Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Profiles of Seven Edible Insects: Focus on Lipid Class Composition and Protein Conversion Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Edible Insect Samples
2.2. Total Lipids and Lipid Classes
2.3. Fatty Acid Profile and Nutritional Indices
2.4. Amino Acid Composition and Conversion Factor (Kp)
2.5. Amino Acid-Based Nutritional Indices
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Total Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition
3.2. Nutritional Quality of the Lipids
3.3. Analysis of Lipid Classes
3.4. Amino Acid Composition and Estimation of Protein Quality
3.5. True Protein Content
3.6. Protein Conversion Factor (Kp)
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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FA | ACD | ALD | BD | GM | LM | TM | ZM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C8:0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | tr |
C9:0 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
C10:0 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
C11:1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | tr |
C12:0 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
C13:0 | - | - | - | - | - | tr | - |
C13:1 | - | - | tr | - | tr | - | tr |
C14:0 | tr | tr | tr | tr | 1.67 ± 0.01 a | 3.57 ± 0.01 b | tr |
C14:1 | - | - | tr | - | tr | tr | tr |
C15:0 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
C16:0 | 24.26 ± 0.03 c | 24.29 ± 0.16 c | 15.95 ± 0.03 a | 32.86 ± 0.56 e | 28.44 ± 0.17 d | 18.62 ± 0.33 b | 28.24 ± 0.10 d |
C16:1 | tr | tr | 2.90 ± 0.05 b | tr | tr | 1.32 ± 0.00 a | tr |
C17:0 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
C16:3/C17:1 | - | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
C18:0 | 9.19 ± 0.06 g | 8.70 ± 0.12 f | 6.02 ± 0.09 c | 1.52 ± 0.01 a | 8.27 ± 0.14 e | 5.33 ± 0.24 b | 7.34 ± 0.09 d |
C18:1 | 23.30 ± 0.11 a | 37.16 ± 0.09 d | 54.26 ± 0.10 f | 42.90 ± 0.54 e | 31.60 ± 0.17 b | 35.63 ± 0.07 c | 36.11 ± 0.05 c |
C18:2 | 36.67 ± 0.14 e | 22.57 ± 0.10 c | 15.66 ± 0.13 a | 17.32 ± 0.25 b | 16.96 ± 0.08 b | 28.23 ± 0.36 d | 22.36 ± 0.27 c |
C19:0 | - | tr | tr | - | - | tr | - |
C18:3n − 3 | 2.55 ± 0.01 b | tr | tr | 1.23 ± 0.01 a | 10.47 ± 0.11 c | 1.18 ± 0.31 a | 1.23 ± 0.03 a |
C20:0 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
C20:1 | tr | tr | tr | 2.36 ± 1.38 | tr | tr | - |
C20:2 | tr | tr | tr | - | - | tr | - |
C20:3n − 6 | - | tr | - | - | - | - | - |
C20:4n − 6 | - | tr | tr | - | - | - | - |
C20:3n − 3 | - | tr | tr | - | - | tr | - |
C20:5n − 3 | tr | tr | - | - | tr | - | - |
C22:0 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | - |
C22:1 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | - |
C22:2 | - | - | tr | - | - | - | - |
C22:5n − 6 | tr | tr | tr | - | tr | tr | - |
C22:4 | tr | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C22:5n − 3 | - | tr | tr | tr | tr | - | - |
C24:0/C22:6n − 3 | - | - | - | tr | tr | tr | - |
C24:1 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | 1.08 ± 0.08 | tr |
SFA | 35.18 ± 0.09 c | 36.41 ± 0.11 d | 24.64 ± 0.13 a | 34.79 ± 0.58 c | 39.21 ± 0.01 f | 31.17 ± 0.34 b | 38.11 ± 0.31 e |
MUFA | 25.06 ± 0.05 a | 39.21 ± 0.06 d | 58.28 ± 0.06 f | 46.57 ± 0.85 e | 33.02 ± 0.21 b | 38.42 ± 0.03 cd | 37.95 ± 0.13 c |
PUFA | 39.76 ± 0.14 f | 24.38 ± 0.16 c | 17.08 ± 0.16 a | 18.64 ± 0.26 b | 27.77 ± 0.21 d | 30.41 ± 0.32 e | 23.94 ± 0.27 c |
PUFA/SFA | 1.13 ± 0.01 f | 0.67 ± 0.01 c | 0.69 ± 0.01 cd | 0.54 ± 0.00 a | 0.71 ± 0.01 d | 0.98 ± 0.02 e | 0.63 ± 0.01 b |
n − 3 | 2.75 ± 0.01 d | 1.15 ± 0.05 b | 0.89 ± 0.00 a | 1.26 ± 0.02 bc | 10.67 ± 0.15 e | 1.49 ± 0.16 c | 1.23 ± 0.03 b |
n − 6 | 37.01 ± 0.13 f | 23.09 ± 0.10 d | 16.05 ± 0.15 a | 17.32 ± 0.25 b | 16.97 ± 0.09 b | 28.77 ± 0.15 e | 22.36 ± 0.27 c |
n − 6/n − 3 | 13.47 ± 0.02 b | 20.16 ± 0.76 d | 18.04 ± 0.18 c | 13.76 ± 0.12 b | 1.59 ± 0.02 a | 19.43 ± 1.92 cd | 18.24 ± 0.53 cd |
IA | 0.41 ± 0.00 b | 0.44 ± 0.00 c | 0.26 ± 0.00 a | 0.51 ± 0.01 e | 0.58 ± 0.00 f | 0.48 ± 0.01 d | 0.52 ± 0.00 e |
IT | 0.86 ± 0.00 d | 0.98 ± 0.01 e | 0.57 ± 0.00 a | 0.96 ± 0.02 e | 0.67 ± 0.00 b | 0.72 ± 0.03 c | 1.08 ± 0.01 f |
h/H | 2.54 ± 0.01 e | 2.44 ± 0.02 d | 4.20 ± 0.01 g | 1.86 ± 0.01 a | 1.96 ± 0.01 b | 2.94 ± 0.05 f | 2.06 ± 0.01 c |
FA | ACD | ALD | BD | GM | LM | TM | ZM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C8:0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | tr |
C9:0 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
C10:0 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
C11:1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | tr |
C12:0 | tr | - | tr | - | tr | tr | tr |
C13:0 | - | - | - | - | - | tr | - |
C13:1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | tr |
C14:0 | tr | tr | tr | tr | 1.88 ± 0.02 a | 2.68 ± 0.07 b | tr |
C14:1 | - | - | tr | - | tr | - | - |
C15:0 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
C16:0 | 25.91 ± 0.09 d | 22.66 ± 0.25 c | 17.99 ± 0.04 b | 33.93 ± 0.59 | 30.61 ± 0.23 f | 16.13 ± 0.02 a | 27.95 ± 0.08 e |
C16:1 | tr | tr | 3.36 ± 0.04 b | tr | tr | 1.28 ± 0.01 a | tr |
C17:0 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
C16:3/C17:1 | - | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
C18:0 | 7.35 ± 0.00 e | 7.69 ± 0.06 f | 4.34 ± 0.05 c | 1.01 ± 0.01 a | 6.87 ± 0.19 d | 3.74 ± 0.12 b | 6.94 ± 0.03 d |
C18:1 | 29.28 ± 0.17 a | 42.48 ± 0.26 e | 58.11 ± 0.14 | 43.85 ± 0.61 f | 34.18 ± 0.25 b | 41.42 ± 0.24 d | 37.87 ± 0.07 c |
C18:2 | 30.59 ± 0.08 e | 21.68 ± 0.22 d | 12.03 ± 0.06 a | 16.01 ± 0.27 c | 15.08 ± 0.10 b | 31.46 ± 0.07 f | 21.69 ± 0.04 d |
C19:0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C18:3n − 3 | 2.54 ± 0.01 c | tr | tr | 1.00 ± 0.02 ab | 9.21 ± 0.12 d | tr | 1.19 ± 0.04 b |
C20:0 | - | tr | tr | - | - | tr | - |
C20:1 | tr | tr | - | 2.53 ± 1.52 | - | - | - |
C20:2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C20:3n − 6 | - | tr | - | - | - | - | - |
C20:4n − 6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C20:3n − 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C20:5n − 3 | - | tr | - | - | - | - | - |
C22:0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C22:1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C22:2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C22:5n − 6 | tr | tr | tr | - | - | tr | - |
C22:4 | tr | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C22:5n − 3 | - | tr | - | - | - | - | - |
C24:0/C22:6n − 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C24:1 | 1.43 ± 0.04 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
SFA | 34.58 ± 0.03 c | 32.08 ± 0.11 b | 24.17 ± 0.11 a | 35.26 ± 0.61 c | 39.92 ± 0.09 e | 23.68 ± 0.11 a | 36.91 ± 0.24 d |
MUFA | 31.85 ± 0.10 a | 44.27 ± 0.25 d | 62.48 ± 0.11 f | 47.67 ± 0.90 e | 35.68 ± 0.29 b | 43.58 ± 0.24 d | 39.87 ± 0.20 c |
PUFA | 33.57 ± 0.07 f | 23.64 ± 0.19 c | 13.35 ± 0.10 a | 17.07 ± 0.29 b | 24.40 ± 0.25 d | 32.74 ± 0.13 e | 23.22 ± 0.04 c |
FA | ACD | ALD | BD | GM | LM | TM | ZM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C8:0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | tr |
C9:0 | tr | - | tr | - | tr | tr | tr |
C10:0 | - | tr | - | tr | tr | - | tr |
C11:1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C12:0 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | - |
C13:0 | - | - | - | - | - | tr | - |
C13:1 | - | - | tr | - | tr | - | - |
C14:0 | tr | 1.13 ± 0.00 a | 1.18 ± 0.01 a | tr | 2.11 ± 0.01 c | 4.82 ± 0.05 d | 1.29 ± 0.03 b |
C14:1 | - | - | tr | - | - | tr | tr |
C15:0 | tr | tr | 1.01 ± 0.04 | tr | 1.20 ± 0.04 | tr | tr |
C16:0 | 28.88 ± 0.13 d | 26.17 ± 0.03 c | 16.94 ± 0.05 a | 25.92 ± 0.31 c | 29.45 ± 0.10 e | 19.64 ± 0.05 b | 28.65 ± 0.29 d |
C16:1 | tr | 1.20 ± 0.00 b | 3.89 ± 0.02 d | tr | tr | 1.67 ± 0.00 c | 1.06 ± 0.06 a |
C17:0 | tr | tr | tr | tr | - | tr | tr |
C16:3/C17:1 | - | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr |
C18:0 | 7.08 ± 0.18 d | 6.47 ± 0.02 c | 5.43 ± 0.05 b | 3.60 ± 0.12 a | 8.08 ± 0.03 e | 3.45 ± 0.01 a | 6.53 ± 0.23 c |
C18:1 | 23.92 ± 0.22 a | 37.96 ± 0.12 e | 50.87 ± 0.14 g | 39.21 ± 0.20 f | 30.48 ± 0.09 b | 36.41 ± 0.09 d | 34.72 ± 0.36 c |
C18:2 | 33.45 ± 0.24 f | 23.57 ± 0.03 c | 16.96 ± 0.06 b | 25.49 ± 0.23 d | 16.08 ± 0.10 a | 30.39 ± 0.03 e | 23.18 ± 0.21 c |
C19:0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C18:3n − 3 | 3.31 ± 0.02 d | tr | 1.01 ± 0.02 a | 2.42 ± 0.03 c | 9.59 ± 0.07 e | tr | 1.40 ± 0.03 b |
C20:0 | tr | tr | tr | - | tr | - | - |
C20:1 | - | tr | - | 1.39 ± 0.62 | tr | - | - |
C20:2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C20:3n − 6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C20:4n − 6 | - | tr | - | - | - | - | - |
C20:3n − 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C20:5n − 3 | tr | tr | - | - | tr | - | - |
C22:0 | - | tr | - | - | tr | - | - |
C22:1 | - | - | - | - | tr | - | - |
C22:2 | - | - | tr | - | - | - | - |
C22:5n − 6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C22:4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C22:5n − 3 | - | - | tr | - | tr | - | - |
C24:0/C22:6n − 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C24:1 | tr | tr | 1.00 ± 0.11 | tr | tr | tr | tr |
SFA | 37.93 ± 0.05 e | 34.98 ± 0.15 d | 25.50 ± 0.02 a | 30.09 ± 0.23 c | 41.75 ± 0.06 g | 29.60 ± 0.12 b | 38.71 ± 0.08 f |
MUFA | 25.15 ± 0.22 a | 39.88 ± 0.11 e | 55.91 ± 0.09 g | 41.95 ± 0.45 f | 32.23 ± 0.11 b | 38.91 ± 0.12 d | 36.27 ± 0.31 c |
PUFA | 36.92 ± 0.27 f | 25.15 ± 0.05 b | 18.59 ± 0.11 a | 27.96 ± 0.23 d | 26.02 ± 0.17 c | 31.50 ± 0.01 e | 25.02 ± 0.23 b |
FA | ACD | ALD | BD | GM | LM | TM | ZM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C8:0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C9:0 | tr | - | tr | - | - | 5.00 ± 3.92 | - |
C10:0 | tr | - | tr | - | tr | 1.66 ± 0.90 | - |
C11:1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C12:0 | - | tr | - | tr | - | 1.02 ± 0.34 | - |
C13:0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C13:1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C14:0 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | 2.50 ± 0.37 | - |
C14:1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C15:0 | tr | 1.78 ± 0.07 a | tr | tr | tr | 3.78 ± 0.22 b | tr |
C16:0 | 16.27 ± 0.18 a | 24.63 ± 1.28 b | 10.53 ± 0.02 a | 27.31 ± 2.02 b | 16.66 ± 0.21 a | 26.09 ± 2.62 b | 29.98 ± 5.02 b |
C16:1 | tr | tr | 1.07 ± 0.15 | tr | tr | - | - |
C17:0 | tr | tr | tr | tr | - | 1.17 ± 0.15 | tr |
C16:3/C17:1 | - | - | - | - | tr | - | - |
C18:0 | 14.86 ± 0.17 b | 17.85 ± 0.96 c | 10.31 ± 0.27 a | 9.10 ± 0.71 a | 15.59 ± 0.04 b | 21.28 ± 1.23 d | 21.91 ± 0.54 d |
C18:1 | 11.91 ± 0.06 b | 17.74 ± 0.71 cd | 48.03 ± 0.17 f | 27.86 ± 1.41 e | 19.15 ± 0.10 d | 4.13 ± 0.26 a | 15.83 ± 2.02 c |
C18:2 | 50.86 ± 0.47 c | 22.84 ± 0.57 b | 22.99 ± 0.35 b | 25.59 ± 1.19 b | 27.13 ± 0.04 b | 4.77 ± 4.35 a | 27.40 ± 5.28 b |
C19:0 | - | tr | tr | - | - | tr | - |
C18:3n − 3 | 1.73 ± 0.04 a | tr | tr | 3.81 ± 0.28 a | 17.47 ± 0.10 b | 2.31 ± 3.69 a | tr |
C20:0 | tr | 4.53 ± 0.23 b | 1.35 ± 0.03 a | tr | tr | 7.99 ± 0.61 c | 1.67 ± 1.53 a |
C20:1 | - | tr | tr | tr | - | tr | - |
C20:2 | tr | tr | tr | - | - | 2.93 ± 4.54 | - |
C20:3n − 6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C20:4n − 6 | - | tr | tr | - | - | - | - |
C20:3n − 3 | - | tr | tr | - | - | tr | - |
C20:5n − 3 | tr | tr | - | - | - | - | - |
C22:0 | tr | 3.47 ± 2.82 | tr | tr | tr | 4.48 ± 0.37 | - |
C22:1 | tr | tr | tr | tr | tr | 2.77 ± 0.36 | - |
C22:2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C22:5n − 6 | - | - | - | - | tr | - | - |
C22:4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C22:5n − 3 | - | - | - | tr | tr | - | - |
C24:0/C22:6n − 3 | - | - | - | tr | tr | 2.97 ± 0.83 | - |
C24:1 | tr | 1.74 ± 0.32 ab | 1.03 ± 0.01 a | tr | tr | 3.23 ± 0.53 b | 1.22 ± 1.11 a |
SFA | 33.34 ± 0.45 b | 54.26 ± 0.98 c | 25.04 ± 0.28 a | 39.28 ± 2.88 b | 33.92 ± 0.44 b | 75.76 ± 2.94 d | 55.20 ± 5.24 c |
MUFA | 12.96 ± 0.05 a | 20.93 ± 0.47 b | 50.49 ± 0.07 d | 30.35 ± 1.88 c | 19.94 ± 0.08 b | 10.91 ± 0.67 a | 17.05 ± 2.83 b |
PUFA | 53.70 ± 0.50 d | 24.81 ± 0.52 b | 24.47 ± 0.35 b | 30.37 ± 1.00 b | 46.14 ± 0.44 c | 13.33 ± 3.06 a | 27.76 ± 5.05 b |
Amino Acid | ACD | ALD | BD | GM | LM | TM | ZM | FAO/WHO (2007) Standard |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Met | 2.20 ± 0.13 b | 1.71 ± 0.08 a | 1.57 ± 0.06 a | 1.64 ± 0.25 a | 1.42 ± 0.21 a | 1.75 ± 0.27 ab | 1.64 ± 0.03 a | |
Cyss + cys | 1.46 ± 0.25 b | 0.84 ± 0.04 a | 1.21 ± 0.08 ab | 0.73 ± 0.11 a | 0.87 ± 0.19 a | 1.15 ± 0.10 ab | 0.90 ± 0.36 a | |
Total sulphur AA | 3.65 ± 0.38 b | 2.56 ± 0.11 a | 2.78 ± 0.03 ab | 2.37 ± 0.36 a | 2.29 ± 0.39 a | 2.90 ± 0.37 ab | 2.55 ± 0.35 a | 1.6 |
Tyr | 6.26 ± 0.57 ab | 6.16 ± 0.38 ab | 7.28 ± 0.78 bc | 6.47 ± 0.66 ab | 5.64 ± 0.28 a | 8.11 ± 0.48 cd | 9.23 ± 0.35 d | |
Phe | 4.07 ± 0.13 abcd | 4.22 ± 0.29 bcd | 3.69 ± 0.09 abc | 3.36 ± 0.61 ab | 3.23 ± 0.09 a | 4.39 ± 0.50 cd | 4.88 ± 0.10 d | |
Total aromatic AA | 10.33 ± 0.70 ab | 10.38 ± 0.67 ab | 10.97 ± 0.77 ab | 9.83 ± 1.25 a | 8.87 ± 0.20 a | 12.49 ± 0.98 bc | 14.11 ± 0.45 c | 3.8 |
Ile | 4.46 ± 0.07 b | 4.77 ± 0.03 bc | 3.95 ± 0.19 a | 3.97 ± 0.34 a | 4.66 ± 0.10 bc | 4.94 ± 0.06 c | 4.91 ± 0.06 c | 3 |
Leu | 7.79 ± 0.02 cd | 7.36 ± 0.06 bc | 6.99 ± 0.16 ab | 6.55 ± 0.57 a | 8.44 ± 0.03 d | 7.88 ± 0.09 cd | 7.56 ± 0.13 bc | 5.9 |
Lys | 5.20 ± 0.66 a | 7.35 ± 0.42 b | 6.03 ± 0.65 ab | 5.67 ± 0.89 a | 5.01 ± 0.31 a | 5.20 ± 0.44 a | 5.09 ± 0.22 a | 4.5 |
Thr | 4.07 ± 0.14 ab | 4.42 ± 0.01 b | 4.20 ± 0.11 ab | 3.70 ± 0.53 a | 3.82 ± 0.10 ab | 4.28 ± 0.04 ab | 4.27 ± 0.04 ab | 2.3 |
Val | 6.59 ± 0.24 b | 6.40 ± 0.01 b | 7.01 ± 0.37 b | 5.44 ± 0.52 a | 7.10 ± 0.33 b | 7.13 ± 0.13 b | 6.99 ± 0.05 b | 3.9 |
His | 2.92 ± 0.20 b | 3.21 ± 0.19 bc | 3.14 ± 0.30 bc | 2.04 ± 0.40 a | 2.87 ± 0.27 b | 3.55 ± 0.19 bc | 3.80 ± 0.10 c | 1.5 |
Total EAA | 45.01 ± 0.02 bc | 46.44 ± 0.61 bc | 45.07 ± 0.34 bc | 39.57 ± 4.83 a | 43.06 ± 0.54 ab | 48.37 ± 1.24 bc | 49.28 ± 0.34 c | |
Ser | 5.36 ± 0.27 ab | 4.66 ± 0.03 ab | 4.66 ± 0.09 ab | 10.09 ± 5.42 b | 4.08 ± 0.10 a | 5.05 ± 0.06 ab | 4.84 ± 0.04 ab | |
Arg | 7.78 ± 0.15 c | 5.91 ± 0.22 ab | 5.71 ± 0.19 ab | 5.01 ± 0.74 a | 6.20 ± 0.17 b | 5.94 ± 0.19 b | 5.70 ± 0.11 ab | |
Gly | 6.17 ± 0.16 abc | 5.02 ± 0.15 a | 6.97 ± 0.51 bc | 6.36 ± 1.54 abc | 7.34 ± 0.38 c | 5.96 ± 0.03 abc | 5.53 ± 0.09 ab | |
Asx | 8.28 ± 0.28 ab | 9.47 ± 0.41 c | 9.31 ± 0.68 bc | 10.14 ± 0.36 c | 7.21 ± 0.31 a | 7.88 ± 0.36 a | 8.16 ± 0.21 a | |
Glx | 11.72 ± 0.89 | 13.43 ± 0.44 | 12.05 ± 1.05 | 13.74 ± 1.69 | 11.28 ± 0.55 | 11.49 ± 0.43 | 13.24 ± 0.33 | |
Ala | 9.17 ± 0.46 bc | 7.95 ± 0.25 ab | 9.68 ± 0.88 c | 7.32 ± 0.79 a | 12.73 ± 0.31 d | 7.65 ± 0.47 a | 7.25 ± 0.05 a | |
Pro | 6.52 ± 0.38 ab | 7.13 ± 0.09 bc | 6.56 ± 0.28 ab | 7.77 ± 0.83 c | 8.09 ± 0.31 c | 7.66 ± 0.11 c | 6.00 ± 0.06 a | |
Total NEAA | 54.99 ± 0.02 ab | 53.56 ± 0.61 ab | 54.93 ± 0.34 ab | 60.43 ± 4.83 c | 56.94 ± 0.54 bc | 51.63 ± 1.24 ab | 50.72 ± 0.34 a | |
E/T (%) | 45.01 ± 0.02 bc | 46.44 ± 0.61 bc | 45.07 ± 0.34 bc | 39.57 ± 4.83 a | 43.06 ± 0.54 ab | 48.37 ± 1.24 bc | 49.28 ± 0.34 c | |
EAAI | 2.48 ± 0.00 bc | 2.48 ± 0.01 bc | 2.48 ± 0.00 bc | 2.43 ± 0.04 a | 2.46 ± 0.01 ab | 2.50 ± 0.01 bc | 2.51 ± 0.00 c | |
AAS (%) | 132.09 ± 0.41 | 124.75 ± 0.96 | 118.54 ± 2.71 | 111.02 ± 9.71 | 111.30 ± 6.82 | 115.49 ± 9.85 | 159.28 ± 21.71 | |
Limiting AA | Lys | Leu | Leu | Leu | Lys | Lys | Met + Cys | |
PER−1 | 2.56 ± 0.02 cd | 2.34 ± 0.02 bc | 2.20 ± 0.09 ab | 1.94 ± 0.22 a | 2.78 ± 0.03 d | 2.55 ± 0.04 cd | 2.48 ± 0.06 c | |
PER−2 | 2.41 ± 0.06 d | 2.23 ± 0.03 bcd | 1.94 ± 0.15 ab | 1.83 ± 0.20 a | 2.77 ± 0.04 e | 2.26 ± 0.04 cd | 1.99 ± 0.09 abc |
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Perez-Santaescolastica, C.; de Pril, I.; van de Voorde, I.; Fraeye, I. Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Profiles of Seven Edible Insects: Focus on Lipid Class Composition and Protein Conversion Factors. Foods 2023, 12, 4090. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12224090
Perez-Santaescolastica C, de Pril I, van de Voorde I, Fraeye I. Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Profiles of Seven Edible Insects: Focus on Lipid Class Composition and Protein Conversion Factors. Foods. 2023; 12(22):4090. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12224090
Chicago/Turabian StylePerez-Santaescolastica, Cristina, Ilse de Pril, Ilse van de Voorde, and Ilse Fraeye. 2023. "Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Profiles of Seven Edible Insects: Focus on Lipid Class Composition and Protein Conversion Factors" Foods 12, no. 22: 4090. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12224090