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Article

Au-Pd Bimetallic Nanocatalysts Incorporated into Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Selective Oxidation of Alkenes and Alcohol

by
Hamed M. Alshammari
1,*,
Abdullah S. Alshammari
2,
Jamal R. Humaidi
1,
Salma A. Alzahrani
1,
Mosaed S. Alhumaimess
3,
Obaid F. Aldosari
4 and
Hassan M. A. Hassan
3,5
1
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
2
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia
3
Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Majmaah University, P.O. Box 66, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez 43511, Egypt
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2020, 8(11), 1380; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8111380
Submission received: 5 September 2020 / Revised: 24 October 2020 / Accepted: 26 October 2020 / Published: 30 October 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Processes)
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Abstract

Although supported bimetallic nanoparticles (Au-Pd NPs) demonstrate outstanding efficiency, challenges appear for carbon supported small and stable bimetallic nanoparticles used in liquid-phase reactions. In this work, Au-Pd NPs were supported on two types of carbon nanotubes: CNTs decorated covalently with carboxylic acid groups (O-CNTs) and non-covalently with the conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) polymer (P-CNTs). The Au-Pd NPs were prepared using the sol immobilization approach on the functionalized CNTs, and the effect of the utilized functionalization method on the properties of the immobilized metallic nanoparticles and the performance of the nanocomposite catalysts was investigated. The fabricated nanocomposites were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The catalytic performance of Au-Pd/O-CNTs and Au-Pd/P-CNTs was exploited for the oxidation of both cyclooctene and benzyl alcohol. Oxidation and polymer decoration directly led to an enhancement in the performance of CNTs catalysts. The nanocomposite catalyst with oxidized CNTs (Au-Pd/O-CNTs) was also found to be much more efficient and robust than that with polymer decorated CNTs (Au-Pd/P-CNTs). The enhancement in the oxidation of both cyclooctene and benzyl alcohol on Au-Pd/O-CNTs is attributed to the well-dispersed and smaller Au-Pd NPs as active sites on the surface of O-CNTs as compared to the P-CNTs surface.

1. Introduction

Controlled morphology and composition of the metallic and multimetallic nanomaterials have gained great interest due to of their exceptional catalytic efficiency in various fields including petroleum-refining substances, production of hydrogen and other various major chemical reactions [1,2,3,4]. Among these metallic nanoparticles, gold and palladium have played a very important role in the catalysis processes [5,6]. The bimetallic systems of Au-Pd have been used for several reactions including CO oxidations at low temperatures, reduction of NO, direct generation of H2O2 from the O2 + H2 reaction mixture and vinyl acetate synthesis [7,8,9,10]. The design of an efficient catalyst relies on the structure-performance relationship, the fabrication of the catalysts with well-defined structures and the factors that govern the catalytic performance of the synthesized catalyst [11,12,13]. Moreover, it is well documented that the support of the bimetallic nanocatalysts has a role in the improvement of the catalytic performances of the nanostructures [14,15,16]. Supported metallic catalysts such as Au, Pd, Pt, Ru and bimetallic catalysts have shown considerable progress in the conversion of hydroxymethylfurfural to furan dicarboxylic acid using air or molecular oxygen (O2) as a catalyst [17,18,19]. Supported gold catalysts particularly have acquired a major interest owing to their great performance in the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid and their resistance to oxide formation as well as catalytic oxidation of various organic materials [20]. Gold nanoparticles themselves have shown remarkable properties because of their high conductivity, biocompatibility, large surface area and high surface energy, which make gold nanoparticles key catalysts in various organic reactions, sensing and biomedical applications [21,22]. Palladium also is among the most potent metallic catalysts in the chemical industries. Its capability of catalyzing the C-C bond formation and the stability of several Pd based-catalysts to water or oxygen are two of the main reasons for its significance. As a catalyst in hydrogenation reactions, Pd is especially effective. Furthermore, when supported, these metal catalysts achieve a much greater performance. This is because particles from the metallic catalyst could be more widely distributed and are, therefore, exposed to a higher proportion of reactants. Up to 75% of the hydrogenation processes are currently carried out utilizing C catalysts [23]. Benzyl alcohol oxidation, owing to the need for benzaldehyde as an intermediate in the manufacture of fine chemicals and flavoring ingredients, is one of the most important alcohol oxidation process in the industry. In addition, epoxidation of unsaturated compounds, as epoxides provide a direct approach to a range of materials, is an interesting field of academic and industrial fields. The use of heterogeneous catalysts in the catalytic oxo-functionalization of aromatic and aliphatic alkenes for the development of various worthy chemicals such as alcohols, ketones, peroxides and acids have been proven advantageous over homogenous catalytic systems because of their recoverable nature and the use of eco-friendly conditions like the use of H2O2 or molecular oxygen as a mild oxidants [24].
Carbon based-nanomaterials, on the other hand, like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanofibers, are a promising catalyst support for metal nanomaterials because of their complete recoverable nature, great stability in aqueous solution over an expansive pH range and ease of their surface functionality by integrating other elements. Additionally, they have found various applications in fuel cell catalysis, catalysis in aqueous phases and they function as a main ingredient in electronic and energy materials, sensors and catalysis [25,26,27]. Carbon nanotubes, in particular, are considered to be very promising candidates for catalysis applications. In fact, metallic NPs-supported CNTs based catalysts have demonstrated numerous advantages including high catalytic performance and durability. Therefore, metallic NPs/CNTs systems could have many promising applications in various fields including highly efficient optical electronics, sensors, heterogeneous catalysis and electrocatalysis [28]. Previous researches of metallic nanoparticle catalysts supported carbon-based materials have revealed that carbon surface features affect both the size of the metallic nanoparticles and the catalysts efficiency [29]. In some cases, however, the observed catalytic effects could not be ascribed solely to carbon surface properties as catalysts, but are also associated with various metallic particle sizes and distributions. The great surface area of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) provides many nucleation sites when noble metallic nanoparticles are bound to carbon nanotubes, thus decreasing the need for a capping-agent to regulate the size of the particles and to hinder the non-uniform particles growth. Besides, the synergistic effect is generally attributed to the integration effect assigned to the regional structure of Au-Pd and the electronic impact that might affect the catalytic performance. However, although many studies have investigated the catalytic performance of various CNTs supported metallic nanoparticles, it is very rare to find reports that discuss the effect of the side-wall modification of CNTs, which is essential for CNTs dispersion, on the growth of metallic NPs and the performance of the produced catalysts. Therefore, in this study, we described in details the immobilization of Au-Pd on carbon nanotubes with different surface functionalities to improve the catalytic activity of the as-synthesized supported catalyst. We also investigated the effect of the different CNTs functionalization methods on the morphological properties of the immobilized nanoparticles and the performance of the developed nanocomposite catalysts for the selective oxidation of alkenes and alcohol.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. CNTs Functionalizations

Two groups of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Dorset, UK) were prepared and used in the current study. The first CNTs group was covalently functionalized with carboxylic acid groups and the second one was non-covalently functionalized with the conductive PEDOT: PSS polymer (Sigma-Aldrich, UK). The details of carboxylic acid and conductive polymer functionalizations of CNTs are reported in previous works [30,31,32,33]. Briefly, covalent functionalization of CNTs with carboxylic acid groups was performed by adding CNTs to a 1:3 mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. The blend was left for about 10 min under continuous sonication and was then refluxed at 130 °C for about 1 h. After that, the CNTs-acid blend was diluted with deionized DI water and centrifuged several times in order to obtain a stable suspension of well dispersed nanotubes. Moreover, to functionalized CNTs with the conductive PEDOT: PSS polymer, CNTs were first dispersed in DI water using a powerful sonication probe and then PEDOT: PSS was added slowly to CNTs suspension under continuous sonication for about 30 min. The PEDOT: PSS functionalized CNTs suspension was then centrifuged several times to obtain stable CNTs dispersion.

2.2. Catalyst Preparation

This research work aims to prepare and evaluate the performance of Au-Pd catalyst that is deposited on CNTs functionalized by different approaches. To recognize the drive and development of this research, emphasis is given here on the significant catalyst preparation parameters. The detailed catalyst fabrication recipe is reported in the literature [34]. Typically, 1 wt % of Au:Pd catalyst was synthesized employing a PdCl2 (6 mg in 1 mL) and HAuCl4·3H2O (12.25 g in 1000 mL) aqueous solution. Gold and palladium solutions were then agitated for 15 min in distilled water and followed by adding polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (1 wt % solution, Aldrich, Mw = 10,000, 80% hydrolyzed) to the solution while stirring for an extra 15 min. After this, a fresh 0.1 M NaBH4/Au 5 mol/mol was applied to the solution to develop a dark brown solution that was maintained under stirring for 30 min. Then, CNTs support was introduced to the blend and stirred for a further 1 h. The produced catalyst was recovered by filtration, rinsed with distilled water and dried for 24 h at 110 °C. The same recipe was utilized for the immobilization of Au-Pd on functionalized carbon nanotubes (O-CNT and P-CNT).

2.3. Catalyst Testing

For liquid phase epoxidation of cyclooctene and benzyl alcohol oxidation, the Radleys carousel reactor was used. Under solvent-free conditions, the fabricated Au-Pd/O-CNTs and Au-Pd/P-CNTs (200 mg) catalysts were dispersed in the substrate (2 g). The reaction blend was stirred at 1000 rpm with maintained oxygen pressure at 1 bar for the required time (6 h for cyclooctene oxidation and 2 h for benzyl alcohol oxidation) and at the required temperature (80 °C for cyclooctene oxidation and 120 °C for benzyl alcohol oxidation). Throughout the reaction, the pressure was controlled by applying a pressure gauge to prevent any changes in pressure. After a limited reaction time, a sample was withdrawn for examination applying gas chromatography (GC-Varian star CP-3800) with a CP-wax 52 column and a flame ionization detector (FID).

2.4. Catalyst Characterization

The functionalized CNTs were imaged with a scanning electron microscope (FEI, Quanta 250, Eindhoven, The Netherland) using an accelerating voltage of 15 KV and a beam spot size of 3 nm. The specimen was placed directly on double faced carbon tape. The samples imaging were performed without any metal coating. Transmission electron microscope images were obtained from Jeol 2100 instrument with a filament operating at 200 kV to assess the CNTs dispersion quality. For TEM images, the powder was suspended in methanol using ultrasonic radiation for 5 min, and a drop from the suspension was put onto the carbon-coated copper grids. The Raman studies were performed utilizing a Renishaw Raman Scope 1000 (Renishaw, Gloucestershire, UK) with 785 nm-wavelength laser. The Fourier-transform infrared FTIR spectra of the functionalized CNTs were obtained using the cary 660 FTIR spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and were measured in the range 200–4000 cm−1.

3. Results

In order to assess the influence of the applied functionalization approaches on the structural properties of the nanotubes, Raman scattering spectra were collected for the different CNTs samples as depicted in Figure 1. The figure displays that all samples have two obvious bands at about 1350 cm−1 and 1570 cm−1 that correspond to the D band and G band of the graphite, respectively. The D-peak can be used to measure defects density in the graphitic lattice through calculating the ratio of the relative intensities of the D to the G bands. The calculated ratio was found to be about 11% and 4% higher for the oxidized CNTs and polymer functionalized CNTs, respectively, than that of the raw CNTs. The increase in the defects density in the case of the oxidized CNTs nanotubes is also much higher than that of the polymer functionalized CNTs. Such an increase in the defect density usually occurs after acid treatment of CNTs and has been confirmed in many previous studies [33,34,35]. These defects serve as sites for further functionalization of CNTs with chemical groups and/or nanoparticles. Additional peaks can also be seen in the figure for the polymer functionalized CNTs sample at about 1501, 1435, 1365 and 1250 cm−1, which are the main peaks of the conductive PEDOT: PSS polymer, and their presence in the spectrum confirms the polymer functionalization of the CNTs. Moreover, the positions of the D and G bands in the spectrum of the polymer functionalized CNTs are slightly shifted in comparison to those of raw CNTs, which could be a result of the disorder, defect sites and changing of the CNTs diameter distribution following the polymer-CNTs interaction [36].
FTIR spectra of raw and functionalized CNTs are presented in Figure 2. The existence of an absorption band at about 1610 cm−1 can be attributed to the C-C stretching in the CNTs graphitic structure [37,38]. It can also be seen from the figure that the oxidized CNTs spectrum exhibit an absorption band at about 1730 cm−1 corresponding to the stretching vibration of the carbonyl groups, and a broad absorption band at about 3240 cm−1 corresponding to OH stretching vibration band [37,38,39]. The presence of these absorption bands confirms the attachments of the carboxylic acid groups to the sidewalls of the CNTs. Similarly, the various absorption bands that appear in the spectrum of the polymer functionalized CNTs confirm the attachments of the polymer chains to the sidewalls of the CNTs. The absorption bands at 840, 1310 and 1521 cm−1 can be attributed to the C-S, C-C and C=C vibrations of the thiophene ring of PEDOT, respectively, whereas the absorption bands at 1195 cm−1 could be related to the SO3H group bonding of PSS. Additional absorption bands can also be seen in the polymer functionalized CNTs spectrum at 2900 and 3350 cm−1, which are mainly due to the C-H and OH stretching vibration bands, respectively [40,41].
Nitrogen isotherms of pristine CNT and functionalized CNTs are displayed in Figure 3. The adsorption isotherms of all materials exhibit combination isotherm of type II (at greater p/po) and type IV adsorption (at lower p/po) with an H3-type hysteresis loop region of 0.9–1.0, indicating the existence of plenty of mesopores in the material. The surface areas of the CNT, O-CNT and P-CNT were found to be 200.45, 235.12 and 222.14 m2 g−1, respectively, associated with an increase in the pore volume from 0.453 to 0.632 and 0.556 cm3 g−1. The surface characteristics of the functionalized CNTs are higher than those of raw CNTs. This would boost the effective exposure of active sites, resulting in catalytic activity improvement.
The scanning electron (SEM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopes images of the oxidized and polymer functionalized CNTs are shown in Figure 4. Obviously, the figure displays the SEM images (Figure 4a,c) of both CNTs samples and show very well dispersed individual carbon nanotubes. This indicates that both used functionalization methods effectively debundled the treated nanotubes, as shown in Figure 4. These observations are also confirmed through TEM images, which also show that very good dispersion of the individual CNTs is obtained by both functionalization methods. The degree of CNTs dispersion is a very crucial factor as achieving a high degree of CNTs dispersion could greatly affect their role in chemical reactions and facilitate the attachments of additional functional groups and/or nanoparticles to their sidewalls as well [42].
The functionalized CNTs samples were also investigated after the attachments of the gold-palladium nanoparticles (Au-Pd NPs) by the transmission electron microscope. The TEM images of the catalysts are shown in Figure 5. As seen from Figure 5a, the existence of Au-Pd alloyed NPs on the sidewalls of the oxidized CNTs is very obvious. The Au-Pd nanoparticles are randomly distributed in the nanotubes sample and have different sizes, as shown in the magnified view of Figure 5a. Similarly, as seen from Figure 5b, the Au-Pd nanoparticles were successfully attached to the polymer functionalized CNTs as well. They exhibit random distribution as well as various nanoparticles sizes like that in the case of the oxidized CNTs but with wider particle size distribution. Moreover, no agglomeration of gold-palladium nanoparticles was observed in both samples and that can be related to the large aspect ratio of CNTs, which provide plenty of nucleation sites [43]. The average particle size was measured and found to be about 2.33 ± 0.32 nm for the nanoparticles grown on the oxidized CNTs and 2.85 ± 1.13 nm for the nanoparticles grown on the polymer functionalized CNTs as confirmed from the particle size distribution histogram (Figure 5). The small variation in the Au-Pd alloyed nanoparticles sizes in the case of the oxidized CNTs sample indicates that the grown nanoparticles are much uniform and the attached carboxylic groups to the sidewalls of the nanotubes are very suitable nucleation sites for the growth of uniform Au-Pd nanoparticles. Therefore, the oxidized CNTs can be used as a support for the growth of more uniform Au-Pd nanoparticles than polymer functionalized CNTs. These observations highlight the important role of the chemical groups attached to the CNTs sidewalls, which can be used as additional parameters to control the growth of the nanoparticles on the CNTs and their catalytic performances in various chemical reactions.
The fabricated sol-immobilized Au-Pd/O-CNTs and Au-Pd/P-CNTs catalysts were examined for the oxidation of cyclooctene (Table 1) and oxidation of benzyl alcohol (Table 2). Both reactions show that Au-Pd/O-CNTs catalysts are much more effective than Au-Pd/P-CNTs. This could be essentially attributed to the well-dispersed and smaller size of Au-Pd alloyed nanparticles, which perform as much more active sites on the surface of O-CNTs as compared to those attached to the P-CNTs surface. CNTs oxidization process contributes to the creation of several defect sites on the surface of CNTs that provide a suitable environment for the deposition of much more uniform Au-Pd alloyed nanoparticles, preventing their migration and thereby enhancing the catalyst-support interaction. This subsequently leads to the observed improvement in the catalytic efficiency of the synthesized nanocomposite materials. Besides, the difference of the selectivity of cyclooctene oxidation could be attributed to O-CNT that are richer with oxygen, which could promote the selectivity to more epoxide formation, as shown in Table 1.
The efficiency of the fabricated catalysts Au-Pd/O-CNT and Au-Pd/P-CNT is measured in terms of the benzaldehyde selectivity in benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde oxidation and epoxide selectivity in cyclooctene oxidation. As shown from Table 3, the bimetallic catalyst of the combination of gold with palladium immobilized on functionalized CNT shows the highest activity/selectivity combination in the cyclooctene and benzyl alcohol oxidation compared to the other catalytic materials in the literature [44,45,46,47,48].

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, we developed a facile and efficient approach to prepare bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts based on the functionalization of CNTs either by oxidation or by attaching a polymer chain. The Au-Pd/O-CNTs and Au-Pd/P-CNTs catalysts were characterized and tested for the epoxidation of cyclooctene and benzyl alcohol oxidation. The functionalization and the growth of the bimetallic nanoparticles were confirmed using different morphological and optical techniques. The grown bimetallic nanoparticles on the side wall of the oxidized CNTs were found to be more uniform with a smaller size and smaller size distribution in comparison to those attached to the polymer functionalized CNTs. These observations were found to have a significant influence on the catalysts efficiency. The findings of the study also show that both oxidization reactions confirm that the Au-Pd/O-CNTs catalysts are more efficient than the Au-Pd/P-CNTs. This, in turn, highlights the importance of the defect sites produced by the functionalization process of CNTs and how they play a crucial role in controlling the growth of the bimetallic catalysts and imparting upon them such remarkable catalytic features. It also sheds light on other synthesis parameters, namely the use of functional groups, which can be used to design more efficient and high-performance metallic NPs/CNTs based catalysts. Therefore, further investigations are required to optimize CNTs functionalization processes and to explore the effect of other possible functional groups on the metallic NPs-CNTs interaction as well as their catalytic performance.

Author Contributions

H.M.A. conceived, designed the experiments and wrote the paper, A.S.A. prepared the functionalized CNTs samples and carried out the SEM, FTIR and Raman studies as well as the related results analysis, J.R.H. and S.A.A. performed the experiments, M.S.A., O.F.A. and H.M.A.H. analyzed the data; All authors contributed to the preparation of the manuscript and approved its final version. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), University of Ha’il under grant no. (161117).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Raman spectra of the raw, oxidized and polymer functionalized carbon nanotubes.
Figure 1. Raman spectra of the raw, oxidized and polymer functionalized carbon nanotubes.
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Figure 2. Fourier-transform infrared FTIR spectra of the raw, oxidized and polymer functionalized carbon nanotubes.
Figure 2. Fourier-transform infrared FTIR spectra of the raw, oxidized and polymer functionalized carbon nanotubes.
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Figure 3. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K for pristine (CNTs), oxidized (O-CNTs), and polymer functionalized (P-CNTs) nanotubes.
Figure 3. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K for pristine (CNTs), oxidized (O-CNTs), and polymer functionalized (P-CNTs) nanotubes.
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Figure 4. Scanning electron microscope images of the functionalized carbon nanotubes: (a) oxidized CNTs and (c) polymer functionalized CNTs. High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images of the functionalized carbon nanotubes: (b) oxidized CNTs and (d) polymer functionalized CNTs.
Figure 4. Scanning electron microscope images of the functionalized carbon nanotubes: (a) oxidized CNTs and (c) polymer functionalized CNTs. High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images of the functionalized carbon nanotubes: (b) oxidized CNTs and (d) polymer functionalized CNTs.
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Figure 5. (a,b) High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images and (c) particle size distribution histogram of the Au-Pd/ O-CNTs and (d,e) High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images and (f) particle size distribution histogram of the Au-Pd/P-CNTs.
Figure 5. (a,b) High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images and (c) particle size distribution histogram of the Au-Pd/ O-CNTs and (d,e) High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images and (f) particle size distribution histogram of the Au-Pd/P-CNTs.
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Table 1. Oxidation of cyclooctene using AuPd/O-CNT and AuPd/P-CNT.
Table 1. Oxidation of cyclooctene using AuPd/O-CNT and AuPd/P-CNT.
CatalystConversion %Selectivity to Epoxide %
AuPd/O-CNT2.577
AuPd/P-CNT1.759
Reaction conditions: 0.02 g catalyst, 1 bar of O2, 2 g cyclooctene, 80 °C, 6 h, 2.08 × 10−4 mol tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) and stirring at 1000 rpm.
Table 2. Oxidation of benzyl alcohol using Au-Pd/O-CNT and Au-Pd/P-CNT.
Table 2. Oxidation of benzyl alcohol using Au-Pd/O-CNT and Au-Pd/P-CNT.
CatalystConversion %Selectivity to Benzyladhyde %
AuPd/O-CNT28.396
AuPd/P-CNT22.897.2
Reaction conditions: 0.02 g catalyst, 1 bar of O2, 2 g benzyl alcohol, 120 °C, 2 h and stirring at 1000 rpm.
Table 3. Comparison of the oxidation of benzyl alcohol and cyclooctene performance process of different catalysts.
Table 3. Comparison of the oxidation of benzyl alcohol and cyclooctene performance process of different catalysts.
CatalystsSubstrateTime (h)T °CSolventYield (%)Reference
Au-Pd/TiO2Benzyl alcohol480Solvent free6.87[44]
Au-Pd/CBenzyl alcohol480Solvent free11.32[45]
Au-Pd/CeO2Benzyl alcohol3120Solvent free48.8 (94.3) a[46]
Au-Pd/O-CNTBenzyl alcohol2120Solvent free28.3 (96) aThis work
Au-Pd/Gcyclooctene2480Solvent free2.5 (85) b[47]
Cu3(BTC)2cyclooctene1275Solvent free11(22) b[48]
MWCNTscyclooctene2478CH3CN3.8 (1.9)[49]
V/MWCNTscyclooctene2448CH3CN6.4 (68.4)[49]
Au-Pd/O-CNTcyclooctene680Solvent free2.5 (77) bThis work
a Benzaldhyde selectivity. b Epoxide selectivity.
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Alshammari, H.M.; Alshammari, A.S.; Humaidi, J.R.; Alzahrani, S.A.; Alhumaimess, M.S.; Aldosari, O.F.; Hassan, H.M.A. Au-Pd Bimetallic Nanocatalysts Incorporated into Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Selective Oxidation of Alkenes and Alcohol. Processes 2020, 8, 1380. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8111380

AMA Style

Alshammari HM, Alshammari AS, Humaidi JR, Alzahrani SA, Alhumaimess MS, Aldosari OF, Hassan HMA. Au-Pd Bimetallic Nanocatalysts Incorporated into Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Selective Oxidation of Alkenes and Alcohol. Processes. 2020; 8(11):1380. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8111380

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alshammari, Hamed M., Abdullah S. Alshammari, Jamal R. Humaidi, Salma A. Alzahrani, Mosaed S. Alhumaimess, Obaid F. Aldosari, and Hassan M. A. Hassan. 2020. "Au-Pd Bimetallic Nanocatalysts Incorporated into Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Selective Oxidation of Alkenes and Alcohol" Processes 8, no. 11: 1380. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8111380

APA Style

Alshammari, H. M., Alshammari, A. S., Humaidi, J. R., Alzahrani, S. A., Alhumaimess, M. S., Aldosari, O. F., & Hassan, H. M. A. (2020). Au-Pd Bimetallic Nanocatalysts Incorporated into Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Selective Oxidation of Alkenes and Alcohol. Processes, 8(11), 1380. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8111380

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