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Review

The Possible Relationship between the Abuse of Tobacco, Opioid, or Alcohol with COVID-19

1
Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Health Science Campus, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Health Science Campus, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
3
General Directorate of Narcotics Control, General Administration for Precursors and Laboratories, Ministry of Interior, Riyadh 11134, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
5
College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Healthcare 2021, 9(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010002
Received: 3 November 2020 / Revised: 8 December 2020 / Accepted: 11 December 2020 / Published: 22 December 2020
Introduction: Substance use disorder has been frequently reported to increase the risk of infectious diseases, which might be owing to the sharing of contaminated inhalation, smoking, vaping, or injection equipment. Aim: This review analyzes the recent literature with the aim to put in light the possible relationship between the abuse of different substances (Tobacco, opioid, and Alcohol) with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Tobacco: Multiple studies confirmed that cigarette smoking affects the respiratory system by increasing the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors, which have a significant association with COVID-19 infection rate and disease severity. Opioid: Studies conducted regarding the association of opioid use disorder (OUD) and COVID-19 infection severity are limited; however, opioids can lead to both respiratory depression and kidney injuries, causing poor prognosis for those with COVID-19 infections. Alcohol: People with alcohol use disorders are at risk of developing acute lung injury and severe COVID-19 infection. Alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic has two possible scenarios: either increased or decreased based on situations. Conclusion: SUD has been frequently reported to have a positive relationship with COVID-19 severity Further studies are needed to understand the effects of opioids and alcohol abuse on COVID-19. View Full-Text
Keywords: substance use disorder; COVID-19; smoking; opioids; alcohol substance use disorder; COVID-19; smoking; opioids; alcohol
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MDPI and ACS Style

Althobaiti, Y.S.; Alzahrani, M.A.; Alsharif, N.A.; Alrobaie, N.S.; Alsaab, H.O.; Uddin, M.N. The Possible Relationship between the Abuse of Tobacco, Opioid, or Alcohol with COVID-19. Healthcare 2021, 9, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010002

AMA Style

Althobaiti YS, Alzahrani MA, Alsharif NA, Alrobaie NS, Alsaab HO, Uddin MN. The Possible Relationship between the Abuse of Tobacco, Opioid, or Alcohol with COVID-19. Healthcare. 2021; 9(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010002

Chicago/Turabian Style

Althobaiti, Yusuf S., Maram A. Alzahrani, Norah A. Alsharif, Nawal S. Alrobaie, Hashem O. Alsaab, and Mohammad N. Uddin. 2021. "The Possible Relationship between the Abuse of Tobacco, Opioid, or Alcohol with COVID-19" Healthcare 9, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010002

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