Abstract
This paper is devoted to the complete algebraic classification of complex five-dimensional nilpotent bicommutative algebras.
MSC:
17A30
1. Introduction
The problem of classification of n-dimensional associative algebras was posed by Latyshev in Dniester Notebook, some achievements were made by Pikhtilkov, and it has also been discussed in the paper of Belov [1]. One of the classical problems in the theory of non-associative algebras is to classify (up to isomorphism) the algebras of dimension n from a certain variety defined by some family of polynomial identities. It is typical to focus on small dimensions, and there are two main directions for the classification: algebraic and geometric. Varieties such as Jordan, Lie, Leibniz or Zinbiel algebras have been studied from these two approaches ([2,3,4,5,6,7,8] and [5,7,9], respectively). In the present paper, we give the algebraic classification of five-dimensional nilpotent bicommutative algebras.
One-sided commutative algebras first appeared in the paper by Cayley [10] in 1857. The variety of bicommutative algebras is defined by the following identities of right- and left-commutativity:
It contains the commutative associative algebras as a subvariety; the square of each bicommutative algebra gives a structure of a commutative associative algebra [11]; and each bicommutative algebra is Lie admissible (in [11,12]. It was shown that any bicommutative algebra under commutator multiplication gives a metabelian Lie algebra). The variety of two-dimensional bicommutative algebras is described by Kaygorodov and Volkov; algebraic and geometric classification of four-dimensional nilpotent bicommutative algebras is given by Kaygorodov, Páez-Guillán and Voronin in [13]; algebraic classification of one-generated six-dimensional nilpotent bicommutative algebras is given by Kaygorodov, Páez-Guillán and Voronin in [14]. Bicommutative central extensions of n-dimensional restricted polynomial algebras are studied by Kaygorodov, Lopes and Páez-Guillán in [8]. The structure of the free bicommutative algebra of countable rank and its main numerical invariants were described by Dzhumadildaev, Ismailov and Tulenbaev [15]; see also the announcement [11]. They also proved that the bicommutative operad is not Koszul [15]. Shestakov and Zhang described automorphisms of finitely generated relatively free bicommutative algebras [16]. Drensky and Zhakhayev proved that every free bicommutative algebra generated by one element is not noetherian, in the sense that it does not have finitely generated one-sided ideals, and they also obtained a positive solution of the Specht problem for any variety of bicommutative algebras over an arbitrary field of any characteristic [17]. Identities of two-dimensional bicommutative algebras and the invariant theory of free bicommutative algebras are studied by Drensky in [18,19]. Dzhumadildaev and Ismailov prove that every identity satisfied by the commutator multiplication in all bicommutative algebras is a consequence of anti-commutativity, the Jacobi and the metabelian identities [20]. They also proved that, in the anti-commutator case, every identity satisfied by the anti-commutator product in all bicommutative algebras is a consequence of commutativity and the two identities obtained in [20]. Bai, Chen and Zhang proved that the Gelfand–Kirillov dimension of a finitely generated bicommutative algebra is a nonnegative integer [21]. Bicommutative algebras are also known under the name of LR-algebras in a series of papers by Burde, Dekimpe and their co-authors [12,22,23]. The studied structures of LR-algebras on a certain Lie algebra. Burde, Dekimpe and Deschamps proved the existence of an LR-complete structure on a nilpotent Lie algebra of dimension n is equivalent to the existence of an n-dimensional abelian subgroup of the affine group , which acts simply and transitively on N, where N is the connected and simply connected Lie group associated with n [12]. Burde, Dekimpe and Vercammen show that if a nilpotent Lie algebra admits an LR-structure, then it admits a complete LR-structure, i.e., the right multiplication for the LR-structure is always nilpotent. Extending this result, it is proven that a meta-solvable Lie algebra with two generators also admits a complete LR-structure [23].
Our method for classifying nilpotent bicommutative algebras is based on the calculation of central extensions of nilpotent algebras of smaller dimensions from the same variety. The algebraic study of central extensions of algebras has been an important topic for years [8,24,25]. First, Skjelbred and Sund used central extensions of Lie algebras to obtain a classification of nilpotent Lie algebras [25]. Note that the Skjelbred–Sund method of central extensions is an important tool in the classification of nilpotent algebras. Using the same method, small dimensional nilpotent (associative, terminal, Jordan, Lie, anticommutative) algebras, and some others have been described. Our main results related to the algebraic classification of the variety of bicommutative algebras are summarized below.
Theorem 1.
Up to isomorphism, there are infinitely many isomorphism classes of complex non-split non-one-generated five-dimensional nilpotent (non-two-step nilpotent) non-commutative bicommutative algebras, described explicitly in Section 3 in terms of 77 one-parameter families, 20 two-parameter families, 3 three-parameter families and 107 additional isomorphism classes.
2. The Algebraic Classification of Nilpotent Bicommutative Algebras
2.1. Method of Classification of Nilpotent Algebras
The objective of this section is to give an analogue of the Skjelbred–Sund method for classifying nilpotent bicommutative algebras. As other analogues of this method were carefully explained in, for example, [13,24], we give only some important definitions, and refer the interested reader to the previous sources.
Let be a bicommutative algebra of dimension n over and a vector space of dimension s over . We define the -linear space as the set of all bilinear maps such that
These maps are called cocycles. Consider a linear map f from to , and set with . Then, is a cocycle, and we define , which is a linear subspace of . Its elements are called coboundaries. The second cohomology space is defined to be the quotient space .
Let be the automorphism group of the bicommutative algebra and let . Every defines , with . It is easily checked that acts on the right on , and that is invariant under the action of So, we have that acts on .
Let be a cocycle, and consider the direct sum with the bilinear product “ ” defined by for all . It is straightforward that is a bicommutative algebra if and only if ; it is then a s-dimensional central extension of by .
We also call the set the annihilator of . We recall that the annihilator of an algebra is defined as the ideal . Observe that .
Definition 1.
Let be an algebra and I be a subspace of . If as a direct sum of ideals, then I is called an annihilator component of .
Definition 2.
A central extension of an algebra without annihilator component is called a non-split central extension.
The following result is fundamental for the classification method.
Lemma 1.
Let be an n-dimensional bicommutative algebra such that . Then there exists, up to isomorphism, a unique -dimensional bicommutative algebra and a bilinear map with , where is a vector space of dimension s, such that and .
For the proof, we refer the reader to Lemma 5 in [24].
Then, in order to decide when two bicommutative algebras with nonzero annihilator are isomorphic, it suffices to find conditions in terms of the cocycles.
Let us fix a basis of , and . Then, can be uniquely written as , where . It holds that if and only if all , and it also holds that . Furthermore, if , then has an annihilator component if and only if are linearly dependent in (see Lemma 13 in [24]).
Recall that, given a finite-dimensional vector space over , the Grassmannian is the set of all k-dimensional linear subspaces of . Let be the Grassmannian of subspaces of dimension s in . For and , define . It holds that , and this induces an action of on . We denote the orbit of under this action by . Let
Similarly to Lemma 15 in [24], in case that , it holds that
and therefore the set
is well defined, and it is also stable under the action of (see Lemma 16 in [24]).
Now, let be an s-dimensional linear space and let us denote by the set of all non-split s-dimensional central extensions of by . We can write
Having established these results, we can determine whether two s-dimensional non-split central extensions are isomorphic or not. For the proof, see Lemma 17 in [24].
Lemma 2.
Let . Suppose that and = . Then the bicommutative algebras and are isomorphic if and only if
Then, it exists a bijective correspondence between the set of -orbits on and the set of isomorphism classes of . Consequently, we have a procedure that allows us, given a bicommutative algebra of dimension , to construct all its non-split central extensions.
| Procedure |
Let be a bicommutative algebra of dimension .
- Determine , and .
- Determine the set of -orbits on .
- For each orbit, construct the bicommutative algebra associated with a representative of it.
It follows that, thanks to this procedure and to Lemma 1, we can classify all the nilpotent bicommutative algebras of dimension n, provided that the nilpotent bicommutative algebras of dimension are known.
2.2. Notations
Let be a bicommutative algebra and fix a basis . We define the bilinear form by . Then, the set is a basis for the linear space of the bilinear forms on , and in particular, every can be uniquely written as , where . is the subspace of commutative cocycles of where is the cohomology space for bicommutative cocycles of algebra . Let us fix the following notations:
| — | jth i-dimensional nilpotent bicommutative algebra with identity xyz = 0 | |
| — | jth i-dimensional nilpotent “pure” bicommutative algebra (without identity | |
| xyz = 0) | ||
| — | ith four-dimensional two-step nilpotent algebra | |
| — | ith non-split non-one-generated five-dimensional nilpotent | |
| (non-two-step nilpotent) non-commutative bicommutative algebra |
2.3. One-Dimensional Central Extensions of Four-Dimensional Two-Step Nilpotent Bicommutative Algebras
2.3.1. The Description of Second Cohomology Spaces
In the following Table 1, we give the description of the second cohomology space of four-dimensional two-step nilpotent bicommutative algebras (see, [26]).
Table 1.
The list of two-step nilpotent four-dimensional bicommutative algebras.
2.3.2. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
We are interested only in the cases with
- then choosing we haveThe family of orbits gives us a characterized structure of the three-dimensional ideal that has a one-dimensional extension of two dimensional subalgebra with basis Let us remember the classification of algebras of this type.Using the classification of three dimensional nilpotent algebras, we may consider the following cases.
- (a)
- i.e., three dimensional ideal is abelian. Then we may suppose and choosing we obtain that which implies Thus, in this case we do not have new algebras.
- (b)
- i.e., three-dimensional ideal is isomorphic to . Then, and choosing and we have the representative
- (c)
- i.e., three-dimensional ideal is isomorphic to . Then, choosing we have the representative
- (d)
- i.e., three-dimensional ideal is isomorphic to . Then, choosing we have the representative
- (e)
- i.e., three-dimensional ideal is isomorphic to .
- i.
- If then choosing and we have the family of representatives
- ii.
- If and then choosing and we have the representative
- iii.
- If and then choosing and we have the representative
- then choosing we have
- (a)
- i.e., three-dimensional ideal is abelian. Then, we may suppose and choosing we obtain that which implies Thus, in this case we do not have new algebras.
- (b)
- i.e., three-dimensional ideal is isomorphic to . Then, and choosing and we have the family of representatives
- (c)
- i.e., three-dimensional ideal is isomorphic to .
- i.
- then then choosing we have the representative
- ii.
- i.e., then choosing have the representative
- iii.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (d)
- i.e., three-dimensional ideal is isomorphic to .
- i.
- then choosing and we have the family of representatives
- ii.
- then in case of we have the representative and in case of without loss of generality we may assume and choosing we have the representative
- (e)
- i.e., three-dimensional ideal is isomorphic to .
- i.
- then choosing andwe have the representative
- ii.
- then choosing we have Thus, in this case we have the representatives and depending on or not.
Summarizing all cases, we have the following distinct orbits
which gives the following new algebras (see Section 3):
2.3.3. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
We are interested only in the cases with
- then and by choosing and we have the representative
- then without loss of generality (maybe with an action of a suitable ), we can suppose and choosing we have .
- (a)
- then
- i.
- if then choosing we have the family of representatives
- ii.
- if then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (b)
- then choosing we have
- i.
- if then choosing we have the family of representatives
- ii.
- if then choosing we have the family of representatives
Summarizing all cases, we have the following distinct orbits
which gives the following new algebras (see Section 3):
2.3.4. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
Since we are interested only in the cases with
consider the following subcases:
- then and choosing andwe have
- (a)
- then choosing we have
- i.
- then choosing we have the representative
- ii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iv.
- then choosing we have the representative
- v.
- then choosing we have the representative
- vi.
- then choosing we have the representative
- (b)
- , then choosing we have
- i.
- then choosing we have the representative
- ii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iii.
- , then choosing we have the representative
- iv.
- , then choosing we have the representative
- v.
- , then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (c)
- , then choosing we have Hence,
- i.
- then choosing we have the representative
- ii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iv.
- then choosing we have the representative
- v.
- then choosing we have the representative
- (d)
- then choosing , we have Hence,
- i.
- then choosing we have the representative
- ii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- (e)
- then choosing we have the representative
- then choosing andwe have . Now, we consider following subcases:
- (a)
- then choosing we have . Hence, we can suppose and consider following cases:
- i.
- then choosing we have the representative
- ii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iii.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- iv.
- then choosing we have the representative
- v.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- vi.
- then choosingwe have the family of representatives
- vii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- viii.
- then choosingwe have the representative
- ix.
- then choosingwe have the family of representatives
- (b)
- then choosing we have . Hence, we have and consider following cases:
- i.
- then choosing we have the representative
- ii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iv.
- then choosing we have the representative
- v.
- then choosingwe have the representative
- vi.
- then choosing we have the representative
- vii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- viii.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- ix.
- then choosing we have
- A.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- B.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (c)
- then choosing we have Hence, we have and consider following cases:
- i.
- then choosing we have the representative
- ii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iii.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- iv.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (d)
- then and choosing , we obtain . Hence, we have and consider following cases:
- i.
- then choosing we have the representative
- ii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iv.
- then choosing we have the representative
Summarizing all cases, we have the following distinct orbits
which gives the following new algebras (see Section 3):
2.3.5. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
We are interested only in the cases with
- then choosing we have Now we consider following subcases:
- (a)
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (b)
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (c)
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (d)
- then we have the family of representatives
- then choosing we have
- (a)
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (b)
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (c)
- then we have the family of representatives
Summarizing all cases, we have the following distinct orbits
which gives the following new algebras (see Section 3):
2.3.6. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
We are interested only in the cases with
- then and choosing we have and obtain the family of representatives
- then with an action of a suitable , we can suppose and choosing we can suppose Now we consider following subcases:
- (a)
- then we have the family of representatives
- (b)
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (c)
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (d)
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- If then we obtain the previous cases. Thus, we consider the case of Then, and choosing we can suppose Now, we consider following subcases:
- (a)
- then we have the family of representatives
- (b)
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (c)
- then choosing we obtain and obtain the family of representatives
2.3.7. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
We are interested only in the cases with
- then If then choosing we obtain that which implies Thus, we have that
- (a)
- then we have the representative
- (b)
- without loss of generality, we can suppose
- i.
- then choosing we have the representative
- ii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- then without loss of generality we can assume and consider following subcases:
- (a)
- then taking we have the family of representatives
- (b)
- then takingwe have the family of representatives
- (c)
- then we can suppose and choosing we can suppose
- i.
- if then choosing we have the representative
- ii.
- if then choosing we have the representative
- (d)
- then choosingwe can suppose Since we have that
- i.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- ii.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (e)
- then choosing suitable value of z and y such that we can suppose and Then, choosing we have
- i.
- if then choosing we have the family of representatives
- ii.
- if then then we have the family of representatives and depending on whether or not.
Summarizing all cases of the central extension of the algebra we have the following distinct orbits,
in case of :
in case of :
2.3.8. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
| for | = | = | = | ||||||
| = | = | = |
| for | = | = | = | ||||||
| = | = | = |
We are interested only in the cases with
- then and choosing we have the representative
- then without loss of generality, we can suppose and choosing we have
- (a)
- then we have the family of representatives
- (b)
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (c)
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (d)
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
Summarizing all cases, we have the following distinct orbits
which gives the following new algebras (see Section 3):
2.3.9. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
| for : | = | ||
| = | |||
| = | |||
| = | |||
| = | |||
| = |
| for : | = | ||
| = | |||
| = | |||
| = | |||
| = | |||
| = |
We are interested only in the cases with
- then without loss of generality, we can suppose . Let us consider the following subcases:
- (a)
- then choosing we have the representative
- (b)
- then choosing we have the representative
- (c)
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- then without loss of generality, we can suppose Let us consider the following subcases:
- (a)
- then choosingwe have the family of representatives
- (b)
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (c)
- then choosing we can suppose and consider following subcases:
- i.
- A.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- B.
- then we have the representative
- C.
- then choosing we have the representative
- D.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- E.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- ii.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
Summarizing all cases, we have the following distinct orbits
which gives the following new algebras (see Section 3):
2.3.10. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
We are interested only in the cases with
- then choosing we have Thus, we can suppose and consider following subcases:
- (a)
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (b)
- then
- i.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- ii.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- then choosing we have and consider following subcases:
- (a)
- then we have the family of representatives
- (b)
- then choosing have the family of representatives
- then and choosing we have Thus we obtain that which implies Then choosing we have and obtain the representatives and depending on whether or not.
Summarizing all cases, we have the following distinct orbits
2.3.11. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
We are interested only in the cases with
- then and choosing we have Thus, we can suppose and consider following subcases:
- (a)
- then we have the representative
- (b)
- then choosing we have the representative
- (c)
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (d)
- then choosing we have the representative
- (e)
- then choosing we have the representative
- then consider following subcases:
- (a)
- then choosing we can suppose and consider following subcases:
- i.
- we have the representative
- ii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iv.
- then choosing we have the representative
- (b)
- then choosing we can suppose and consider following subcases:
- i.
- then choosing we have the representative
- ii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iii.
- then choosing we have
- A.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- B.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- C.
- then we have the representative
- D.
- then choosing we have the representative
- E.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (c)
- then choosing we can suppose and consider following subcases:
- i.
- then choosing we can suppose and consider following subcases:
- A.
- then we have the family of representatives
- B.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- C.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- D.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- ii.
- then choosing we can suppose and consider following subcases:
- A.
- then we have the representative
- B.
- then choosing we have the representative
- C.
- then choosing we have the representative
- D.
- then choosing we have the representative
- E.
- then choosing we have the representative
- F.
- then choosing we have the representative
- G.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- H.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
Summarizing all cases of the central extension of the algebra we have the following distinct orbits:
in case of :
in case of :
in case of :
in case of :
for any :
which gives the following new algebras (see Section 3):
2.4. One-Dimensional Central Extensions of Four-Dimensional Three-Step Nilpotent Bicommutative Algebras
2.4.1. The Description of Second Cohomology Space
In the following Table 2, we give the description of the second cohomology space of four-dimensional three-step nilpotent bicommutative algebras.
Table 2.
The list of non-two-step nilpotent four-dimensional bicommutative algebras.
2.4.2. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
We are interested only in the cases with
Since then choosing we have
- If then choosing we have
- (a)
- then choosing we have the representative
- (b)
- then choosing we have the representative
- If then
- (a)
- then choosing we have the representative
- (b)
- then choosing we have the representative
Therefore, we have the following distinct orbits
which gives the following new algebras (see Section 3):
2.4.3. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
We are interested only in the cases with
then choosing we have Now we consider following cases:
- then
- (a)
- then choosing we have the representative
- (b)
- then choosing we have the representative
- (c)
- then choosing we have the representative
- (a)
- then choosing we have the representative
- (b)
- then choosing we have the representative
- (c)
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (d)
- then choosing we have the representative
- (e)
- then choosing we have the representative
- (f)
- then choosing we have the representative
Summarizing all cases, we have the following distinct orbits
in case of , in case of
in case of , , which gives the following new algebras (see Section 3, as we are interested in non-commutative algebras, we do not consider ):
2.4.4. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
We are interested only in the cases with
Choosing we have
- then and we have the family of representatives
- then and choosing we have the family of representatives
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
Summarizing all cases, we have the following distinct orbits
which gives the following new algebras (see Section 3):
2.4.5. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
We are interested only in the cases with Choosing we have
- then we have the representative
- then choosing we have the representative
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
Summarizing all cases, we have the following distinct orbits
which gives the following new algebras (see Section 3):
2.4.6. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
We are interested only in the cases with Choosing we have
- then we have the representative
- then choosing we have the representative
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
Summarizing all cases, we have the following distinct orbits
which gives the following new algebras (see Section 3):
2.4.7. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
We are interested only in the cases with Choosing we have
- then we have the representative
- then choosing we have the representative
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
Summarizing all cases, we have the following distinct orbits
which gives the following new algebras (see Section 3):
2.4.8. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
We are interested only in the cases with Choosing we have
- then we have the representative
- then choosing we have the representative
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
Summarizing all cases, we have the following distinct orbits
which gives the following new algebras (see Section 3):
2.4.9. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
We are interested only in the cases with Choosing we have
- then we have the representative
- then choosing we have the representative
- then choosing we have the representative
- then choosing we have the representative
- then choosing we have the representative
- then choosing we have the representative
Summarizing all cases, we have the following distinct orbits
which gives the following new algebras (see Section 3):
2.4.10. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
We are interested only in the cases with Choosing we have
- then we have the representative
- then choosing we have the representative
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- then choosing we have the representative
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
Summarizing all cases, we have the following distinct orbits
which gives the following new algebras (see Section 3):
2.4.11. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
Take The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
we have that the action of on the subspace is given by where
We are interested only in the cases with Choosing we have
- then we have the representative
- then choosing we have the representative
- then choosing we have the representative
- then choosing we have the representative
- then choosing we have the representative
- then choosing we have the representative
Summarizing all cases, we have the following distinct orbits
which gives the following new algebras (see Section 3):
2.5. Two-Dimensional Central Extensions of Three-Dimensional Nilpotent Bicommutative Algebras
2.5.1. The Description of Second Cohomology Spaces of Three-Dimensional Nilpotent Bicommutative Algebras
In the following Table 3, we give the description of the second cohomology space of two-generated three-dimensional nilpotent bicommutative algebras.
Table 3.
The list of two-step nilpotent three-dimensional bicommutative algebras.
2.5.2. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
the action of on subspace is given by where
We are interested only in two-dimensional central extensions and consider the vector space generated by the following two cocycles:
Our aim is to find only central extensions with Hence, we have the following cases.
- then we have
- (a)
- then we can suppose and choosing , we have Thus, we can assume and consider following subcases:
- i.
- then we have the family of representatives
- ii.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- iii.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- iv.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- v.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- vi.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- vii.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (b)
- i.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- ii.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- iii.
- then choosing and we have the family of representatives
- iv.
- then choosingwe have the family of representatives
- v.
- then choosingandwe have the family of representatives
- vi.
- then choosingandwe have the family of representatives
- (c)
- then we can suppose and consider following subcases:
- i.
- then choosing , we have
- A.
- if then we have a split algebra;
- B.
- if then choosing we have the representative
- C.
- if then choosing we have the family of representatives
- ii.
- then choosing and we have the representative
- iii.
- then choosingandwe have the representative
- (d)
- then we can suppose and choosing we have Thus, we have following subcases:
- i.
- if then we have the family of representatives
- ii.
- if then choosing we have the family of representatives
- then we can suppose
- (a)
- then we can suppose and choosing we have Thus, we have following subcases:
- i.
- if then and choosing we have the representative
- ii.
- if then choosing we have the family of representatives
- iii.
- if then choosing we have the representative
- (b)
- then we can suppose and choosing we have Thus, we have following subcases:
- i.
- if then we have the family of representatives
- ii.
- if then choosing we have the representative
- (c)
- then we can suppose . Since in case of we have a split extension, we can assume Thus, we have following subcases:
- i.
- if then choosing we have the representative
- ii.
- if then choosing we have the representative
Now we have the following distinct orbits:
Hence, we have the following new five-dimensional nilpotent bicommutative algebras (see Section 3):
2.5.3. Central Extensions of
Let us use the following notations:
The automorphism group of consists of invertible matrices of the form
Since
the action of on the subspace is given by where
| = | = | = | ||||||
| = | = |
We are interested only in and consider the vector space generated by the following two cocycles:
- then we have
- (a)
- then we can suppose and choosing , we have Thus, we have following subcases:
- i.
- then we have the representative
- ii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iv.
- then choosing we have the representative
- v.
- then choosing we have the representative
- vi.
- then choosing we have the representative
- vii.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- viii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- ix.
- then choosing we have the representative
- x.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- xi.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (b)
- then choosing we can suppose and have following subcases:
- i.
- then we have the representative
- ii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iii.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- iv.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- v.
- then choosing we have the representative
- vi.
- then choosing we have the representative
- vii.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- viii.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (c)
- then choosing we can suppose and have following subcases:
- i.
- then we have the representative
- ii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iv.
- then choosing we have the representative
- v.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (d)
- then we can suppose and consider following subcases:
- i.
- then we have the representative
- ii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iv.
- then choosing we have the representative
- v.
- then choosing we have the representative
- vi.
- then choosing we have the representative
- then and we have
- (a)
- then choosing we can suppose and have following subcases:
- i.
- then we have the representative
- ii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iii.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- iv.
- then choosing we have the representative
- v.
- then choosing we have the representative
- vi.
- then choosing we have the family of representatives
- (b)
- then choosing we can suppose and have following subcases:
- i.
- then we have the representative
- ii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iv.
- then choosing we have the representative
- (c)
- then and we can suppose Consider following subcases:
- i.
- then we have the representative
- ii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iii.
- then choosing we have the representative
- iv.
- then choosing we have the representative
Now we have the following distinct orbits:
Hence, we have the following new five-dimensional nilpotent bicommutative algebras (see Section 3):
3. Classification Theorem for Five-Dimensional Bicommutative Algebras
The algebraic classification of complex five-dimensional bicommutative algebras consists of two parts:
- Five-dimensional algebras with identity (also known as two-step nilpotent algebras) are the intersection of all varieties of algebras defined by a family of polynomial identities of degree three or more; for example, it is in the intersection of associative, Zinbiel, Leibniz, Novikov, bicommutative, etc, algebras. All these algebras can be obtained as central extensions of zero-product algebras. The geometric classification of two-step nilpotent algebras is given in [9]. It is the reason why we are not interested in it.
- Five-dimensional nilpotent (non-two-step nilpotent) bicommutative algebras, which are central extensions of nilpotent bicommutative algebras with nonzero products of a smaller dimension. These algebras are classified by several steps:
- (a)
- Complex split five-dimensional bicommutative algebras are classified in [13];
- (b)
- Complex non-split five-dimensional nilpotent commutative associative algebras are listed in [27];
- (c)
- Complex one-generated five-dimensional nilpotent bicommutative algebras are classified in [14];
- (d)
- Complex non-split non-one-generated five-dimensional nilpotent non-commutative bicommutative algebras are classified in Theorem (see below).
Theorem 2.
Let be a complex non-split non-one-generated five-dimensional nilpotent (non-2-step nilpotent) non-commutative bicommutative algebra. Then is isomorphic to one algebra from the following list:
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Note that is a commutative algebra and
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, I.K.; Methodology, I.K. and A.K.; Software, K.A., I.K. and A.K.; Validation, K.A., I.K. and A.K.; Formal analysis, K.A., I.K. and A.K.; Investigation, K.A., I.K. and A.K.; Resources, K.A., I.K. and A.K.; Data curation, K.A., I.K. and A.K.; Writing—original draft, K.A., I.K. and A.K.; Writing—review & editing, K.A., I.K. and A.K.; Visualization, K.A., I.K. and A.K.; Supervision, I.K. and A.K.; Project administration, I.K.; Funding acquisition, I.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
The first part of this work is supported by FCT UIDB/MAT/00212/2020 and UIDP/MAT/ 00212/2020. The second part of this work is supported by the Russian Science Foundation under grant 22-11-00081.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Thiago Castilho de Mello and Ivan Gonzales Gargate for their active stimulation to write this paper. The first part of this work is supported by FCT UIDB/MAT/00212/2020 and UIDP/MAT/00212/2020. The second part of this work is supported by the Russian Science Foundation under grant 22-11-00081.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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