You are currently viewing a new version of our website. To view the old version click .
MDPIMDPI
Search all articles
Healthcare
Download PDF
  • Editor’s Choice
  • Review
  • Open Access

8 March 2024

Competencies in the Robotics of Care for Nursing Robotics: A Scoping Review

,
,
,
,
,
,
and
1
Meco Health Centre, Community of Madrid Health Service (SERMAS), 28880 Madrid, Spain
2
Research Group MISKC, Department of Computer Science, University of Alcala, University Campus, 28805 Alcala de Henares, Spain
3
Santa Cristina University Hospital, Community of Madrid Health Service (SERMAS), 28009 Madrid, Spain
4
Mejorada del Campo Health Centre, Community of Madrid Health Service (SERMAS), 28840 Madrid, Spain
Healthcare2024, 12(6), 617;https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12060617
This article belongs to the Special Issue Assistive Technologies, Robotics, and Automated Machines in the Health Domain: Second Edition
Version Notes
Order Reprints
Review Reports

Abstract

In parallel with the development and design of different technological advances, competencies in nursing have advanced. With the development of robotics, it is expected that nursing robotic competencies will also increase. The aim of this study is to review the competencies in nursing robotics. A review was conducted between January 2017 and December 2023. The search strategy was carried out in the MEDLINE database (through PubMed). This review explores the developmental competencies in nursing robotics and informatics. The data extraction in this review included an intentional search for competencies and learning outcomes in engineering and robotic programs. A total of 340 competencies and program outcomes were reviewed. The synthesis of the data established a total of 17 developmental competencies in nursing robotics based on this knowledge extraction, which we organized into five categories: assessment, diagnosis, planning, intervention (implementation) and evaluation. This review suggests that nursing robotic competencies for the development of care robotics are still scarce, and there is an opportunity for the development of competencies and the definition of new roles in the area of nursing informatics in order to adapt to the new health care demands of society.

1. Introduction

The World Health Organization emphasizes innovation and technological progress as key to the challenges in our society among its Sustainable Development Goals. Information and knowledge technologies are at the forefront of the response to COVID-19. Therefore, harnessing these digital technologies and their potential for accelerating human progress, bridging the digital divide and developing knowledge societies are all called for [1,2].
The digital transformation of health care can improve health outcomes by enhancing, among other things, self-care and person-centered care, as well as expanding professional knowledge, skills and competencies in health service delivery [2].
The Global Strategy on Digital Health 2020–2025 states that digital health is “the field of knowledge and practice associated with the development and use of digital technologies to improve health”. It encompasses other uses of digital technologies, such as the internet of things, advanced computing, artificial intelligence and robotics, among other things, in health [2].
Similarly, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development stresses the importance of expanding the competencies of health care professionals in these settings, so that these professionals are prepared to implement or use technology. Building these competencies involves the transmission of knowledge and skills, as well as the attitude of the professionals themselves. Strategic Objective 4 mentions that these competencies should be included in the curriculum and training of health professionals as well as in the different levels of education and training. These competencies range from computer science, strategic planning, finance and management to health sciences and care delivery [2].
Harnessing these technologies and supporting their sustainable development raises several issues in terms of digital skills and competencies among segments of society, as future jobs will require information and communications technology (ICT) skills [3].
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) highlights that the future of work will require technical and professional skills, sometimes sector-specific, such as the operation of robots [3].
Robotics and artificial intelligence are technologies that will have a significant impact on the future of our society. This has led organizations such as the European Parliament to develop a framework of the ethical aspects of artificial intelligence, robotics and related technologies and includes their use as high-risk when applied to health care in terms of the possibility that their use could lead to a violation of fundamental rights and safety standards [4].
Robotics is defined as “the technique of applying computer science to the design and use of devices that, in place of humans, perform operations or work, typically in industrial facilities” by the Dictionary of the Spanish Language (Royal Spanish Academy). The Robotics and Automation Society of the Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers states, “Robotics focuses on systems incorporating sensors and actuators that operate autonomously or semi-autonomously in cooperation with humans. Robotics research emphasizes intelligence and adaptability to cope with unstructured environments” [5]. The International Standard Organization (ISO) 8373:2021 defines the term robot as a “programmed actuated mechanism with a degree of autonomy to perform locomotion, manipulation or positioning” [6].
Robotics are developed, deployed and used by human beings. This implies that the choices humans make will determine the impact of robotics on society [4].
Some authors underline that in recent years, the use of robotics has spread to other areas, including health sciences and, thus, nursing [5].
We found some examples of robots used to facilitate various care tasks in the context of improving the independence of elderly people [7,8]. Examples include robots that assist with tasks involving feeding, safety, environmental hygiene and cleaning and companionship [9,10].
The latest revision of the International Council of Nurses (ICN) Code of Ethics for Nurses 2021 states, “Nurses ensure that the use of technology and scientific advances are compatible with the safety, dignity and rights of people. In the case of artificial intelligence or devices, such as care robots or drones, nurses ensure that care remains person-centered and that such devices support and do not replace human relationships”. The Code includes among the applications of the elements for nurse educators and researchers the following: “seek opportunities to evaluate the short and long-term ethical consequences of the use of diverse technologies and emerging practices, including innovative equipment, robotics, genetics and genomics, stem cell technologies and organ donation”. This is the first mention of robotics in this document [11].
The research work in robotics has just started. This research area could be addressed by nursing informatics. From this perspective of nursing informatics, it has become necessary to incorporate the vision of health care [12].
In this regard, according to robotics, the American Nurses Association (ANA) states that nursing is one of the professions that will be most impacted by the use of robotics and has reviewed the service robots that currently work to support nurses [5].
In addition, it is essential that nurses are involved in the initial design of systems relating to health care [13].
Thus, in parallel to the development and design of the different technological advances, competencies in nursing informatics have been advanced [14].
Traditionally, competencies in nursing informatics have been classified into three domains: basic computer skills, informatics knowledge and informatic skills [15].
Those competencies were structured into four levels depending on the level of nurse: beginning nursing, experienced nurse, informatics specialist and informatics innovator [16]. This has been followed by other alternatives such as Health Information Technology Competencies (HITCOMP) [17], a tool to assess health information technology skills, or Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform (TIGER), an initiative to provide informatics/e-health tools and resources to health care workers [18].
Therefore, technological education in nursing is changing from an approach based on the use of technologies to an approach based on the design and construction of the devices itself. For that reason, the following question arises, what are the nursing competencies in nursing robotics? To this end, this article focuses on identifying what the nursing competencies are in nursing robotics. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review the competencies in nursing robotics.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Design

A scoping review of the competencies in nursing robotics based on the PRISMA statement [19] was used in this review.

2.2. Search Methods

The search strategy was conducted in the MEDLINE database using the search engine PubMed and included articles published between January 2017 and December 2023. The year 2017 was chosen as the starting date because in that year, the European Parliament published the document “Civil law rules on robotics”, included in the resolution “Framework of ethical aspects of artificial intelligence, robotics and related technologies” [4], which would mark an important institutional milestone for the development of this field of research.
The construction of the search strategy was carried out by six researchers, nurses with expertise in the fields of health and computer science research. The literature search in PubMed and the data analysis was conducted by the main research.
To construct the search strategy, a combination of medical subject heading (MeSH) terms and keywords were used:
  • Selection of search terms about nursing, robotics and competencies: A literature search on the three core elements of the research: nursing, robotics and competencies. For the search, a series of keywords in MeSH terminology and natural language using truncation.
  • Selection of search terms about nursing, informatics and competencies: A literature search on the three core elements of the research: nursing, informatics and competencies. For the search, a series of keywords in MeSH terminology and natural language using truncation. In this case, the search for the term informatics was restricted to the single use of the term MESH and not to the natural language.
  • Identification of keywords to distinguish competencies of use and competencies of development: A distinction was made between those that were related to competencies of use and competencies of development. For this purpose, the Dictionary of the Spanish Language (Royal Spanish Academy) was used to extract the definitions of the use and development of the concepts as well as an electronic resource for the search of synonyms based on the Larousse dictionary. The translations were carried out using the Oxford English Dictionary.
The keywords identified to describe the search strategy are shown in Table 1. All of the selected search terms were used for the search strategy.
Table 1. Search terms selected.
Once the keywords were selected, four categories were established to separate the records:
(1)
Developmental and non-use competencies.
(2)
Use and developmental competencies.
(3)
Neither use nor developmental competencies.
(4)
Use and non-developmental competencies.
The search strategy selected the records which were those included in the first category: developmental and non-use competencies. The search strategy included the language filters (only English and Spanish were admitted) and the time limit mentioned above. The search strategy included the Boolean operators “OR”, “AND” and “NOT” (see search strategy in Table 2).
Table 2. Search strategy.
However, some articles prior to the date of inclusion for this study were reviewed because of their interest for the topic under study. All of them were referenced in some of the articles included in the review.

2.3. Data Extraction

The data from each of the articles selected were extracted using a table, which contained the following elements: bibliographic elements (authors, year of publication, title, country), type of article, research objective, thematic classification according to whether it addresses nursing robotic competencies and/or informatic nursing competencies relating to: level of education targeted (undergraduate, postgraduate), care setting (hospital setting, primary care setting) or whether it is theoretical, leadership or the future of all of these. This analysis was carried out by the principal investigator of this study (Supplementary Table S1).
For the proposal of the nursing competencies development in care robotics, a last phase was carried out in January 2024. A knowledge extraction of the results of the review was carried out for nursing informatic competencies and an intentional knowledge extraction was carried out for engineering and robotic competencies.
For the nursing informatic competencies section, the results of the review were taken into account (Supplementary Table S2):
  • The 11 thematic classifications of competencies established by Strudwick [20].
  • The classification of the 10 core domains of health informatics proposed by the Health Informatics Core Competencies of the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) [21] which used the terms knowledge, skills and attitudes (KSAs) for the categorization of competencies and were identified by the following acronyms: “K, S, A + F + number”.
  • The classification of competencies in informatics nursing proposed by Staggers [16], in which the competencies were categorized into four levels (beginner nurse, experienced nurse, informatics specialist and informatics innovator) with three main categories (computer skills, informatics knowledge and informatic skills). A total of 212 competencies were selected for the present study corresponding to the categories of informatics specialist and informatics innovator. The competencies were identified and coded by the lead author for further classification. The following acronyms were used for coding: “IS + number” (informatics specialist) and “II + number” (informatics innovator).
For the robotics engineering section, an intentional search was carried out in Spanish and European study programs related to engineering and robotic competencies. The following were taken into account (Supplementary Table S2):
  • A total of 25 learning objectives from the EUR-ACE® framework standards and guidelines [22], classified according to whether they were aimed at Bachelor or Master degree programmes in engineering and oriented towards 8 learning areas: knowledge and understanding; engineering analysis; engineering design; investigations; engineering practice; making judgements; communication and team-working and lifelong learning. The 25 learning objectives were coded and identified by the lead author with the acronyms “B + number” (Bachelor Degree Programs) and “M + number” (Master Degree Programs).
  • A total of four teaching plans (83 learning outcomes) included in the White Paper on Robotics [23] published in 2011 in Spain and the Curriculum in Robotics Engineering published in 2022 [24].
Data were extracted resulting in the proposed development of nursing robotic competencies in care robotics.
The synthesis of the data was carried out by the main researcher. The competencies for nursing development in care robotics were grouped into five categories corresponding to the five phases of the nursing process: (1) assessment, (2) diagnosis, (3) planning, (4) intervention (in this case implementation) and (5) evaluation. These phases have been used by Sarrión-Bravo et al. [25] to define competencies in spiritual and emotional care, and by García-Día [26] to relate them to product life cycle and project process groups in the book Project Management in Nursing Informatics.

3. Results

A total of 21 records were obtained from the search strategy about nursing, robotics and competencies. A total of 88 records were obtained from the search strategy about nursing, informatics and competencies. The 109 records were reviewed by reading the title and abstract. Finally, 16 articles were selected for inclusion in the descriptive review. Figure 1 presents the flow chart of the search summary. The Supplementary Table S1 summarizes the data extracted according to the elements described in Section 2.3, Data Extraction, of the Materials and Methods section. However, the results obtained from the literature review are described below.
Figure 1. PRISMA flowchart of descriptive review process (January 2017 to December 2023).

3.1. Literature Review of Competencies of Development in Nursing Robotics

Salzmann-Erikson and Eriksson [27] have stated that there is research on attitudes, implementation in care settings as well as the evaluation of care robots, specifically with regard to care in the elderly. They called for the involvement of nursing in the management of the process through participation in the planning and design as well as the development of robotic-related competencies in the care team. To this end, they also called for the development of a new infrastructure, including in education, to respond to these new demands arising from the advancement of technology such as robotics.

3.2. Literature Review of Competencies of Development in Nursing Informatics

Some authors have considered a conceptual framework integrating interdisciplinary education in engineering and health informatics nursing. In their case, they have opted for a theoretical framework based on the TIGER initiative (structured learning based on competencies for all nurses, for beginner and experienced nurses) and the section on informatics proposed by the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN), which organizes competencies based on the axes of knowledge, skill and attitude. In addition, it describes two instructor profiles for this interdisciplinary education [28]:
  • An engineer who has completed a post-doctoral training in health care.
  • A nurse who has earned a dual graduate degree in nursing and biomedical engineering.
All this combined with a learning method based on “Learn by doing” [28].
Another example is the eHealth4all@eu Pipeline course which follows the TIGER recommendations [29].
Regarding the design of technologies, some authors have highlighted an opportunity for nurse researchers to design technological devices in the field of study [30].
The theoretical framework proposed for the description of nurses with nursing informatic competencies focuses on three interrelated aspects: transformational leadership (morale modelling, vision stimulation, individualized consideration, charisma and idealized influence), nursing informatic competencies (nursing informatics awareness, computer operation competency, computer software management competency, nursing information operation competency, nursing information management competency) and innovation self-efficacy [31].
Competencies in nursing informatics:
Studies by Strudwick et al. showed the development of a learning plan based on a selection of competencies which demonstrated that training in them had increased knowledge, experience and confidence [20].
Monsen et al. compared the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) Informatics and Healthcare Technologies Essential V and the AMIA Health Informatics Core Competencies [21].
Lozada-Perezmitre et al. focused on the development and validation of the Self-Assessment of Nursing Informatics Competencies Scale (SANICS) translated into Spanish [32]. The same scale was used by Choi et al. [33] and by Galacio [34] to assess nursing informatic competencies.
Liu and Aungsuroch’s revision established 11 components: 1. personal traits; 2. professional clinical practice; 3. legal and ethical practice; 4. ensure safety and quality; 5. communication; 6. management of nursing care; 7. leadership; 8. cooperation and therapeutics practice; 9. teaching—coaching; 10. critical thinking and innovation; 11. professional development [35].
Other studies have measured competencies in nursing informatics among graduates of different years [36] while other authors have reviewed different curricula in order to explore curricula that have included specific courses on health informatics, nursing informatics or information and communication technologies for nursing care [37].
Chen et al. established general nurse, information nurse and information expert levels for learning nursing informatic competencies [38].
Other authors have reviewed the literature on nursing informatics education among nursing undergraduates [39].
Borycki et al. [40] used the work of Staggers et al. [16] for the mapping of informatic nursing competencies and adapted it to the development of these competencies in the field of patient safety.

3.3. Proposed Competencies for Nursing Development in Care Robotics

The result is the establishment of a total of 17 competencies for nursing development in care robotics. The results are shown in Table 3. The competencies are organized into five categories (first column): (1) assessment; (2) diagnosis; (3) identification of objectives; (4) intervention (in this case implementation) and (5) evaluation [25,26].
Table 3. Competencies in nursing robotics (see bibliographic examples in Supplementary Table S3).
Second column indicates an identifier number (ID) created to identify each competency.
Third column indicates the text of the competencies.
Fourth column shows the relationship between each of the competencies with the competence themes established by Strudwick [20].
Each of the competencies has been proposed based on the related competencies and learning outcomes based on the knowledge extraction of the nursing informatics and robotics engineering competencies from the AMIA Health Informatics Core Competencies [21], the 212 nursing informatics competencies proposed by Staggers [16] for the informatics specialist and informatics innovator levels, the 25 learning objectives from the EUR-ACE® framework standards and guidelines [22] and the 83 competencies and learning outcomes included in the selected curriculum [23,24].
Examples of these competencies and learning outcomes for each of the competencies in nursing robotics are shown in Supplementary Table S3.

4. Discussion

The aim of this article was to review and identify competencies in nursing robotics.
The advancement of technologies such as robotics has led to an analysis from a nursing perspective [5].
There are proposals that establish the competencies to be acquired by the different professions and citizens in the field of technology in a global manner, such as the DigComp strategy, which includes competencies related to robotics [41].
With regard to the results obtained from the search in the first phase, it should be stressed that most of them are oriented towards usability [42], acceptability [43,44] and ethical implications [45] among professionals. In this sense, Stokes and Palmer [46] have claimed that AI or AI carebot activities must meet three conditions: “first, it cannot transgress the core values of nursing—i.e., caring. Second, it cannot usurp important aspects of caring that can only meaningfully be carried out by human beings. Third, it must support, expand or improve opportunities for nurses to provide the uniquely human aspects of care”. Others have focused on a specific aspect of robotic development in the field of surgery [47].
Among the competencies not approved by Staggers et al. in 2002 [16] was “writes an original computer program and modifies it”. In addition, the competency for the computer specialist level “discusses concepts and uses of robotics” was approved but did not gain agreement to be determined as a valid competency. Both competencies, discarded at the time, have a valid content today and could be adopted for this study.
The choice of learning outcomes proposed by the European Network for Accreditation of Engineering Education standardizes them for a wide range of countries, as well as being an international seal of international quality [22]. However, there are other accreditations, such as ABET [48] and ARCU SUR [49].
In 2018, Glasgow et al. reviewed a number of training programs linking engineering and nursing to define the role of the nurse engineer [50]. In addition, recent studies have applied the paradigm of care robotics to the development of applications with this perspective [51].
With regard to the way of organizing the competencies identified and extracted, a classification has been used based on the phases in the nursing care process as opposed to the classification formats used for competencies in computerized nursing and which have served as a starting point for the development of this study.
The competencies listed could be included among the different classifications of informatics nursing as specific content adapted to the development of nursing robotics within the framework of informatics nursing.

Limitations

This review may include potential limitations. First, only publications in English and Spanish were included. The authors only searched one database (PubMed), which may have excluded potentially important sources of information, and certain information may have been disregarded. There was a focus on the developmental competencies and as a result, this excluded papers about the use of competencies. Furthermore, in the future, the methodology could include a phase of content validity through experts.

5. Conclusions

This review is the first to investigate competencies in nursing robotics. The review shows that nursing robotics for the development of care robotics are still scarcely explored. Nursing informatics is a field with extensive studies in the literature about competencies. Nursing informatic competencies are part of the nursing informatics curriculum, but they are also the basis for the development of nursing robotics. In addition, the competencies and program outcomes of the engineering and robotics curriculum serve to broaden the competencies for the development of nursing robotics.
Just as competencies in nursing informatics have been advancing in parallel to the development of different technological advances, the inclusion of disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence and robotics poses new challenges for nursing that must be faced from an approach based on training which focuses on the development of robotics in nursing.
All this exponential growth has opened up new fields of development for nursing. Among them is the profile of the robotic nurse, an expert in care robotics. Care robotics is a type of robotics oriented towards human care. Therefore, this profile has as its object of research robotics oriented to human care under the paradigm of human care knowledge models and the conceptual framework of nursing informatics. This synthesis of competencies proposes a model of construction of devices from the paradigm of robotics of care assuming the precepts of the scientific nursing discipline.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/healthcare12060617/s1, Supplementary Table S1: Table of analysis of selected articles; Supplementary Table S2: Competencies and program outcomes selected; Supplementary Table S3: Examples of competencies and program outcomes in relation with robotics competencies.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, B.G.d.D., A.G.A., M.L.J.R. and J.M.S.G.; methodology, B.G.d.D., A.G.A., M.F.B. and J.M.S.G.; formal analysis, B.G.d.D., A.G.A., S.H.J. and A.S.O.; investigation, B.G.d.D., A.G.A., M.F.B., S.H.J., A.S.O. and J.M.S.G.; writing—original draft preparation, B.G.d.D.; writing—review and editing, B.G.d.D., A.G.A., R.B.P. and J.M.S.G.; supervision, B.G.d.D., A.G.A., R.B.P., M.L.J.R. and J.M.S.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

This study does not use population or patient data.

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available in the Supplementary Materials and on request from the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. United Nations. The Sustainable Development Goals. Goal 9: Build Resilient Infrastructure, Promote Sustainable Industrialization and Foster Innovation. 2022. Available online: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/infrastructure/ (accessed on 11 November 2022).
  2. World Health Organization. Global Strategy on Digital Health 2020–2025. 2021. Available online: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/documents/gs4dhdaa2a9f352b0445bafbc79ca799dce4d.pdf?sfvrsn=f112ede5_75 (accessed on 11 November 2022).
  3. United Nations. Building Digital Competencies to Benefit from Existing and Emerging Technologies, with a Special Focus on Gender and Youth Dimensions. 2018. Available online: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ecn162018d3_es.pdf (accessed on 11 November 2022).
  4. European Parliament. Framework of Ethical Aspects of Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Related Technologies. 2020. Available online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2020-0275_EN.html (accessed on 11 November 2022).
  5. Tietze, M.; Mcbride, S. Robotics and the Impact on Nursing Practice: Case Study and Pilot Site Analyses. 2020. Available online: https://www.nursingworld.org/~494055/globalassets/innovation/robotics-and-the-impact-on-nursing-practice_print_12-2-2020-pdf-1.pdf (accessed on 3 January 2024).
  6. ISO 8373:2021(en); Robotics—Vocabulary. International Organization for Standardization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2021. Available online: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:8373:ed-3:v1:en (accessed on 11 November 2022).
  7. Maalouf, N.; Sidaoui, A.; Elhajj, I.H.; Asmar, D. Robotics in Nursing: A Scoping Review. J. Nurs. Scholarsh. 2018, 50, 590–600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Fiorini, L.; de Mul, M.; Fabbricotti, I.; Limosani, R.; Vitanza, A.; D’Onofrio, G.; Tsui, M.; Sancarlo, D.; Giuliani, F.; Greco, A.; et al. Assistive robots to improve the independent living of older persons: Results from a needs study. Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol. 2019, 16, 92–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. Melkas, H.; Hennala, L.; Pekkarinen, S.; Kyrki, V. Impacts of robot implementation on care personnel and clients in elderly-care institutions. Int. J. Med. Inform. 2020, 134, 104041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Aymerich-Franch, L.; Ferrer, I. Liaison, safeguard, and well-being: Analyzing the role of social robots during the COVID-19 pandemic. Technol. Soc. 2022, 70, 101993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. International Council of Nurses. The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses. 2021. Available online: https://www.icn.ch/system/files/2021-10/ICN_Code-of-Ethics_SP_WEB.pdf (accessed on 11 November 2022).
  12. Clipper, B.; Batcheller, J.; Thomaz, A.L.; Rozga, A. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics: A Nurse Leader’s Primer. Nurse Lead. 2018, 16, 379–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Darvish, A.; Bahramnezhad, F.; Keyhanian, S.; Navidhamidi, M. The Role of Nursing Informatics on Promoting Quality of Health Care and the Need for Appropriate Education. Glob. J. Health Sci. 2014, 6, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society. Health Informatics. Available online: https://www.himss.org/resources/health-informatics (accessed on 16 March 2022).
  15. Farzandipour, M.; Mohamadian, H.; Akbari, H.; Safari, S.; Sharif, R. Designing a national model for assessment of nursing informatics competency. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak. 2021, 21, 35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Staggers, N.; Gassert, C.A.; Curran, C.A. Delphi study to determine informatics competencies for nurses at four levels of practice. Nurs. Res. 2002, 51, 383–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Health Information Technology Competencies. Available online: http://hitcomp.org/ (accessed on 16 March 2022).
  18. Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society. TIGER International Competency Synthesis Project Global Health Informatics Competency Recommendation Frameworks. 2020. Available online: https://www.himss.org/tiger-initiative-international-competency-synthesis-project (accessed on 16 March 2022).
  19. Tricco, A.C.; Lillie, E.; Zarin, W.; O’Brien, K.K.; Colquhoun, H.; Levac, D.; Moher, D.; Peters, M.D.; Horsley, T.; Weeks, L.; et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Ann. Intern. Med. 2018, 169, 467–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Strudwick, G.; Hubert, S.; Gehrs, M. Developing Nursing Informatics Competencies for Future Nursing Leaders: An Overview of an Internship and Learning Plan. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 2018, 250, 67. Available online: https://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/49071 (accessed on 4 January 2024).
  21. Monsen, K.A.; Bush, R.A.; Jones, J.; Manos, E.L.; Skiba, D.J.; Johnson, S.B. Alignment of American Association of Colleges of Nursing Graduate-Level Nursing Informatics Competencies with American Medical Informatics Association Health Informatics Core Competencies. Comput. Inform. Nurs. 2019, 37, 396–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. European Network for Accreditation of Engineering Education. EUR-ACE® Framework Standards and Guidelines. Available online: https://www.enaee.eu/eur-ace-system/standards-and-guidelines/ (accessed on 20 October 2022).
  23. Spanish Committee of Automation. The White Book of Robotics in Spain. 2011. Available online: https://www.ceautomatica.es/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/LIBRO-BLANCO-DE-LA-ROBOTICA-2_v2.pdf (accessed on 20 October 2022).
  24. Official Gazette of the State. Resolution of 24 May 2022, of the University of Alicante, Which Publishes the Modification of the Syllabus of Graduate in Robotics Engineering. 2022. Available online: https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2022/06/10/pdfs/BOE-A-2022-9592.pdf (accessed on 20 October 2022).
  25. Sarrión-Bravo, J.A.; González-Aguña, A.; Abengózar-Muela, R.; Renghea, A.; Fernández-Batalla, M.; Santamaría-García, J.M.; Ruiz-Moral, R. Competence in Spiritual and Emotional Care: Learning Outcomes for the Evaluation of Nursing Students. Healthcare 2022, 10, 2062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Garcia-Dia, M.J. Project Management in Nursing Informatics; Springer Publishing Company: New York, NY, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
  27. Salzmann-Erikson, M.; Eriksson, H. Letter to the Editor: Prosperity of nursing care robots: An imperative for the development of new infrastructure and competence for health professions in geriatric care. J. Nurs. Manag. 2017, 25, 486–488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Kim, H.N. A conceptual framework for interdisciplinary education in engineering and nursing health informatics. Nurse Educ. Today 2019, 74, 91–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Hübner, U.; Saranto, K.; Vieia-Marques, P.; Kinnunen, U.-M.; Egbert, N.; Babitsch, B.; Kalthoff, D.; Cardosa, A.; Sousa, P.; Hüsers, J.; et al. The eHealth4all@eu Pipeline of Course Development: TIGER Recommendations in Action. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 2022, 290, 1126–1127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Lopez, K.D.; Castner, J.; Pruinelli, L.; Schoville, R.; Piscotty, R.J.; Farag, A.; Abusalem, S.; Monsen, K.A. Shared Passion at the Nexus of Nursing Informatics, Systems, Policy, and Research: Midwest Nursing Research Society Advances the State of the Science. Comput. Inform. Nurs. 2018, 36, 5–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Jing, J.; Niyomsilp, E.; Xie, L.; Jiang, H.; Li, R. Effect of Transformational Leadership on Nursing Informatics Competency of Chinese Nurses: The Intermediary Function of Innovation Self-Efficacy. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 2021, 284, 275–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Lozada-Perezmitre, E.; Landeros-Olvera, E.; Galicia-Aguilar, R.M.; Peltonen, L.-M.; Nibber, R.; Lewis, A.; Block, L.; Pruinelli, L.; Ronquillo, C.; Topaz, M. Description of the Process to Validate the Mexican Nurse Informatics Competency Self-Assessment Scale. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 2021, 284, 171–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Choi, J.; Bove, L.; Tarte, V. Nursing Informatics Competency After Experiencing Simulated Electronic Health Records: Descriptive Study. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 2021, 284, 143–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Galacio, B. Expanding the Informatics Competencies of Nurse Practitioners Through Online Learning. Comput. Inform. Nurs. 2022, 40, 606–614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Liu, Y.; Aungsuroch, Y. Current Literature Review of Registered Nurses’ Competency in the Global Community. J. Nurs. Scholarsh. 2018, 50, 191–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Kaihlanen, A.M.; Gluschkoff, K.; Kinnunen, U.M.; Saranto, K.; Ahonen, O.; Heponiemi, T. Nursing informatics competences of Finnish registered nurses after national educational initiatives: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Educ. Today 2021, 106, 105060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Condor, D.F.; Sanchez Alvarez, K.; Bidman, A.A. Nursing Informatics Training in Undergraduate Nursing Programs in Peru. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 2018, 250, 81. Available online: https://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/49083 (accessed on 4 January 2024). [PubMed]
  38. Chen, Y.; Yan, L.; Zheng, W.; Lin, B.; Wu, L.; Wu, Z.; Chang, P. Development of Nursing Informatics Competencies Evaluation Index System of Clinical Nurses. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 2021, 284, 177–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Reid, L.; Button, D.; Breaden, K.; Brommeyer, M. Nursing informatics and undergraduate nursing curricula: A scoping review protocol. Nurse Educ. Pract. 2022, 65, 103476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. Borycki, E.M.; Cummings, E.; Kushniruk, A.W.; Saranto, K. Integrating Health Information Technology Safety into Nursing Informatics Competencies. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 2017, 232, 222–228. Available online: https://ebooks.iospress.nl/publication/46084 (accessed on 4 January 2024).
  41. Vuorikari, R.; Kluzer, S.; Punie, Y. DigComp 2.2: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens—With New Examples of Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes; Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg, 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Chang, H.Y.; Huang, T.L.; Wong, M.K.; Ho, L.H.; Wu, C.N.; Teng, C.I. How Robots Help Nurses Focus on Professional Task Engagement and Reduce Nurses’ Turnover Intention. J. Nurs. Scholarsh. 2021, 53, 237–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Zrínyi, M.; Pakai, A.; Lampek, K.; Vass, D.; Újváriné, A.S.; Betlehem, J.; Oláh, A. Nurse preferences of caring robots: A conjoint experiment to explore most valued robot features. Nurs. Open. 2023, 10, 99–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Maier, A.; Eicher, C.; Kiselev, J.; Klebbe, R.; Greuèl, M.; Kettemann, D.; Gaudlitz, M.; Walter, B.; Oleimeulen, U.; Münch, C.; et al. Acceptance of Enhanced Robotic Assistance Systems in People with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Associated Motor Impairment: Observational Online Study. JMIR Rehabil. Assist. Technol. 2021, 8, e18972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Pepito, J.A.; Ito, H.; Betriana, F.; Tanioka, T.; Locsin, R.C. Intelligent humanoid robots expressing artificial humanlike empathy in nursing situations. Nurs. Philos. 2020, 21, e12318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Stokes, F.; Palmer, A. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Nursing: Ethics of Caring as a Guide to Dividing Tasks Between AI and Humans. Nurs. Philos. 2020, 21, e12306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Asokan, A.; Baawa-Ameyaw, J.; Kayani, B.; Radhakrishnan, G.T.; Magan, A.A.; Haddad, F.S. Nursing considerations for patients undergoing robotic-arm assisted joint replacements. Br. J. Nurs. 2021, 30, 580–587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  48. ABET. ABET Accreditation. 2022. Available online: https://www.abet.org/ (accessed on 4 December 2022).
  49. ARCU-SUR. ARCU-SUR System. Available online: http://www.arcusur.org/?page_id=298 (accessed on 4 December 2022).
  50. Glasgow, M.E.S.; Colbert, A.; Viator, J.; Cavanagh, S. The Nurse-Engineer: A New Role to Improve Nurse Technology Interface and Patient Care Device Innovations. J. Nurs. Scholarsh. 2018, 50, 601–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  51. González Aguña, A.; Gonzalo de Diego, B.; Páez Ramos, S.; Fernández Batalla, M.; Jiménez Rodríguez, M.L.; Santamaría García, J.M. Care Robotics: An Assessment of Professional Perception in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Healthcare 2023, 11, 946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Article Metrics

Citations

Article Access Statistics

Journal Statistics
Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.
Download PDF
Impact of Hypnotherapy on Fear, Pain, and the Birth Experience: A Systematic Review
Previous
An Integrated Sample Referral System for HIV Viral Load and Early Infant Diagnosis in North-Western Province, Zambia—A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study
Next