Normal-Weight Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Variables
2.2.1. Measurement of Body Composition
2.2.2. Definition of Normal-Weight Obesity
2.2.3. Definition of Metabolic Syndrome
2.2.4. Covariates
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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NWNO (n = 6365) | NWO (n = 2375) | OB (n = 3780) | p-Value 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 44.5 ± 15.0 | 46.7 ± 15.4 a | 45.8 ± 13.4 ab | <0.001 |
Sex, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
Men | 3068 (48.2) | 733 (30.9) a | 2161 (57.2) ab | |
Women | 3297 (51.8) | 1642 (69.1) a | 1619 (42.8) ab | |
Education, n (%) | 0081 | |||
Elementary or lower | 1034 (16.4) | 413 (17.5) | 675 (18.0) | |
Middle/high school | 3141 (49.7) | 1112 (47.2) | 1839 (49.0) | |
College or higher | 2142 (33.9) | 831 (35.3) | 1240 (33.0) | |
Marital status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
Married | 5174 (81.3) | 2017 (84.9) a | 3292 (87.1) ab | |
Never married | 1181 (18.6) | 354 (14.9) a | 479 (12.7) ab | |
Other | 10 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 9 (0.2) | |
Current/past smoker | 1169 (26.4) | 376 (16.0) a | 1049 (27.9) b | <0.001 |
Heavy drinking, n (%) | 1026 (16.2) | 279 (11.8) a | 778 (20.7) ab | <0.001 |
Physical activity status | <0.001 | |||
Inactive/insufficient, n (%) | 2636 (41.6) | 823 (34.9) a | 1628 (43.2) ab | |
Sufficient, n (%) | 3705 (58.4) | 1538 (65.1) a | 2138 (56.8) ab | |
Body composition | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.8 ± 171 | 22.9 ± 1.5 a | 27.4 ± 2.2 ab | <0.001 |
Body fat (%) | 24.1 ± 6.3 | 33.6 ± 4.9 a | 30.5 ± 7.3 ab | <0.001 |
WC (cm) | 76.0 ± 6.8 | 79.4 ± 6.8 a | 90.1 ± 7.2 ab | <0.001 |
FM (g) | 13,809 ± 3342 | 19,684 ± 2659 a | 22,248 ± 5390 ab | <0.001 |
LM (g) | 44,403 ± 8465 | 39,543 ± 7253 a | 51,412 ± 9999 ab | <0.001 |
FMR | 0.33 ± 0.11 | 0.51 ± 0.11 a | 0.46 ± 0.16 ab | <0.001 |
Nutrient intake | ||||
Caloric intake (kcal/day) | 2382 ± 948 | 1681 ± 636 | 1995 ± 864 | <0.001 |
Carbohydrates (% energy) | 67.6 ± 10.8 | 67.7 ± 10.9 | 67.3 ± 11.4 | 0.302 |
Fats (% energy) | 17.8 ± 8.7 | 17.7 ± 8.7 | 17.8 ± 8.9 | 0.792 |
Proteins (% energy) | 14.7 ± 4.2 | 14.6 ± 4.1 a | 14.9 ± 4.5 a | 0.010 |
Metabolic risk factors | ||||
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 115.4 ± 16.7 | 116.2 ± 16.8 | 122.4 ± 16.1 ab | <0.001 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.2 ± 10.7 | 75.3 ± 10.3 | 80.9 ± 10.9 ab | <0.001 |
FBG (mg/dL) | 92.3 ± 13.9 | 93.5 ± 12.1 a | 98.5 ± 18.3 ab | <0.001 |
TC (mg/dL) | 181.4 ± 33.4 | 191.2 ± 35.1 a | 196.8 ± 36.1 ab | <0.001 |
TG (mg/dL) | 114.6 ± 103.0 | 127.4 ± 92.4 a | 167.9 ± 130.4 ab | <0.001 |
HDLC (mg/dL) | 50.8 ± 11.6 | 48.9 ± 10.9 a | 44.8 ± 9.7 ab | <0.001 |
ALT (IU/L) | 21.5 ± 14.6 | 20.8 ± 9.2 | 24.6 ± 14.2 ab | <0.001 |
AST (IU/L) | 18.8 ± 18.0 | 19.4 ± 12.9 | 29.0 ± 25.3 ab | <0.001 |
Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 18.5 ± 7.0 | 17.1 ± 6.3 a | 18.6 ± 6.4 b | <0.001 |
NWNO | NWO | OB | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 12,520) | ||||
Hyperglycemia | 1059 (16.7) | 466 (19.7) a | 1265 (33.5) ab | <0.001 |
Hypertriglyceridemia | 1459 (22.9) | 741 (31.2) a | 1872 (49.5) ab | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 1773 (27.9) | 778 (32.8) a | 1847 (48.9) ab | <0.001 |
Decreased HDLC | 2163 (34.0) | 1081 (45.5) a | 1962 (51.9) ab | <0.001 |
Men (n = 5962) | ||||
Hyperglycemia | 682 (22.3) | 223 (30.4) a | 789 (36.5) ab | <0.001 |
Hypertriglyceridemia | 961 (31.3) | 355 (48.4) a | 1247 (57.7) ab | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 1131 (36.9) | 352 (48.0) a | 1179 (54.6) ab | <0.001 |
Decreased HDLC | 742 (24.2) | 272 (37.1) a | 936 (43.3) ab | <0.001 |
Women (n = 6558) | ||||
Hyperglycemia | 377 (11.5) | 243 (14.9) a | 476 (29.4) ab | <0.001 |
Hypertriglyceridemia | 498 (15.1) | 386 (23.5) a | 625 (38.6) ab | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 642 (19.5) | 426 (25.9) a | 668 (41.3) ab | <0.001 |
Decreased HDLC | 1421 (43.1) | 809 (49.3) a | 1026 (63.4) ab | <0.001 |
Crude OR (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted OR 1 (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted OR 2 (95% CI) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 12,520) | ||||||
NWNO | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
NWO | 1.951 (1.716~2.221) | <0.001 | 2.069 (1.779~2.406) | <0.001 | 1.271 (1.063~1.520) | 0.009 |
OB | 7.996 (7.225~8.849) | <0.001 | 9.815 (8.692~11.083) | <0.001 | 6.092 (5.233~7.091) | <0.001 |
Men (n = 5962) | ||||||
NWNO | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
NWO | 2.688 (2.224~3.248) | <0.001 | 2.435 (1.952~3.038) | <0.001 | 1.040 (0.799~1.355) | 0.941 |
OB | 7.031 (6.152~8.036) | <0.001 | 8.725 (7.427~10.249) | <0.001 | 4.478 (3.687~5.440) | <0.001 |
Women (n = 6558) | ||||||
NWNO | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
NWO | 1.855 (1.544~2.229) | <0.001 | 1.780 (1.442~2.197) | <0.001 | 1.340 (1.035~1.734) | 0.027 |
OB | 9.051 (7.738~10.587) | <0.001 | 10.200 (8.464~12.293) | <0.001 | 7.452 (5.818~9.545) | <0.001 |
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Kim, J.; Kang, S.; Kang, H. Normal-Weight Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare 2023, 11, 2303. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11162303
Kim J, Kang S, Kang H. Normal-Weight Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare. 2023; 11(16):2303. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11162303
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Jeonghyeon, Seamon Kang, and Hyunsik Kang. 2023. "Normal-Weight Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study" Healthcare 11, no. 16: 2303. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11162303
APA StyleKim, J., Kang, S., & Kang, H. (2023). Normal-Weight Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare, 11(16), 2303. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11162303