron spin resonance and experiments for capturing active species, a comprehensive understanding of the catalytic reaction processes in BP-based materials can be achieved through various in situ characterizations including XPS, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), and Raman spectroscopy. These techniques can provide detailed insights into the photocatalytic mechanism. Furthermore, femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy and photoirradiated Kelvin probe measurements are invaluable tools for directly examining the transfer processes of photoinduced charge carriers. Additionally, rational density functional theory (DFT) computations, involving the determination of the lowest-energy structure and local density of states (LDOS), enable a theoretical exploration of the enhanced photocatalytic mechanisms exhibited by BP-based photocatalysts at molecular and atomic levels.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method | Precursor | Experimental Condition | Years | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
High-temperature and high-pressure method | WP | 200 °C 1.2 GPa | 1914 | [43] |
RP | heated to 550 °C, melted at around 900 °C, cooled to 600 °C, 1 GPa | 1982 | [44] | |
Mercury catalysis and liquid bismuth recrystallization methods | WP | mercury catalyst 360 to 410 °C, 3 d | 1955 | [45] |
WP | bismuth catalyst 400 °C, 20 h | 1981 | [46] | |
Ball milling method | RP | 700 r/min, 2 h | 2018 | [47] |
CVT method | RP | Au, Sn, SnI4 600 °C, 5 to 10 d | 2007 | [50] |
RP | Sn, SnI4 650 °C, cooled to 480 °C | 2015 | [51] | |
RP | Sn, I2 600 °C, cooled to 490–120 °C | 2015 | [52] |
Method | Precursor | Experimental Condition | Years | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mechanical exfoliation method | BP | SiO2 grid-cutting technology | 2014 | [57] |
BP | Ball milling technique | 2017 | [58] | |
Liquid-phase exfoliation method | BP | Ultrasonic treatment and centrifuge with NMP | 2014 | [62] |
BP | Ultrasonic treatment and centrifuge with NaOH and NMP | 2015 | [63] | |
BP | Ultrasonic treatment and centrifuge with organic solvent | 2016 | [64,65] | |
Electrochemical electrode stripping method | BP | Electrochemical electrode stripping With TBA•PF6 | 2018 | [66] |
BP | Electrochemical electrode stripping With TBA•HSO4 | 2019 | [67] | |
CVD method | RP | CVD method | 2016 | [77] |
RP | in situ CVD method | 2016 | [78] | |
Pulsed laser method | RP | Laser pulse method at 150 °C | 2015 | [70] |
RP | Laser pulse method at 700 °C and 1.5 GPa | 2018 | [80] |
Photocatalyst | Photocatalyst Type | Photocatalyst Mass (mg) | ECs | Initial Concentration (mg/L) | Light Source | Removal (%) | Rate Constant (min−1) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BPNS-BiOBr | Type I | 50 | CIP | 10 | 300 W Xenon lamp, >420 nm | 98.2 | 0.0245 | [82] |
BP-g-C3N4 | Type I | 10 | IDM | 5 | 300 W Xenon lamp, >400 nm | 99.2 | 0.1600 | [84] |
BP/CN | Type I | 5 | HTC | 5 | 300 W Xenon lamp, >400 nm | 99.2 | - | [85] |
BPQDs/ATP | Type II | 50 | TPA | 50 | 300 W Xenon lamp, 200–780 nm | 90.0 | - | [86] |
BiOBr/UCN/BPQDs | Type II | 250 | TC | 30 | 300 W Xenon lamp >420 nm | 92.0 | 0.0410 | [87] |
BP/RP-g-C3N4/SiO2 | Type II | 5 | OFL | 10 | 350 W Xenon lamp >420 nm | 85.3 | 0.0370 | [88] |
BP/CeO2 | Z-scheme | 50 | BPA | 50 | 300 W Xenon lamp, 200–780 nm | 82.3 | - | [89] |
F-BP/BiOI | Z-scheme | 25 | TC | 10 | 300 W Xenon lamp >420 nm | 90.0 | 0.0767 | [92] |
BPQDs/BiOBr | Z-scheme | - | TC | 20 | 400 W metal halide lamp, >420 nm | 97.5 | 0.4603 | [93] |
Bi2WO6/g-C3N4/BPQDs | Z-scheme | 40 | BPA | 20 | 300 W Xenon lamp >380 nm | 95.6 | 0.0439 | [94] |
g-C3N4/Ti3C2 MXene/BP | Z-scheme | 20 | CIP | 20 | 300 W Xenon lamp >420 nm | 99.0 | 0.0480 | [100] |
g-C3N4/BP/MoS2 | Z-scheme | 20 | CIP | 20 | 300 W Xenon lamp >420 nm | 99.0 | 0.0600 | [102] |
BPNS/FeSe2/g-C3N4 | Z-scheme | 20 | TBBPA | 10 | 300 W Xenon lamp 380–780 nm | 100.0 | 0.1430 | [103] |
BP/BiOBr | S-scheme | 100 | TC | 50 | 300 W Xenon lamp 420–780 nm | 85.0 | 0.0210 | [106] |
BP/CIZS | S-scheme | 35 | TC | 200 | 300 W Xenon lamp 420–780 nm | 82.0 | - | [107] |
GR-BP | Hybrid | 50 | 2-CP | 10 | 300 W Xenon lamp >420 nm | 87.1 | - | [108] |
BP-TCN | Hybrid | 30 | OTC-HCl | 10 | 300 W Xenon lamp >420 nm | 81.1 | 0.0276 | [109] |
AgNPs@BP | Doped | - | NOR | 15 | 300 W Xenon lamp 880 nm | 84.8 | - | [110] |
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Zhang, Z.; He, D.; Zhang, K.; Yang, H.; Zhao, S.; Qu, J. Recent Advances in Black Phosphorous-Based Photocatalysts for Degradation of Emerging Contaminants. Toxics 2023, 11, 982. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120982
Zhang Z, He D, Zhang K, Yang H, Zhao S, Qu J. Recent Advances in Black Phosphorous-Based Photocatalysts for Degradation of Emerging Contaminants. Toxics. 2023; 11(12):982. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120982
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Zhaocheng, Dongyang He, Kangning Zhang, Hao Yang, Siyu Zhao, and Jiao Qu. 2023. "Recent Advances in Black Phosphorous-Based Photocatalysts for Degradation of Emerging Contaminants" Toxics 11, no. 12: 982. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11120982