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Mathematics, Volume 3, Issue 3 (September 2015) – 17 articles , Pages 563-944

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1188 KiB  
Article
Understanding Visceral Leishmaniasis Disease Transmission and its Control—A Study Based on Mathematical Modeling
by Abhishek Subramanian, Vidhi Singh and Ram Rup Sarkar
Mathematics 2015, 3(3), 913-944; https://doi.org/10.3390/math3030913 - 23 Sep 2015
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6451
Abstract
Understanding the transmission and control of visceral leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease that manifests in human and animals, still remains a challenging problem globally. To study the nature of disease spread, we have developed a compartment-based mathematical model of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis transmission [...] Read more.
Understanding the transmission and control of visceral leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease that manifests in human and animals, still remains a challenging problem globally. To study the nature of disease spread, we have developed a compartment-based mathematical model of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis transmission among three different populations—human, animal and sandfly; dividing the human class into asymptomatic, symptomatic, post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis and transiently infected. We analyzed this large model for positivity, boundedness and stability around steady states in different diseased and disease-free scenarios and derived the analytical expression for basic reproduction number (R0). Sensitive parameters for each infected population were identified and varied to observe their effects on the steady state. Epidemic threshold R0 was calculated for every parameter variation. Animal population was identified to play a protective role in absorbing infection, thereby controlling the disease spread in human. To test the predictive ability of the model, seasonal fluctuation was incorporated in the birth rate of the sandflies to compare the model predictions with real data. Control scenarios on this real population data were created to predict the degree of control that can be exerted on the sensitive parameters so as to effectively reduce the infected populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Control and Management of Infectious Diseases)
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259 KiB  
Article
Photon Localization Revisited
by Izumi Ojima and Hayato Saigo
Mathematics 2015, 3(3), 897-912; https://doi.org/10.3390/math3030897 - 23 Sep 2015
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3679
Abstract
In the light of the Newton–Wigner–Wightman theorem of localizability question, we have proposed before a typical generation mechanism of effective mass for photons to be localized in the form of polaritons owing to photon-media interactions. In this paper, the general essence of this [...] Read more.
In the light of the Newton–Wigner–Wightman theorem of localizability question, we have proposed before a typical generation mechanism of effective mass for photons to be localized in the form of polaritons owing to photon-media interactions. In this paper, the general essence of this example model is extracted in such a form as quantum field ontology associated with the eventualization principle, which enables us to explain the mutual relations, back and forth, between quantum fields and various forms of particles in the localized form of the former. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical physics)
156 KiB  
Article
Smooth K-groups for Monoid Algebras and K-regularity
by Hvedri Inassaridze
Mathematics 2015, 3(3), 891-896; https://doi.org/10.3390/math3030891 - 10 Sep 2015
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3080
Abstract
The isomorphism of Karoubi-Villamayor K-groups with smooth K-groups for monoid algebras over quasi stable locally convex algebras is established. We prove that the Quillen K-groups are isomorphic to smooth K-groups for monoid algebras over quasi-stable Frechet algebras having a properly uniformly bounded approximate [...] Read more.
The isomorphism of Karoubi-Villamayor K-groups with smooth K-groups for monoid algebras over quasi stable locally convex algebras is established. We prove that the Quillen K-groups are isomorphic to smooth K-groups for monoid algebras over quasi-stable Frechet algebras having a properly uniformly bounded approximate unit and not necessarily m-convex. Based on these results the K-regularity property for quasi-stable Frechet algebras having a properly uniformly bounded approximate unit is established. Full article
218 KiB  
Article
A Note on Necessary Optimality Conditions for a Model with Differential Infectivity in a Closed Population
by Yannick Tchaptchie Kouakep
Mathematics 2015, 3(3), 880-890; https://doi.org/10.3390/math3030880 - 21 Aug 2015
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3491
Abstract
The aim of this note is to present the necessary optimality conditions for a model (in closed population) of an immunizing disease similar to hepatitis B following. We study the impact of medical tests and controls involved in curing this kind of immunizing [...] Read more.
The aim of this note is to present the necessary optimality conditions for a model (in closed population) of an immunizing disease similar to hepatitis B following. We study the impact of medical tests and controls involved in curing this kind of immunizing disease and deduced a well posed adjoint system if there exists an optimal control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Control and Management of Infectious Diseases)
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401 KiB  
Article
Chern-Simons Path Integrals in S2 × S1
by Adrian P. C. Lim
Mathematics 2015, 3(3), 843-879; https://doi.org/10.3390/math3030843 - 21 Aug 2015
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3721
Abstract
Using torus gauge fixing, Hahn in 2008 wrote down an expression for a Chern-Simons path integral to compute the Wilson Loop observable, using the Chern-Simons action \(S_{CS}^\kappa\), \(\kappa\) is some parameter. Instead of making sense of the path integral over the space of [...] Read more.
Using torus gauge fixing, Hahn in 2008 wrote down an expression for a Chern-Simons path integral to compute the Wilson Loop observable, using the Chern-Simons action \(S_{CS}^\kappa\), \(\kappa\) is some parameter. Instead of making sense of the path integral over the space of \(\mathfrak{g}\)-valued smooth 1-forms on \(S^2 \times S^1\), we use the Segal Bargmann transform to define the path integral over \(B_i\), the space of \(\mathfrak{g}\)-valued holomorphic functions over \(\mathbb{C}^2 \times \mathbb{C}^{i-1}\). This approach was first used by us in 2011. The main tool used is Abstract Wiener measure and applying analytic continuation to the Wiener integral. Using the above approach, we will show that the Chern-Simons path integral can be written as a linear functional defined on \(C(B_1^{\times^4} \times B_2^{\times^2}, \mathbb{C})\) and this linear functional is similar to the Chern-Simons linear functional defined by us in 2011, for the Chern-Simons path integral in the case of \(\mathbb{R}^3\). We will define the Wilson Loop observable using this linear functional and explicitly compute it, and the expression is dependent on the parameter \(\kappa\). The second half of the article concentrates on taking \(\kappa\) goes to infinity for the Wilson Loop observable, to obtain link invariants. As an application, we will compute the Wilson Loop observable in the case of \(SU(N)\) and \(SO(N)\). In these cases, the Wilson Loop observable reduces to a state model. We will show that the state models satisfy a Jones type skein relation in the case of \(SU(N)\) and a Conway type skein relation in the case of \(SO(N)\). By imposing quantization condition on the charge of the link \(L\), we will show that the state models are invariant under the Reidemeister Moves and hence the Wilson Loop observables indeed define a framed link invariant. This approach follows that used in an article written by us in 2012, for the case of \(\mathbb{R}^3\). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical physics)
523 KiB  
Article
Algebra of Complex Vectors and Applications in Electromagnetic Theory and Quantum Mechanics
by Kundeti Muralidhar
Mathematics 2015, 3(3), 781-842; https://doi.org/10.3390/math3030781 - 20 Aug 2015
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 8437
Abstract
A complex vector is a sum of a vector and a bivector and forms a natural extension of a vector. The complex vectors have certain special geometric properties and considered as algebraic entities. These represent rotations along with specified orientation and direction in [...] Read more.
A complex vector is a sum of a vector and a bivector and forms a natural extension of a vector. The complex vectors have certain special geometric properties and considered as algebraic entities. These represent rotations along with specified orientation and direction in space. It has been shown that the association of complex vector with its conjugate generates complex vector space and the corresponding basis elements defined from the complex vector and its conjugate form a closed complex four dimensional linear space. The complexification process in complex vector space allows the generation of higher n-dimensional geometric algebra from (n — 1)-dimensional algebra by considering the unit pseudoscalar identification with square root of minus one. The spacetime algebra can be generated from the geometric algebra by considering a vector equal to square root of plus one. The applications of complex vector algebra are discussed mainly in the electromagnetic theory and in the dynamics of an elementary particle with extended structure. Complex vector formalism simplifies the expressions and elucidates geometrical understanding of the basic concepts. The analysis shows that the existence of spin transforms a classical oscillator into a quantum oscillator. In conclusion the classical mechanics combined with zeropoint field leads to quantum mechanics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical physics)
297 KiB  
Article
The Segal–Bargmann Transform for Odd-Dimensional Hyperbolic Spaces
by Brian C. Hall and Jeffrey J. Mitchell
Mathematics 2015, 3(3), 758-780; https://doi.org/10.3390/math3030758 - 18 Aug 2015
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3939
Abstract
We develop isometry and inversion formulas for the Segal–Bargmann transform on odd-dimensional hyperbolic spaces that are as parallel as possible to the dual case of odd-dimensional spheres. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical physics)
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905 KiB  
Essay
A Moonshine Dialogue in Mathematical Physics
by Michel Planat
Mathematics 2015, 3(3), 746-757; https://doi.org/10.3390/math3030746 - 14 Aug 2015
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5738
Abstract
Phys and Math are two colleagues at the University of Saçenbon (Crefan Kingdom), dialoguing about the remarkable efficiency of mathematics for physics. They talk about the notches on the Ishango bone and the various uses of psi in maths and physics; they arrive [...] Read more.
Phys and Math are two colleagues at the University of Saçenbon (Crefan Kingdom), dialoguing about the remarkable efficiency of mathematics for physics. They talk about the notches on the Ishango bone and the various uses of psi in maths and physics; they arrive at dessins d’enfants, moonshine concepts, Rademacher sums and their significance in the quantum world. You should not miss their eccentric proposal of relating Bell’s theorem to the Baby Monster group. Their hyperbolic polygons show a considerable singularity/cusp structure that our modern age of computers is able to capture. Henri Poincaré would have been happy to see it. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical physics)
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375 KiB  
Article
From Classical to Discrete Gravity through Exponential Non-Standard Lagrangians in General Relativity
by Rami Ahmad El-Nabulsi
Mathematics 2015, 3(3), 727-745; https://doi.org/10.3390/math3030727 - 14 Aug 2015
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4280
Abstract
Recently, non-standard Lagrangians have gained a growing importance in theoretical physics and in the theory of non-linear differential equations. However, their formulations and implications in general relativity are still in their infancies despite some advances in contemporary cosmology. The main aim of this [...] Read more.
Recently, non-standard Lagrangians have gained a growing importance in theoretical physics and in the theory of non-linear differential equations. However, their formulations and implications in general relativity are still in their infancies despite some advances in contemporary cosmology. The main aim of this paper is to fill the gap. Though non-standard Lagrangians may be defined by a multitude form, in this paper, we considered the exponential type. One basic feature of exponential non-standard Lagrangians concerns the modified Euler-Lagrange equation obtained from the standard variational analysis. Accordingly, when applied to spacetime geometries, one unsurprisingly expects modified geodesic equations. However, when taking into account the time-like paths parameterization constraint, remarkably, it was observed that mutually discrete gravity and discrete spacetime emerge in the theory. Two different independent cases were obtained: A geometrical manifold with new spacetime coordinates augmented by a metric signature change and a geometrical manifold characterized by a discretized spacetime metric. Both cases give raise to Einstein’s field equations yet the gravity is discretized and originated from “spacetime discreteness”. A number of mathematical and physical implications of these results were discussed though this paper and perspectives are given accordingly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical physics)
545 KiB  
Article
Root Operators and “Evolution” Equations
by Giuseppe Dattoli and Amalia Torre
Mathematics 2015, 3(3), 690-726; https://doi.org/10.3390/math3030690 - 13 Aug 2015
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4530
Abstract
Root-operator factorization à la Dirac provides an effective tool to deal with equations, which are not of evolution type, or are ruled by fractional differential operators, thus eventually yielding evolution-like equations although for a multicomponent vector. We will review the method along with [...] Read more.
Root-operator factorization à la Dirac provides an effective tool to deal with equations, which are not of evolution type, or are ruled by fractional differential operators, thus eventually yielding evolution-like equations although for a multicomponent vector. We will review the method along with its extension to root operators of degree higher than two. Also, we will show the results obtained by the Dirac-method as well as results from other methods, specifically in connection with evolution-like equations ruled by square-root operators, that we will address to as relativistic evolution equations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Fractional Calculus and Its Applications)
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5492 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Interpolants in Their Ability to Fit Seismometric Time Series
by Kanadpriya Basu, Maria C. Mariani, Laura Serpa and Ritwik Sinha
Mathematics 2015, 3(3), 666-689; https://doi.org/10.3390/math3030666 - 07 Aug 2015
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4264
Abstract
This article is devoted to the study of the ASARCO demolition seismic data. Two different classes of modeling techniques are explored: First, mathematical interpolation methods and second statistical smoothing approaches for curve fitting. We estimate the characteristic parameters of the propagation medium for [...] Read more.
This article is devoted to the study of the ASARCO demolition seismic data. Two different classes of modeling techniques are explored: First, mathematical interpolation methods and second statistical smoothing approaches for curve fitting. We estimate the characteristic parameters of the propagation medium for seismic waves with multiple mathematical and statistical techniques, and provide the relative advantages of each approach to address fitting of such data. We conclude that mathematical interpolation techniques and statistical curve fitting techniques complement each other and can add value to the study of one dimensional time series seismographic data: they can be use to add more data to the system in case the data set is not large enough to perform standard statistical tests. Full article
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291 KiB  
Article
Zeta Function Expression of Spin Partition Functions on Thermal AdS3
by Floyd L.Williams
Mathematics 2015, 3(3), 653-665; https://doi.org/10.3390/math3030653 - 28 Jul 2015
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3611
Abstract
We find a Selberg zeta function expression of certain one-loop spin partition functions on three-dimensional thermal anti-de Sitter space. Of particular interest is the partition function of higher spin fermionic particles. We also set up, in the presence of spin, a Patterson-type formula [...] Read more.
We find a Selberg zeta function expression of certain one-loop spin partition functions on three-dimensional thermal anti-de Sitter space. Of particular interest is the partition function of higher spin fermionic particles. We also set up, in the presence of spin, a Patterson-type formula involving the logarithmic derivative of zeta. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical physics)
201 KiB  
Article
On the Nature of the Tsallis–Fourier Transform
by A. Plastino and Mario C. Rocca
Mathematics 2015, 3(3), 644-652; https://doi.org/10.3390/math3030644 - 21 Jul 2015
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3120
Abstract
By recourse to tempered ultradistributions, we show here that the effect of a q-Fourier transform (qFT) is to map equivalence classes of functions into other classes in a one-to-one fashion. This suggests that Tsallis’ q-statistics may revolve around equivalence classes of distributions and [...] Read more.
By recourse to tempered ultradistributions, we show here that the effect of a q-Fourier transform (qFT) is to map equivalence classes of functions into other classes in a one-to-one fashion. This suggests that Tsallis’ q-statistics may revolve around equivalence classes of distributions and not individual ones, as orthodox statistics does. We solve here the qFT’s non-invertibility issue, but discover a problem that remains open. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical physics)
292 KiB  
Article
Time Automorphisms on C*-Algebras
by R. Hilfer
Mathematics 2015, 3(3), 626-643; https://doi.org/10.3390/math3030626 - 16 Jul 2015
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3666
Abstract
Applications of fractional time derivatives in physics and engineering require the existence of nontranslational time automorphisms on the appropriate algebra of observables. The existence of time automorphisms on commutative and noncommutative C*-algebras for interacting many-body systems is investigated in this article. A mathematical [...] Read more.
Applications of fractional time derivatives in physics and engineering require the existence of nontranslational time automorphisms on the appropriate algebra of observables. The existence of time automorphisms on commutative and noncommutative C*-algebras for interacting many-body systems is investigated in this article. A mathematical framework is given to discuss local stationarity in time and the global existence of fractional and nonfractional time automorphisms. The results challenge the concept of time flow as a translation along the orbits and support a more general concept of time flow as a convolution along orbits. Implications for the distinction of reversible and irreversible dynamics are discussed. The generalized concept of time as a convolution reduces to the traditional concept of time translation in a special limit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Fractional Calculus and Its Applications)
222 KiB  
Article
Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space vs. Frame Estimates
by Palle E. T. Jorgensen and Myung-Sin Song
Mathematics 2015, 3(3), 615-625; https://doi.org/10.3390/math3030615 - 08 Jul 2015
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3318
Abstract
We consider conditions on a given system F of vectors in Hilbert space H, forming a frame, which turn H into a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. It is assumed that the vectors in F are functions on some set Ω . We [...] Read more.
We consider conditions on a given system F of vectors in Hilbert space H, forming a frame, which turn H into a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. It is assumed that the vectors in F are functions on some set Ω . We then identify conditions on these functions which automatically give H the structure of a reproducing kernel Hilbert space of functions on Ω. We further give an explicit formula for the kernel, and for the corresponding isometric isomorphism. Applications are given to Hilbert spaces associated to families of Gaussian processes. Full article
309 KiB  
Article
Topological Integer Additive Set-Sequential Graphs
by Sudev Naduvath, Germina Augustine and Chithra Sudev
Mathematics 2015, 3(3), 604-614; https://doi.org/10.3390/math3030604 - 03 Jul 2015
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3401
Abstract
Let \(\mathbb{N}_0\) denote the set of all non-negative integers and \(X\) be any non-empty subset of \(\mathbb{N}_0\). Denote the power set of \(X\) by \(\mathcal{P}(X)\). An integer additive set-labeling (IASL) of a graph \(G\) is an injective function \(f : V (G) \to [...] Read more.
Let \(\mathbb{N}_0\) denote the set of all non-negative integers and \(X\) be any non-empty subset of \(\mathbb{N}_0\). Denote the power set of \(X\) by \(\mathcal{P}(X)\). An integer additive set-labeling (IASL) of a graph \(G\) is an injective function \(f : V (G) \to P(X)\) such that the image of the induced function \(f^+: E(G) \to \mathcal{P}(\mathbb{N}_0)\), defined by \(f^+(uv)=f(u)+f(v)\), is contained in \(\mathcal{P}(X)\), where \(f(u) + f(v)\) is the sumset of \(f(u)\) and \(f(v)\). If the associated set-valued edge function \(f^+\) is also injective, then such an IASL is called an integer additive set-indexer (IASI). An IASL \(f\) is said to be a topological IASL (TIASL) if \(f(V(G))\cup \{\emptyset\}\) is a topology of the ground set \(X\). An IASL is said to be an integer additive set-sequential labeling (IASSL) if \(f(V(G))\cup f^+(E(G))= \mathcal{P}(X)-\{\emptyset\}\). An IASL of a given graph \(G\) is said to be a topological integer additive set-sequential labeling of \(G\), if it is a topological integer additive set-labeling as well as an integer additive set-sequential labeling of \(G\). In this paper, we study the conditions required for a graph \(G\) to admit this type of IASL and propose some important characteristics of the graphs which admit this type of IASLs. Full article
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475 KiB  
Article
Singular Bilinear Integrals in Quantum Physics
by Brian Jefferies
Mathematics 2015, 3(3), 563-603; https://doi.org/10.3390/math3030563 - 29 Jun 2015
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3296
Abstract
Bilinear integrals of operator-valued functions with respect to spectral measures and integrals of scalar functions with respect to the product of two spectral measures arise in many problems in scattering theory and spectral analysis. Unfortunately, the theory of bilinear integration with respect to [...] Read more.
Bilinear integrals of operator-valued functions with respect to spectral measures and integrals of scalar functions with respect to the product of two spectral measures arise in many problems in scattering theory and spectral analysis. Unfortunately, the theory of bilinear integration with respect to a vector measure originating from the work of Bartle cannot be applied due to the singular variational properties of spectral measures. In this work, it is shown how ``decoupled'' bilinear integration may be used to find solutions \(X\) of operator equations \(AX-XB=Y\) with respect to the spectral measure of \(A\) and to apply such representations to the spectral decomposition of block operator matrices. A new proof is given of Peller's characterisation of the space \(L^1((P\otimes Q)_{\mathcal L(\mathcal H)})\) of double operator integrable functions for spectral measures \(P\), \(Q\) acting in a Hilbert space \(\mathcal H\) and applied to the representation of the trace of \(\int_{\Lambda\times\Lambda}\varphi\,d(PTP)\) for a trace class operator \(T\). The method of double operator integrals due to Birman and Solomyak is used to obtain an elementary proof of the existence of Krein's spectral shift function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical physics)
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