Personal and Social Resources Are Linked to Cognition and Health-Related Quality of Life in Childhood Cancer Survivors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Procedure
2.2. Participants
2.3. Cognitive Measures
2.4. Measures of Resources, Health-Related Quality of Life, and SES
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Global Resource Score, Personal and Social Resources in Childhood Cancer Survivors and Controls
3.2. Associations between Resources, Cognition, and Quality of Life
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Controls (n = 56) | Survivors (n = 78) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p | 95% CI | ||
Range | Range | ||||
Age | 11.49 (2.75) 7.0–16.2 | 11.23 (2.49) 7.3–16.7 | 0.58 | 0.565 | [−0.64–1.17] |
Sex (female/male) | 27/29 | 32/46 | 0.68 | 0.408 | N/A |
SES | 5.54 (1.33) 2–10 | 5.10 (1.82) 2–10 | 1.56 | 0.122 | [−0.12–1.06] |
Age at diagnosis | N/A | 5.38 (3.13) 0.6–12.7 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Treatment duration | N/A | 1.34 (0.92) 0.0–3.6 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Years since cancer treatment | N/A | 4.51 (2.04) 1.1–9.2 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Subscales | Controls (n = 56) | Survivors (n = 78) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) Range | Mean (SD) Range | t | p | 95% CI | Effect Size b | ||
Global Resource Score | 5.45 (1.85) 1–9 | 5.14 (1.70) 1–9 | 1.01 | 0.314 | [−0.30–0.92] | 0.18 | |
Personal resourcesa | Empathy and perspective taking | 5.69 (2.26) 1–9 | 5.12 (2.30) 1–9 | 1.31 | 0.190 | [−0.28–1.41] | 0.22 |
Self-efficacy | 5.31 (2.19) 1–9 | 5.41 (2.31) 1–9 | −0.20 | 0.843 | [−1.17–0.97] | 0.04 | |
Self-esteem | 6.02 (2.17) 2–9 | 5.71 (2.01) 2–9 | 0.698 | 0.489 | [−0.59–1.20] | 0.15 | |
Sense of Coherence | 5.79 (2.18) 1–9 | 5.27 (2.30) 1–9 | 1.17 | 0.243 | [−0.36–1.39] | 0.23 | |
Optimism | 5.72 (2.18) 1–9 | 5.67 (1.96) 1–9 | 0.11 | 0.915 | [−0.81–0.90] | 0.02 | |
Self-control | 5.75 (2.37) 2–9 | 5.44 (2.24) 2–9 | 0.69 | 0.491 | [−0.59–1.21] | 0.13 | |
Social resourcesa | Parental support | 4.80 (1.62) 2–7 | 5.05 (1.56) 2–7 | −0.88 | 0.377 | [−0.80–0.30] | 0.16 |
Authoritative parenting style | 5.47 (1.88) 1–9 | 5.75 (1.54) 3–9 | −0.75 | 0.455 | [−1.02–0.46] | 0.17 | |
Peer group integration | 5.65 (2.13) 1–9 | 4.91 (2.29) 1–9 | 2.04 | 0.042 * | [0.03–1.46] | 0.33 | |
School integration | 5.86 (2.02) 1–9 | 5.31 (1.99) 1–9 | 0.90 | 0.369 | [−0.44–1.16] | 0.28 |
Fluid Intelligence | Executive Functions | Verbal Memory | Selective Attention | Processing Speed | Quality of Life: Parent Reports | Quality of Life: Self-Reports | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Global Resource score | Controls n = 56 | −0.002 (0.990) | 0.069 (0.613) | 0.079 (0.565) | 0.098 (0.477) | 0.154 (0.260) | 0.278 (0.038) | 0.403 (0.007) |
Childhood cancer survivors n = 78 | −0.023 (0.481) | 0.223 (0.049) | 0.153 (0.186) | 0.220 (0.053) | 0.390 (<0.0005) * | 0.440 (<0.0005) * | 0.460 (<0.0005) * |
Good Global Resource Score (n = 112) | Low Global Resource Score (n = 22) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) Range | Mean (SD) Range | t | p | 95% CI | Effect Size a | |
Fluid intelligence b | 105.99 (11.50) 85–132 | 109.45 (13.61) 82–136 | −1.25 | 0.211 | [−8.89–1.96] | 0.29 |
Executive functions c | −0.22 (0.70) −2.59–1.13 | −0.22 (0.95) −3.07–0.91 | 0.01 | 0.993 | [−0.34–0.34] | 0.00 |
Verbal memory b | 12.17 (2.56) 8.5–17.5 | 11.54 (2.28) 5–17.5 | 1.06 | 0.288 | [−0.53–1.80] | 0.25 |
Selective attention b | 10.21 (2.96) 4.8–16 | 9.82 (4.35) 1–18 | 0.40 | 0.688 | [−1.51–2.29] | 0.12 |
Processing speed b | 104.20 (13.86) 79–134 | 97.68 (18.05) 53−131 | 1.91 | 0.056 | [−0.16–13.19] | 0.44 |
Quality of life: parent reports d | 53.29 (10.16) 31.32–77.13 | 44.28 (9.16) 27.9–77.13 | 3.56 | <0.0005 * | [4.02–14.00] | 0.90 |
Quality of life: self-report d | 53.00 (12.31) 28.43–81.78 | 42.07 (8.07) 29.03–83.56 | 3.86 | <0.0005 * | [5.38–16.49] | 0.92 |
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Siegwart, V.; Schürch, K.; Benzing, V.; Roessler, J.; Everts, R. Personal and Social Resources Are Linked to Cognition and Health-Related Quality of Life in Childhood Cancer Survivors. Children 2022, 9, 936. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9070936
Siegwart V, Schürch K, Benzing V, Roessler J, Everts R. Personal and Social Resources Are Linked to Cognition and Health-Related Quality of Life in Childhood Cancer Survivors. Children. 2022; 9(7):936. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9070936
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiegwart, Valerie, Kirstin Schürch, Valentin Benzing, Jochen Roessler, and Regula Everts. 2022. "Personal and Social Resources Are Linked to Cognition and Health-Related Quality of Life in Childhood Cancer Survivors" Children 9, no. 7: 936. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9070936