Chinese Consumers’ Heterogeneous Preferences for the Front-of-Package Labeling on Fresh Pork: A Choice Experiment Approach
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Choice Experiment Design
2.2. Sample Size Calculation
2.3. Conditional Logit Model
2.4. Data Collection
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Full-Sample Regression Results
3.3. Heterogeneity Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Recommendation
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Attribute | Attribute Levels |
---|---|
Labeling information expression | (1) Chinese Character (2) Digit (3) Letter (4) Graphic |
Labeling size | (1) 6% of the front area of the fresh pork package (2) 13% of the front area of the fresh pork package (3) 25% of the front area of the fresh pork package |
Labeling color | (1) Green (2) Blue |
Labeling price | (1) 0 RMB (2) 10% of the average retail price of standard fresh pork per 500 g (3) 15% of the average retail price of standard fresh pork per 500 g |
Box 1 | Option A | Option B | Option C |
---|---|---|---|
Labeling information expression | Digit | Chinese Character | Neither |
Labeling size | 6% of the front area of the package | 25% of the front area of the package | |
Labeling color | Green | Blue | |
Labeling price | 0 RMB | 10% of the price of pork per 500 g | |
I would choose: (Please mark only one box) |
Characteristics | Items | Samples | Percentage (%) | The 2020 Population Census Data (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 465 | 50 | 51.2 |
Female | 465 | 50 | 48.8 | |
Age | 0~14 years old | 0 | 0 | 17.9 |
15~59 years old | 757 | 81.4 | 63.4 | |
60~65 years old | 41 | 4.4 | 5.2 | |
more than 65 years old | 132 | 14.2 | 13.5 | |
Ethnic group | Han Ethnic Group | 879 | 94.5 | 91.1 |
Ethnic Minorities | 51 | 5.4 | 8.9 | |
Education level a | Primary school or below | 153 | 16.5 | 16.5 |
Junior school | 149 | 16.0 | 16.1 | |
Senior school | 344 | 37.0 | 36.9 | |
Junior college or above | 284 | 30.5 | 30.5 | |
Residence | Urban area | 558 | 60 | 63.9 |
Rural area | 372 | 40 | 36.1 |
Variable | Definition | Mean | Standard Deviation | Min. | Max. | Obs. |
Dependent | ||||||
Choice | No = 0; Yes = 1 | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | 14,880 |
Independent | ||||||
Labeling information expression | Chinese character Digit Letter Graphic | — — — — | — — — — | — — — — | — — — — | 3720 3720 3720 3720 |
Labeling size | 6% of the front area of the package 13% of the front area of the package 25% of the front area of the package | — — — | — — — | — — — | — — — | 4650 5580 4650 |
Labeling color | Green Blue | — — | — — | — — | — — | 7440 7440 |
Labeling price | 0 RMB 10% of the price of pork per 500 g 15% of the price of pork per 500 g | — — — | — — — | — — — | — — — | 5580 5580 3720 |
Gender | Female = 0; Male = 1 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | 14,880 |
Age | Years | 44.60 | 10.43 | 18 | 73 | 7440 |
Education level | Primary school or below | — | — | — | — | 2448 |
Junior school | — | — | — | — | 2384 | |
Senior school | — | — | — | — | 5504 | |
Junior college or undergraduate | — | — | — | — | 3120 | |
Postgraduate or above | — | — | — | — | 1424 | |
Individual annual disposable income | Chinese Yuan | 48,113.63 | 61,822.35 | 900 | 950,000 | 14,880 |
Often pay attention to the nutritional value of fresh pork | No = 0; Yes = 1 | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | 14880 |
Cognition of fresh pork nutrition a | Know not at all Know not much Know a little Know somewhat well, Know quite well Know very well | — — — — — — | — — — — — — | — — — — — — | — — — — — — | 704 2848 5664 4240 1216 208 |
Trust in the FOP labeling | Not at all | — | — | — | — | 160 |
Rarely | — | — | — | — | 400 | |
Occasionally | — | — | — | — | 2560 | |
Mostly | — | — | — | — | 7312 | |
Very much | — | — | — | — | 4480 |
Independent Variables | Coefficients | Odds Ratio |
---|---|---|
Labeling information expression (Chinese character is the reference group) | ||
Digit | −0.106 ** (0.049) | 0.900 ** (0.044) |
Letter | −0.247 *** (0.049) | 0.781 *** (0.038) |
Graphic | −0.106 ** (0.052) | 0.899 ** (0.047) |
Labeling size (6% of the front area of the package is the reference group) | ||
13% of the front area of the package | 0.098 ** (0.042) | 1.103 ** (0.047) |
25% of the front area of the package | 0.152 *** (0.043) | 1.164 *** (0.050) |
Labeling color (green is the reference group) | ||
Blue | −0.417 *** (0.034) | 0.659 *** (0.023) |
Labeling price (0 RMB is the reference group) | ||
10% of the price of pork per 500 g | 0.201 *** (0.039) | 1.222 *** (0.048) |
15% of the price of pork per 500 g | 0.088 * (0.046) | 1.092 * (0.050) |
Log likelihood | −8213.95 | |
LR χ2(8) | 215.17 *** | |
Observations | 14288 |
Attributes | Mean | |
---|---|---|
Age | Individual Annual Disposable Income | |
Preference for labels with Chinese character | ||
Yes | 35.329 | 47,599.580 |
No | 35.852 | 48,598.140 |
t statistic | 1.529 | 0.492 |
Preference for labels whose size is 25% of the front area of the package | ||
Yes | 35.173 | 48,040.570 |
No | 36.005 | 48,183.540 |
t statistic | 2.719 *** | 0.079 |
Preference for labels whose color is green | ||
Yes | 35.488 | 48,262.360 |
No | 35.714 | 47,957.180 |
t statistic | 0.934 | −0.213 |
Preference for labels whose price is 10% of the price of pork | ||
Yes | 35.205 | 48,580.440 |
No | 35.969 | 47,672.200 |
t statistic | 2.736 *** | −0.548 |
Personal Characteristics | Numbers of Respondents Preferring | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Preference for Labels with Chinese Character | Preference for Labels Whose Size Is 25% of the Front Area of the Package | Preference for Labels Whose Color Is Green | Preference for Labels Whose Price Is 10% of the Price of Pork | |
Male | 892 | 1142 | 1847 | 1330 |
Female | 913 | 1132 | 1967 | 1382 |
χ2 statistic | 0.475 | 0.086 | 7.747 *** | 1.940 |
Primary school or below | 617 | 696 | 852 | 540 |
Junior school | 420 | 467 | 851 | 594 |
Senior school | 936 | 1098 | 1914 | 1355 |
Junior college or undergraduate | 516 | 638 | 1008 | 741 |
Postgraduate or above | 304 | 358 | 562 | 413 |
χ2 statistic | 8.047 * | 23.327 *** | 20.665 *** | 21.509 *** |
Often pay attention to the nutritional value of pork | 965 | 1093 | 2108 | 1470 |
Not often pay attention to the nutritional value of pork | 840 | 1181 | 1706 | 1242 |
χ2 statistic | 0.626 | 1.323 | 19.225 *** | 4.196 ** |
Not know the pork nutrition at all | 79 | 96 | 172 | 120 |
Not know the pork nutrition well | 327 | 378 | 711 | 475 |
Know the pork nutrition a little | 699 | 900 | 1470 | 1055 |
Know the pork nutrition somewhat well | 521 | 678 | 1062 | 787 |
Know the pork nutrition quite well | 151 | 184 | 350 | 236 |
Know the pork nutrition very well | 28 | 38 | 49 | 39 |
χ2 statistic | 4.172 | 24.988 *** | 13.836 ** | 11.682 ** |
Not trust in the FOP labeling at all | 11 | 17 | 15 | 14 |
Trust in the FOP labeling rarely | 38 | 53 | 81 | 62 |
Trust in the FOP labeling occasionally | 280 | 358 | 580 | 415 |
Trust in the FOP labeling mostly | 924 | 1157 | 1921 | 1352 |
Trust in the FOP labeling very much | 552 | 689 | 1217 | 869 |
χ2 statistic | 20.902 *** | 15.070 *** | 74.309 *** | 38.310 *** |
Independent Variables | Respondents with Primary School or below Level | Respondents with Junior School Level | Respondents with Senior School Level | Respondents with Junior College or Undergraduate Level | Respondents with Postgraduate or above Level | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficients | Odds Ratio | Coefficients | Odds Ratio | Coefficients | Odds Ratio | Coefficients | Odds Ratio | Coefficients | Odds Ratio | |
Labeling information expression (Chinese character is the reference group) | ||||||||||
Digit | −1.440 (0.938) | 0.237 (0.222) | 0.339 (0.269) | 1.403 (0.377) | 0.068 (0.169) | 1.071 (0.181) | −0.123 ** (0.055) | 0.884 ** (0.048) | −0.285 (0.195) | 0.752 (0.147) |
Letter | −1.070 (0.924) | 0.343 (0.317) | −0.452 * (0.272) | 0.637 * (0.173) | −0.212 (0.169) | 0.809 (0.137) | −0.246 *** (0.055) | 0.782 *** (0.043) | −0.161 (0.195) | 0.851 (0.166) |
Graphic | −1.644 * (0.987) | 0.193 * (0.191) | 0.197 (0.280) | 1.218 (0.342) | 0.157 (0.178) | 1.170 (0.208) | −0.149 ** (0.057) | 0.862 ** (0.050) | −0.001 (0.206) | 0.999 (0.205) |
Labeling size (6% of the front area of the package is the reference group) | ||||||||||
13% of the front area of the package | 0.124 (0.794) | 1.132 (0.899) | 0.117 (0.231) | 1.125 (0.260) | 0.087 (0.146) | 1.091 (0.159) | 0.098 ** (0.047) | 1.103 ** (0.052) | 0.108 (0.168) | 1.114 (0.187) |
25% of the front area of the package | 0.892 (0.830) | 2.439 (2.025) | −0.319 (0.236) | 0.727 (0.172) | −0.125 (0.147) | 0.882 (0.130) | 0.198 *** (0.047) | 1.219 *** (0.058) | 0.151 (0.169) | 1.163 (0.197) |
Labeling color (green is the reference group) | ||||||||||
Blue | 0.389 (0.645) | 1.476 (0.952) | −0.571 *** (0.187) | 0.565 *** (0.106) | −0.329 *** (0.118) | 0.719 *** (0.085) | −0.423 *** (0.038) | 0.655 *** (0.025) | −0.430 *** (0.135) | 0.650 *** (0.088) |
Labeling price (0 RMB is the reference group) | ||||||||||
10% of the price of pork per 500 g | −0.548 (0.736) | 0.578 (0.426) | 0.151 (0.212) | 1.163 (0.247) | 0.038 (0.134) | 1.039 (0.139) | 0.231 *** (0.043) | 1.260 *** (0.055) | 0.092 (0.154) | 1.096 (0.169) |
15% of the price of pork per 500 g | 0.519 (0.884) | 0.570 (0.041) | −0.120 (0.252) | 0.887 (0.224) | −0.108 (0.158) | 0.897 (0.142) | 0.119 ** (0.051) | 1.127 ** (0.058) | −0.005 (0.183) | 0.995 (0.182) |
Log likelihood | −23.930 | 279.752 | −697.676 | −6670.152 | −523.911 | |||||
LR χ2(8) | 7.97 | 20.27 *** | 13.92 * | 195.26 *** | 14.81 * | |||||
Observations | 2448 | 2384 | 5504 | 3120 | 1424 |
Independent Variables | Respondents with No Trust in the FOP Labeling at All | Respondents with Trust in the FOP Labeling Rarely | Respondents with Trust in the FOP Labeling Occasionally | Respondents with Trust in the FOP Labeling Mostly | Respondents with Trust in the FOP Labeling Very Much | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficients | Odds Ratio | Coefficients | Odds Ratio | Coefficients | Odds Ratio | Coefficients | Odds Ratio | Coefficients | Odds Ratio | |
Labeling information expression (Chinese character is the reference group) | ||||||||||
Digit | −22.798 *** (0.829) | 0.009 *** (0.001) | −0.419 (0.341) | 0.658 (0.224) | −0.102 (0.124) | 0.903 (0.112) | 0.170 ** (0.069) | 0.844 ** (0.059) | 0.034 (0.089) | 1.034 (0.092) |
Letter | −0.921 (1.076) | 0.398 (0.428) | 0.003 (0.335) | 1.003 (0.336) | −0.243 ** (0.124) | 0.784 ** (0.097) | −0.312 *** (0.069) | 0.732 *** (0.051) | −0.152 * (0.089) | 0.859 * (0.076) |
Graphic | −23.636 *** (1.206) | 0.010 *** (0.001) | −0.266 (0.355) | 0.767 (0.272) | −0.186 (0.130) | 0.830 (0.108) | −0.172 ** (0.073) | 0.842 ** (0.061) | 0.087 (0.093) | 1.091 (0.102) |
Labeling size (6% of the front area of the package is the reference group) | ||||||||||
13% | 0.047 (0.850) | 1.048 (0.891) | 0.049 (0.292) | 1.050 (0.306) | 0.093 (0.107) | 1.098 (0.117) | 0.108 * (0.060) | 1.114 * (0.067) | 0.093 (0.076) | 1.097 (0.084) |
25% | 23.337 (0.001) | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.559 * (0.293) | 1.749 * (0.513) | 0.195 * (0.107) | 1.215 * (0.130) | 0.188 *** (0.060) | 1.207 *** (0.073) | 0.017 (0.077) | 1.017 (0.078) |
Labeling color (green is the reference group) | ||||||||||
Blue | 0.922 (0.840) | 2.513 (2.110) | −0.498 ** (0.235) | 0.608** (0.143) | −0.313 *** (0.086) | 0.732*** (0.063) | −0.401 *** (0.048) | 0.670*** (0.032) | −0.512 *** (0.062) | 0.600 *** (0.037) |
Labeling price (0 RMB is the reference group) | ||||||||||
10% of the price of pork per 500 g | 0.924 (0.985) | 2.519 (2.481) | 0.462 (0.267) | 0.587 (0.424) | 0.164 * (0.098) | 1.179 * (0.115) | 0.175 *** (0.055) | 1.192 *** (0.066) | 0.235 *** (0.070) | 1.265 *** (0.089) |
15% of the price of pork per 500 g | 23.310 *** (1.185) | 0.015 *** (0.001) | 0.145 (0.323) | 1.156 (0.374) | 0.164 (0.116) | 1.178 (0.136) | 0.157 ** (0.065) | 1.170 ** (0.076) | −0.097 (0.083) | 0.908 (0.075) |
Log likelihood | −28.046 | −175.288 | −1305.438 | −4139.854 | −2534.561 | |||||
LR χ2(8) | 33.67 *** | 16.53 ** | 23.76 *** | 109.12 *** | 93.62 *** | |||||
Observations | 80 | 336 | 2288 | 7168 | 4416 |
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Huang, B.; Li, H.; Huang, Z.; Huang, J.; Sun, J. Chinese Consumers’ Heterogeneous Preferences for the Front-of-Package Labeling on Fresh Pork: A Choice Experiment Approach. Foods 2022, 11, 2929. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11182929
Huang B, Li H, Huang Z, Huang J, Sun J. Chinese Consumers’ Heterogeneous Preferences for the Front-of-Package Labeling on Fresh Pork: A Choice Experiment Approach. Foods. 2022; 11(18):2929. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11182929
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Beixun, Haijun Li, Zeying Huang, Jiazhang Huang, and Junmao Sun. 2022. "Chinese Consumers’ Heterogeneous Preferences for the Front-of-Package Labeling on Fresh Pork: A Choice Experiment Approach" Foods 11, no. 18: 2929. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11182929
APA StyleHuang, B., Li, H., Huang, Z., Huang, J., & Sun, J. (2022). Chinese Consumers’ Heterogeneous Preferences for the Front-of-Package Labeling on Fresh Pork: A Choice Experiment Approach. Foods, 11(18), 2929. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11182929