Reference Values for External and Internal Training Intensity Monitoring in Young Male Soccer Players: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Eligibility Criteria
2.2. Information Sources
2.3. Search Strategy
2.4. Data Extraction
2.5. Methodological Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Methodological Quality
3.2. Results of the Studies
4. Discussion
4.1. Reference Values Depending on Age Group
4.2. Training Intensity by Match Day Minus
4.3. Player Positions
4.4. Study Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PICOS | Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria |
---|---|---|
Population | Healthy young (under eighteen) male soccer players. | Studies conducted with professional or amateur players or in other sports, or with female populations. |
Intervention/Exposure | Exposure to entire training sessions for number of weeks and sessions included (minimum one week). | No exposure to entire training sessions (e.g., specific exercises only reported; only matches; only simulated matches). |
Comparator | Not required. Eventually, comparisons between playing positions and/or competitive levels within the same age-group and/or age-groups. | No study will be excluded based on comparators. |
Outcomes | Presents at least of one measure among the included in internal (e.g., heart rate, rate of perceived exertion) and/or external intensity (e.g., distances covered at different speed thresholds, acceleration-based measures) in absolute values. Whenever relative values allow to calculate absolute values, the study will be included. | Absence of data characterizing the intensity during the training sessions (e.g., wellness variables, readiness parameters) and or only reports the data in relative values without allowing the calculation of absolute values. Data from workload calculations will also be excluded (e.g., accumulated weekly intensity, training monotony, strain, ACWR, EWMA). |
Study design | No restrictions imposed on study design. | No study was excluded on the basis of study design. |
Others | Only original and full-text studies written in English. | Written in other language than English. Other article types than original (e.g., reviews, letters to editors, trial registrations, proposals for protocols, editorials, book chapters and conference abstracts). |
Study | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[18] | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 12/16 |
[19] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 12/16 |
[20] | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 13/16 |
[21] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 15/16 |
[22] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 14/16 |
[23] | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 12/16 |
[24] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 15/16 |
[25] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 11/16 |
Study | Sample | Age | Study and Training Duration | Internal Measures/ Instruments | External Measures/ Instruments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[18] | U15 N:56 U17 N:66 U19 N:29 | 14.0 ± 0.2 15.8 ± 0.4 17.8 ± 0.6 | 9 weeks Training duration: 90 min | 1 Hz Polar Team System, Polar, FI: HR < 75%; HR 75–84.9%; HR 85% to 89.9%; HR ≥ 90% | 15 Hz GPS (SPI-Pro X II, GPSports, Canberra, Australia): Total distance Distance 0–6.9 km/h Distance 7.0–9.9 km/h Distance 10.0–12.9 km/h Distance 13–15.9 km/h Distance 16–17.9 km/h Distance ≥ 18.0 km/h Distance ≥ 18.0 km/h NR Impacts NR |
[19] | U17 N:18 | 15.7 ± 0.5 | 38 training sessions Training duration ND | 1 HZ Polar Team Pro tracking system: HR | 10 Hz Polar Team Pro tracking System: Total distance, Distance 11–14.9 km/h Distance 15.0–18.9 km/h Distance ≥ 19.00 km/h Acceleration ≥ 2.0 m.s−2 NR |
[20] | U15 N:22 | 14.5 ± 0.3 | 4 weeks Training duration ND | s-RPE (CR-10) | - |
[21] | U12 N:15 U13 N:13 U14 N:12 U15 N:10 U16 N:11 U18 N:15 | 11.7 ± 0.2 12.6 ± 0.3 13.7 ± 0.2 14.5 ± 0.3 15.5 ± 0.2 17.0 ± 0.4 | 1 in-season Training duration: described in Table 5 | - | 10 Hz GPS (Apex, STATSports, Northern Ireland): Total distance Distance 19.8–25.2 km/h Distance > 25 km/h |
[22] | U19 N:9 | 17.6 ± 0.6 | 1 in-season Training duration 79 min | - | 10 Hz GPS OptimEye X4 (Catapult Sports, Melbourne, Australia): Total distance Distance 12–15 km/h Distance 15–20 km/h Distance 20–25 km/h Distance > 25 km/h |
[23] | U17 N: 21 | 16.1 ± 0.2 | 36 weeks Training duration ND | s-RPE (CR-10) | - |
[24] | U15 N:20 U17 N:20 U19 N:20 | 13.2 ± 0.5 15.4 ± 0.5 17.39 ± 0.55 | 2 Weeks Training duration 90 min | RPE (CR-20) s-RPE (CR-20) | 18 Hz GPS STATSports Apex® (Newry, Northern Ireland): Total distance Maximal speed HMLD (>25.5 W·kg−1) Distance > 25 km/h Distance > 25 km/h NR Accelerations ≥ 3 m.s−2 Decelerations ≤ −3 m.s−2 |
[25] | U14 N:8 U16 N:8 U18 N:8 | 13 ± 1 15 ± 1 17 ± 1 | 2 Weeks Field training duration: U14—90 min U16—102 min U18—104 min Gym training duration: 30–35 min | 5 Hz Polar Team System®, Kempele, Finland): HR s-RPE (CR10) | - |
Study | Measures | U12 | U13 | U14 | U15 | U16 | U17 | U18 | U19 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[18] | Total distance (m) | - | - | - | 3964.5 ± 725.4 | - | 4648.3 ± 831.9 | - | 4212.5 ± 935.4 |
Distance ≥ 18.0 km/h (NR) | 10.9 ± 6.3 | 16.4 ± 8.2 | 11.8 ± 7.9 | ||||||
Distance ≥ 18.0 km/h (m) | 12.1 ± 4.9 | 13.0 ± 5.3 | 11.8 ± 6.7 | ||||||
Impacts (NR) | 490.8 ± 309.5 | 584.0 ± 363.5 | 613.1 ± 329.4 | ||||||
[19] | Distance 15.0–18.9 km/h (m) | - | - | - | - | - | ~380–400 | - | - |
Distance ≥ 19.00 km/h (m) | ~180–200 | ||||||||
Acceleration ≥ 2.0 m.s−2 (NR) | ~65–75 | ||||||||
[21] | Duration (min) | ~83–90 | ~85–100 | ~83–100 | ~85–110 | ~87–117 | - | ~70–115 | - |
Total Distance (m) | ~4200–5200 | ~4600–5100 | ~4500–5100 | ~4800–6000 | ~4800–6100 | ~3800–6500 | |||
Distance 19.8–25.2 km/h (m) | ~20–40 | ~10–40 | ~40–120 | ~60–180 | ~80–250 | ~60–210 | |||
Distance > 25 km/h (m) | ~0–2 | ~0–1 | ~0–2 | ~0–23 | ~2–30 | ~2–25 | |||
[22] | Total distance (m) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ~5611.3 |
Distance 12–15 km/h (m) | ~541.9 | ||||||||
Distance 15–20 km/h (m) | ~427.8 | ||||||||
Distance 20–25 km/h (m) | ~149.7 | ||||||||
Distance > 25 km/h (m) | ~28.5 | ||||||||
[24] | Total Distance (m) | - | - | - | 5316.2 ± 1354.5 | - | 6021.4 ± 1675.6 | - | 4750.4 ± 1593.5 |
HMLD (>25.5 W·kg−1) (m) | 489.1 ± 228.4 | 730.6 ± 483.4 | 524.9 ± 291.4 | ||||||
Distance > 25 km/h (m) | 28.1 ± 41.7 | 130.4 ± 462.6 | 40.2 ± 50.4 | ||||||
Distance > 25 km/h (NR) | 1.9 ± 2.5 | 4.8 ± 4.8 | 3.1 ± 2.9 | ||||||
Acceleration ≥ 3 m.s−2 (NR) | 33.6 ± 18.8 | 53.8 ± 20.6 | 49.9 ± 20.2 | ||||||
Deceleration ≤ −3 m.s−2 (NR) | 30.3 ± 19.8 | 49.8 ± 25.1 | 44.0 ± 22.5 | ||||||
Reference values | All teams | ||||||||
Duration (min) | 79–117 | ||||||||
Total distance (m) | 3964.5–6500 | ||||||||
Distance > 18 km/h (m) | 11.8–250 | ||||||||
Distance > 25 km/h (m) | 0–30 |
Study | Team and Measures | MD-5 | MD-4 | MD-3 | MD-2 | MD-1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[21] | U12 | - | ||||
Duration (min) | ~85 | ~83 | ~88 | ~90 | ||
Total Distance (m) | ~4800 | ~5200 | ~4400 | ~4200 | ||
Distance 19.8–25.2 km/h (m) | ~30 | ~40 | ~30 | ~20 | ||
Distance > 25 km/h (m) | ~0 | ~0 | ~2 | ~1 | ||
[21] | U13 | - | ||||
Duration (min) | ~100 | ~85 | ~85 | ~87 | ||
Total Distance (m) | ~5100 | ~4900 | ~4700 | ~4600 | ||
Distance 19.8–25.2 km/h (m) | ~10 | ~40 | ~20 | ~30 | ||
Distance > 25 km/h (m) | ~0 | ~0 | ~0 | ~1 | ||
[21] | U14 | - | ||||
Duration (min) | ~100 | ~85 | ~83 | ~90 | ||
Total Distance (m) | ~5100 | ~5100 | ~4500 | ~4800 | ||
Distance 19.8–25.2 km/h (m) | ~60 | ~120 | ~40 | ~60 | ||
Distance > 25 km/h (m) | ~1 | ~2 | ~0 | ~0 | ||
[21] | U15 | - | ||||
Duration (min) | ~98 | ~110 | ~90 | ~85 | ||
Total Distance (m) | ~5100 | ~6000 | ~5100 | ~4800 | ||
Distance 19.8–25.2 km/h (m) | ~60 | ~180 | ~110 | ~90 | ||
Distance > 25 km/h (m) | ~0 | ~23 | ~3 | ~1 | ||
[21] | U16 | - | ||||
Duration (min) | ~93 | ~117 | ~90 | ~87 | ||
Total Distance (m) | ~5000 | ~6100 | ~4900 | ~4800 | ||
Distance 19.8–25.2 km/h (m) | ~80 | ~250 | ~120 | ~80 | ||
Distance > 25 km/h (m) | ~2 | ~30 | ~10 | ~2 | ||
[21] | U18 | - | ||||
Duration (min) | ~90 | ~115 | ~100 | ~70 | ||
Total Distance (m) | ~4900 | ~6500 | ~6000 | ~3800 | ||
Distance 19.8–25.2 km/h (m) | ~105 | ~210 | ~200 | ~60 | ||
Distance > 25 km/h (m) | ~3 | ~25 | ~23 | ~2 | ||
[24] | U15–U17–U19 | - | - | |||
Total Distance (m) | 5372.0 ± 1452.1 | 5796.0 ± 1773.3 | 4728.0 ± 1618.6 | |||
HMLD (m) | 591.2 ± 284.9 | 568.2 ± 287.7 | 488.8 ± 293.6 | |||
Distance > 25 km/h (m) | 39.7 ± 49.1 | 40.4 ± 51.1 | 58.1 ± 76.5 | |||
Distance > 25 km/h (NR) | 3.1 ± 2.9 | 2.9 ± 3.7 | 3.8 ± 4.7 | |||
Accelerations ≥ 3 m.s−2 (NR) | 48.9 ± 22.8 | 43.6 ± 20.5 | 43.2 ± 19.9 | |||
Decelerations ≤ −3 m.s−2 (NR) | 46.0 ± 25.6 | 40.3 ± 20.8 | 34.4 ± 21.8 | |||
Reference values | Total distance (m) | 4800–5100 | 4900–6500 | 4400–5372 | 4200–6000 | 3800–4800 |
Distance > 18 km/h (m) | 10–105 | 40–250 | 20–40 | 20–200 | 60–90 | |
Distance > 25 km/h (m) | 0–3 | 0–30 | 0–39.7 | 0–40 | 1–58 | |
Study | Team and Measures | Central Defender | Wide Defender | Central Midfielder | Wide Midfielder | Forward |
[24] | U15–U17–U19 | |||||
Total Distance (m) | 5282.3 ± 1407.5 | 5275.9 ± 1774.6 | 5456.9 ± 1565.9 | 5370.1 ± 1692.6 | 5156.9 ± 1820.9 | |
HMLD (m) | 541.3 ± 243.7 | 548.5 ± 282.1 | 602.2 ± 275.4 | 562.2 ± 275.4 | 529.5 ± 360.6 | |
Distance > 25 km/h (m) | 44.3 ± 56.9 | 51.2 ± 26.6 | 49.1 ± 57.1 | 38.8 ± 48.9 | 56.6 ± 77.8 | |
Distance > 25 km/h (NR) | 3.2 ± 3.3 | 2.7 ± 3.1 | 3.4 ± 3.6 | 3.1 ± 3.4 | 4.1 ± 5.1 | |
Accelerations ≥ 3 m.s−2 (NR) | 44.6 ± 19.4 | 45.6 ± 20.0 | 47.8 ± 21.9 | 46.6 ± 24.0 | 45.3 ± 23.8 | |
Decelerations ≤ −3 m.s−2 (NR) | 39.6 ± 18.7 | 40.2 ± 19.5 | 43.3 ± 22.2 | 41.2 ± 26.0 | 43.8 ± 34.4 |
Study | Measures | Positions/Status/Team | Training with 1-Match Week | Training with 2 Matches-Week | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[20] | Session 1 | Session 2 | Session 3 | Session 1 | Session 2 | Session 3 | ||
RPE (CR-10, au) | Overall U15 | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ±0.6 | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ±0.5 | |
s-RPE (CR-10, au) | Overall U15 | 157.1 ± 42.2 | 275.7 ± 62.0 | 283.0 ± 47.8 | 313.2 ± 43.9 | 293.9 ± 71.1 | 167.2 ± 26.4 | |
U17 | ||||||||
MD-5 | MD-4 | MD-3 | MD-2 | MD-1 | - | |||
[23] | s-RPE (CR-10, au) | Wide defenders | ~240 | ~360 | ~385 | - | ~150 | - |
Central defenders | ~245 | ~348 | ~390 | - | ~160 | - | ||
Central midfielders | ~243 | ~375 | ~400 | - | ~158 | - | ||
Wide midfielders | ~242 | ~380 | ~400 | - | ~158 | - | ||
Forwards/strikers | ~215 | ~355 | ~395 | - | ~152 | - | ||
Overall team | ~237 | ~364 | ~394 | - | ~156 | - | ||
[24] | RPE (CR-20, au) | Overall U15-U17-U19 | - | - | 13.3 ± 2.4 | 12.5 ± 1.7 | 13.3 ± 2.3 | - |
s-RPE (CR-20, au) | Overall U15-U17-U19 | - | - | 1196.1 ± 211.2 | 1158.1 ± 221.2 | 1194.4 ± 205.2 | - | |
Study | Central Defender | Wide Defender | Central Midfielder | Wide Midfielder | Forward | - | ||
[23] | s-RPE (CR-10, au) | Overall U17 | ~160–390 | ~150–385 | ~158–400 | ~158–400 | ~152–395 | - |
[24] | RPE (CR-20, au) | Overall U15-U17-U19 | 44.6 | 44.6 | 47.7 | 46.6 | 45.3 | - |
s-RPE (CR-20, au) | Overall U15-U17-U19 | 261.2 | 230.5 | 265.3 | 238.1 | 255.9 | - | |
Player status | ||||||||
[19] | Banister TRIMP (au) | U17 Starters | ~105 | - | - | - | - | - |
U17 Non-starters | ~110 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Average training per overall team | ||||||||
[24] | RPE (CR-20, au) | Overall U15 | 13.7 ± 1.9 | U17 | 15.5 ± 1.8 | U19 | 12.5 ± 2.5 | - |
s-RPE (CR-20, au) | Overall U15 | 1235.3 ± 171.9 | U17 | 1215.5 ± 158.7 | U19 | 1120.2 ± 224.7 | - | |
[25] | RPE (CR-10, au) | U18 Gym training | 5.5 ± 0.3 | U18 Field Training | 6.6 ± 0.6 | - | - | - |
RPE (CR-10, au) | U16 Gym training | 5.8 ± 0.4 | U16 Field Training | 6.3 ± 0.4 | - | - | - | |
RPE (CR-10, au) | U14 Gym training | 6.3 ± 0.4 | U14 Field Training | 6.2 ± 0.2 | - | - | - |
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Oliveira, R.; Brito, J.P.; Moreno-Villanueva, A.; Nalha, M.; Rico-González, M.; Clemente, F.M. Reference Values for External and Internal Training Intensity Monitoring in Young Male Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. Healthcare 2021, 9, 1567. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111567
Oliveira R, Brito JP, Moreno-Villanueva A, Nalha M, Rico-González M, Clemente FM. Reference Values for External and Internal Training Intensity Monitoring in Young Male Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. Healthcare. 2021; 9(11):1567. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111567
Chicago/Turabian StyleOliveira, Rafael, João Paulo Brito, Adrián Moreno-Villanueva, Matilde Nalha, Markel Rico-González, and Filipe Manuel Clemente. 2021. "Reference Values for External and Internal Training Intensity Monitoring in Young Male Soccer Players: A Systematic Review" Healthcare 9, no. 11: 1567. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111567
APA StyleOliveira, R., Brito, J. P., Moreno-Villanueva, A., Nalha, M., Rico-González, M., & Clemente, F. M. (2021). Reference Values for External and Internal Training Intensity Monitoring in Young Male Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. Healthcare, 9(11), 1567. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111567