The Influence of Socioeconomic and Educational Factors on the Level of Anxiety and Fear of COVID-19
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sampling
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Ethical Aspects
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics and AMICO Scores
3.2. Fear/Anxiety towards COVID-19 and Social Class
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Features | n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Sex n (%) | Woman | 98 (67.0) |
Man | 48 (33.0) | |
Age n (%) | 18–29 | 30 (20.5) |
30–39 | 35 (24.0) | |
40–49 | 43 (29.5) | |
≥50 | 38 (26.0) | |
Country of birth | Spain | 127 (87.0) |
Other countries | 18 (12.3) | |
Missing | 1 (0.7) | |
Alcohol consumption | Yes | 20 (13.7) |
No | 123 (84.2) | |
Missing | 3 (2.1) | |
Presence of chronic diseases n (%) | Yes | 31 (21.2) |
No | 110 (75.3) | |
Missing | 5 (3.4) | |
Risk perception towards COVID-19 n (%) | Yes | 35 (24.0) |
No | 110 (75.3) | |
Missing | 1 (0.7) | |
Work status n (%) | Employed | 82 (56.2) |
Unemployed | 64 (43.8) | |
Level of studies n (%) | Level 1 | 51 (34.9) |
Level 2 | 60 (41.1) | |
Level 3 | 35 (24.0) | |
Social class n (%) | I | 7 (4.7) |
II | 6 (4.0) | |
III | 17 (11.3) | |
IV | 29 (19.3) | |
V | 30 (20.0) | |
VI | 52 (34.7) | |
Missing | 5 (3.3) |
Levels of Fear/Anxiety towards COVID-19 | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | ||
Sex | ||||
Woman | 6.1 | 29.6 | 64.3 | 0.007 * |
Man | 14.6 | 47.9 | 37.5 | |
Country of birth | ||||
Spain | 7.1 | 36.2 | 56.7 | 0.385 |
Other countries | 16.7 | 33.3 | 50.0 | |
Alcohol consumption | ||||
Yes | 5.0 | 50.0 | 45.0 | 0.297 |
No | 9.8 | 32.5 | 57.7 | |
Chronic diseases | ||||
Yes | 6.5 | 25.8 | 67.7 | 0.251 |
No | 10.0 | 39.1 | 50.9 | |
Risk perception | ||||
Yes | 2.9 | 34.3 | 62.8 | 0.016 * |
No | 10.0 | 36.4 | 53.6 | |
Work status | ||||
Employed | 12.2 | 39.0 | 48.8 | 0.037 * |
Unemployed | 4.6 | 31.3 | 64.1 |
OR (IC95%) | p Value | |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Woman | 2.9 (1.5–5.8) | 0.002 * |
Work status (Ref: Employed) | ||
Unemployed | 2 (1–3.7) | 0.04 * |
Social class (Ref: High class) | ||
Low | 7.6 (2.2–26.2) | 0.001 * |
Medium | 4.2 (1.3–13.7) | 0.018 * |
Social class (Ref. Class I) | ||
II | 1.4 (−6.04–12.1) | |
III | 7.4 (1.29–40.4) | 0.025 * |
IV | 3.5 (−1.4–16.4) | 0.123 |
V | 5.2 (1.1–24.5) | 0.042 * |
VI | 8.8 (1.9–40.4) | 0.005 * |
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Coronado-Vázquez, V.; Ramírez-Durán, M.d.V.; Barrio-Cortes, J.; Benito-Alonso, E.; Holgado-Juan, M.; Dorado-Rabaneda, M.S.; Gómez-Salgado, J. The Influence of Socioeconomic and Educational Factors on the Level of Anxiety and Fear of COVID-19. Healthcare 2024, 12, 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12010099
Coronado-Vázquez V, Ramírez-Durán MdV, Barrio-Cortes J, Benito-Alonso E, Holgado-Juan M, Dorado-Rabaneda MS, Gómez-Salgado J. The Influence of Socioeconomic and Educational Factors on the Level of Anxiety and Fear of COVID-19. Healthcare. 2024; 12(1):99. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12010099
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoronado-Vázquez, Valle, María del Valle Ramírez-Durán, Jaime Barrio-Cortes, Elena Benito-Alonso, Marina Holgado-Juan, María Silvia Dorado-Rabaneda, and Juan Gómez-Salgado. 2024. "The Influence of Socioeconomic and Educational Factors on the Level of Anxiety and Fear of COVID-19" Healthcare 12, no. 1: 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12010099
APA StyleCoronado-Vázquez, V., Ramírez-Durán, M. d. V., Barrio-Cortes, J., Benito-Alonso, E., Holgado-Juan, M., Dorado-Rabaneda, M. S., & Gómez-Salgado, J. (2024). The Influence of Socioeconomic and Educational Factors on the Level of Anxiety and Fear of COVID-19. Healthcare, 12(1), 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12010099