Effects of Physical Education Playfulness on Academic Grit and Attitude toward Physical Education in Middle School Students in The Republic of Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Relationships between Playfulness, Academic Grit, and PE-Related Attitude
1.2. Study Hypotheses and Model
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Validity and Reliability of the Instruments
2.4. Investigative Procedure
2.5. Data Processing
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Playfulness in Middle-School PE on Academic Grit
3.1.1. Correlations among Study Variables
3.1.2. Effects of Playfulness in Middle School PE on Academic Grit
3.2. Effects of Playfulness in Middle-School PE on PE Attitude
3.3. Effects of Academic Grit on PE Attitude
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variable | Sub-Variable | No. | Contents of Article |
---|---|---|---|
Playfulness | Physical animation | 1 | I like extreme physical play with my friends. |
2 | I like to go around with my friends. | ||
3 | I like being physically active. | ||
4 | I am motivated and motivated to be physically active. | ||
Social engagement | 5 | I think people who play well get along easily with others. | |
6 | I like to play, frolic and hang out with people. | ||
7 | I like to make others laugh. | ||
8 | I joke easily with others. | ||
Mental spontaneity | 9 | I imagine myself or someone else in a “fun situation.” | |
10 | I like play or games that require a lot of thought. | ||
11 | I have a lot of imagination. | ||
12 | I imagine being a person with a different personality or ability than I am now. | ||
Emotional fluidity | 13 | When I’m happy, I like to sing or hum. | |
14 | I often smile or laugh. | ||
15 | Others (family, friends, etc.) easily notice that I am in a good mood or happy. | ||
16 | I tend to freely express my feelings to others. | ||
Humorous perspective | 17 | I like to do funny things. | |
18 | I tend to find something funny or funny even in difficult situations. | ||
19 | I tend to look for humorous or comical things better than other people. | ||
20 | I like to tell funny stories. | ||
Academic grit | Academic passion | 1 | I am very motivated to study. |
2 | I have a strong will to study. | ||
3 | I am a student with a high passion for study. | ||
4 | I have clear goals for my studies. | ||
5 | Even if I face setbacks, I have a strong will to study. | ||
6 | When I study, I am full of enthusiasm. | ||
7 | I study with enthusiasm. | ||
8 | Even though my studies are difficult, my enthusiasm does not diminish. | ||
9 | I set goals and study. | ||
10 | I keep studying | ||
Academic perseverance | 11 | I study steadily. | |
12 | I study steadily for several months or longer. | ||
13 | I persevere in my studies. | ||
14 | I finish my studies well to the end. | ||
15 | I study patiently and meticulously. | ||
Consistency of academic interest | 16 | When I study, I am interested and curious. | |
17 | My studies are not interrupted by other things or thoughts. | ||
18 | I don’t know how time flies when I’m studying. | ||
19 | I am interested in studying | ||
20 | I am interested and immersed in my studies. | ||
21 | Studying is fun so I can give up other activities I enjoy. | ||
22 | I maintain a steady interest in studying. | ||
Physical education-related attitude | Basic attitude | 1 | PE class is fun regardless of athletic ability |
2 | Actively participates in physical education class. | ||
3 | Physical education classes help life. | ||
4 | I think physical education class is more important than other subjects. | ||
Social attitude | 5 | Physical education class develops the habit of following the rules in social life. | |
6 | Physical education classes develop understanding and improve relationships with friends. | ||
7 | PE classes foster personal and social responsibility. | ||
8 | Through physical education class, you can learn order in a group. |
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Variable | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 170 | 57.4 |
Female | 126 | 42.6 | |
Grade Level | 6th grade | 72 | 24.3 |
7th grade | 192 | 64.9 | |
8th grade | 32 | 10.8 |
Variable | Latent Variable | Measurement Variable | B | β | S.E. | t | α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Playfulness | Physical animation | a01 | 1 | 0.585 | 0.799 | ||
a02 | 1.041 | 0.651 | 0.174 | 5.97 *** | |||
a03 | 1.380 | 0.814 | 0.195 | 7.08 *** | |||
a04 | 1.289 | 0.810 | 0.182 | 7.08 *** | |||
Social engagement | b01 | 1 | 0.542 | 0.766 | |||
b02 | 1.227 | 0.691 | 0.198 | 6.20 *** | |||
b03 | 1.484 | 0.764 | 0.231 | 6.44 *** | |||
b04 | 1.432 | 0.694 | 0.231 | 6.20 *** | |||
Mental spontaneity | c01 | 1 | 0.662 | 0.746 | |||
c02 | 0.560 | 0.419 | 0.142 | 3.95 *** | |||
c03 | 0.785 | 0.618 | 0.152 | 5.18 *** | |||
c04 | 0.705 | 0.503 | 0.142 | 4.98 *** | |||
Emotional fluidity | d01 | 1 | 0.677 | 0.805 | |||
d02 | 1.054 | 0.781 | 0.140 | 7.52 *** | |||
d03 | 0.863 | 0.677 | 0.124 | 6.96 *** | |||
d04 | 1.027 | 0.718 | 0.140 | 7.35 *** | |||
Humorous perspective | e01 | 1 | 0.701 | 0.853 | |||
e02 | 1.215 | 0.775 | 0.138 | 8.84 *** | |||
e03 | 1.321 | 0.848 | 0.137 | 9.62 *** | |||
e04 | 1.102 | 0.764 | 0.133 | 8.30 *** |
Variable | Latent Variable | Measurement Variable | B | β | S.E. | t | α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Academic grit | Academic passion | a01 | 1 | 0.922 | 0.954 | ||
a02 | 1.049 | 0.909 | 0.054 | 19.14 *** | |||
a03 | 1.058 | 0.947 | 0.048 | 21.89 *** | |||
a04 | 0.967 | 0.825 | 0.065 | 14.84 *** | |||
a05 | 0.812 | 0.751 | 0.066 | 12.18 *** | |||
a06 | 0.893 | 0.812 | 0.063 | 14.18 *** | |||
a07 | 0.960 | 0.845 | 0.061 | 15.55 *** | |||
a08 | 0.841 | 0.734 | 0.071 | 11.69 *** | |||
a09 | 0.774 | 0.666 | 0.078 | 9.88 *** | |||
a10 | 0.690 | 0.663 | 0.070 | 9.84 *** | |||
Academic perseverance | b01 | 1 | 0.814 | 0.933 | |||
b02 | 1.127 | 0.825 | 0.095 | 11.83 *** | |||
b03 | 1.145 | 0.885 | 0.088 | 12.96 *** | |||
b04 | 1.073 | 0.850 | 0.088 | 12.12 *** | |||
b05 | 1.134 | 0.841 | 0.094 | 12.07 *** | |||
Consistency of academic interest | c01 | 1 | 0.723 | 7.25 *** | 0.924 | ||
c02 | 0.758 | 0.696 | 0.104 | 9.28 *** | |||
c03 | 1.015 | 0.759 | 0.109 | 11.32 *** | |||
c04 | 1.244 | 0.923 | 0.109 | 11.32 *** | |||
c05 | 1.271 | 0.922 | 0.112 | 8.60 *** | |||
c06 | 0.903 | 0.711 | 0.105 | 11.08 *** | |||
c07 | 1.200 | 0.904 | 0.108 | 7.25 *** |
Variable | Latent Variable | Measurement Variable | B | β | S.E. | t | α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PE attitude | Basic attitude | a01 | 1 | 0.848 | 0.923 | ||
a02 | 0.985 | 0.860 | 0.073 | 13.40 *** | |||
a03 | 1.077 | 0.894 | 0.075 | 14.22 *** | |||
a04 | 1.002 | 0.859 | 0.074 | 13.42 *** | |||
Social attitude | b01 | 1 | 0.751 | 0.840 | |||
b02 | 0.981 | 0.769 | 0.102 | 9.62 *** | |||
b03 | 1.159 | 0.872 | 0.109 | 10.60 *** | |||
b04 | 0.958 | 0.632 | 0.126 | 7.60 *** |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Skewness | Kurtosis | M (SD) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Physical animation | 1 | −0.103 | −0.463 | 3.56 (0.849) | |||||||||
2 | Social engagement | 0.695 | 1 | −0.138 | −0.486 | 3.77 (0.801) | ||||||||
3 | Mental spontaneity | 0.378 | 0.519 | 1 | 0.269 | −0.431 | 3.54 (0.736) | |||||||
4 | Emotional fluidity | 0.387 | 0.550 | 0.459 | 1 | −0.102 | −0.974 | 3.81 (0.807) | ||||||
5 | Humorous perspective | 0.565 | 0.762 | 0.575 | 0.568 | 1 | 0.094 | −0.406 | 3.35 (0.954) | |||||
6 | Academic passion | 0.182 | 0.247 | 0.443 | 0.259 | 0.296 | 1 | 0.002 | 0.058 | 3.15 (0.946) | ||||
7 | Academic perseverance | 0.184 | 0.249 | 0.367 | 0.183 | 0.299 | 0.773 | 1 | 0.110 | 0.158 | 3.08 (0.974) | |||
8 | Consistency of academic interest | 0.138 | 0.227 | 0.357 | 0.125 | 0.312 | 0.729 | 0.706 | 1 | 0.009 | −0.065 | 2.93 (0.926) | ||
9 | Basic attitude | 0.447 | 0.427 | 0.369 | 0.477 | 0.371 | 0.312 | 0.257 | 0.220 | 1 | −0.375 | −0.406 | 3.82 (0.878) | |
10 | Social attitude | 0.491 | 0.407 | 0.328 | 0.445 | 0.375 | 0.210 | 0.132 | 0.177 | 0.798 | 1 | −0.389 | −0.168 | 3.90 (0.823) |
Variable | Academic Passion | Academic Perseverance | Consistency of Academic Interest | VIF | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | t | β | t | β | t | ||
Physical animation | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.016 | −0.064 | −0.601 | 1.944 |
Social engagement | −0.043 | −0.314 | 0.002 | 0.014 | −0.006 | −0.046 | 3.320 |
Mental spontaneity | 0.400 | 4.254 *** | 0.298 | 3.069 ** | 0.297 | 3.074 ** | 1.573 |
Emotional fluidity | 0.064 | 0.674 | −0.039 | −0.402 | −0.127 | −1.311 | 1.597 |
Humorous perspective | 0.062 | 0.492 | 0.147 | 1.134 | 0.255 | 1.979 * | 2.811 |
adjusted R2 F | adjusted R2 = 0.173 F = 7.167 *** | adjusted R2 = 0.117 F = 4.897 *** | adjusted R2 = 0.130 F = 5.380 *** |
Variable B | Basic Attitude | Social Attitude | VIF | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | t | β | t | ||
Physical animation | 0.290 | 3.007 ** | 0.398 | 4.137 *** | 1.944 |
Social engagement | 0.041 | 3.28 | −0.061 | −0.488 | 3.320 |
Mental spontaneity | 0.140 | 1.614 | 0.085 | 0.978 | 1.573 |
Emotional fluidity | 0.330 | 3.786 *** | 0.297 | 3.407 *** | 1.597 |
Humorous perspective | −0.092 | −0.796 | −0.020 | −0.177 | 2.811 |
adjusted R2 F | adjusted R2 = 0.298 F = 13.503 *** | adjusted R2 = 0.299 F = 13.542 *** |
Variable | Basic Attitude | Social Attitude | VIF | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | t | β | t | ||
Academic passion | 0.427 | 2.377 ** | 0.358 | 1.942 * | 5.173 |
Academic perseverance | −0.022 | −0.130 | −0.239 | −1.375 | 4.624 |
Academic consistency of interest | −0.116 | −0.781 | 0.073 | 0.483 | 3.523 |
adjusted R2 F | adjusted R2 = 0.183 F = 5.443 *** | adjusted R2 = 0.137 F = 2.865 * |
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Gwon, H.; Shin, J. Effects of Physical Education Playfulness on Academic Grit and Attitude toward Physical Education in Middle School Students in The Republic of Korea. Healthcare 2023, 11, 774. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11050774
Gwon H, Shin J. Effects of Physical Education Playfulness on Academic Grit and Attitude toward Physical Education in Middle School Students in The Republic of Korea. Healthcare. 2023; 11(5):774. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11050774
Chicago/Turabian StyleGwon, Heonsu, and Jongseob Shin. 2023. "Effects of Physical Education Playfulness on Academic Grit and Attitude toward Physical Education in Middle School Students in The Republic of Korea" Healthcare 11, no. 5: 774. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11050774