Glucosinolate Bioactivation by Apis mellifera Workers and Its Impact on Nosema ceranae Infection at the Colony Level
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Honey Bee Colony Selection
2.2. Brassicaceae DSMs
2.3. Feed Formulation
2.4. Treatments and Colony Handling
2.5. N. ceranae Infection Quantification: DNA Extraction and qPCR
2.6. Bee Gut MYR Enzyme Extraction and Activity Assay
2.6.1. MYR Activity Assay
2.7. Bee Gut Total ITC Extraction and Quantification
2.8. Honey GSL and ITC Detection
2.9. Calculations and Statistics
3. Results
3.1. DSM Characterization and Patty Formulation
3.2. Bee Treatment Feeding Trials
3.2.1. Palatability of DSM Patties
3.2.2. Effect of DSM Patties on Bee Survival
3.2.3. Effect of DSM Patties on N. ceranae
3.3. MYR-Like Enzymatic Activity in the Bee Gut
3.4. Total ITC Gut Analysis
3.5. GSLs and GSL Hydrolysis Products in Honey
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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E. sativa DSM | B. nigra DSM | |
---|---|---|
Moisture (%) | 5.9 ± 0.1 | 6.0 ± 0.1 |
Protein (%) | 35 | 43.8 |
Oil (%) | 17.9 ± 0.2 | 8.5 ± 0.2 |
GSL1 (μmol/g) side chain (R1) | GER 90.5 ± 1.9 | SIN 130.7 ± 4.3 |
GSL2 (μmol/g) side chain (R2) | GRA 9.3 ± 0.4 | |
Phenols (mg GAE/g) | 7.8 ± 0.7 b | 9.5 ± 0.9 a |
R | N | CTRL– | All Groups | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foragers | PRE | 213.00 ± 3.31 | 199.65 ± 37.01 | 1284.35 ± 297.34 | 565.67 ± 164.32 |
7.40 | 82.75 | 664.88 | 636.40 | ||
POST | 107.79 ± 1.92 | 106.17 ±1.59 | 1448.35 ± 723.73 | 555.10 ± 196.32 | |
4.30 | 3.56 | 323.88 | 760.35 | ||
House bees | PRE | 202.36 ± 8.33 | 264.30 ± 4.67 | 1105.27 ± 245.39 | 523.98 ± 133.63 |
18.63 | 10.45 | 548.71 | 517.55 | ||
POST | 89.62 ± 3.08 | 174.51 ± 4.83 | 840.86 ±170.56 | 368.33 ± 104.09 | |
6.88 | 10.79 | 381.38 | 403.12 |
DSM Patty | ITC Content (pmol/mg) | |
---|---|---|
Midgut | Hindgut | |
R | 38.5 bc | 102.9 a |
N | 8.3 c | 80.4 ab |
Honey | GSL Content (nmol/g) | |
---|---|---|
SIN | GRA | |
R | – | 12 ± 3 |
N | 40 ± 20 | – |
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Ugolini, L.; Cilia, G.; Pagnotta, E.; Malaguti, L.; Capano, V.; Guerra, I.; Zavatta, L.; Albertazzi, S.; Matteo, R.; Lazzeri, L.; et al. Glucosinolate Bioactivation by Apis mellifera Workers and Its Impact on Nosema ceranae Infection at the Colony Level. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 1657. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111657
Ugolini L, Cilia G, Pagnotta E, Malaguti L, Capano V, Guerra I, Zavatta L, Albertazzi S, Matteo R, Lazzeri L, et al. Glucosinolate Bioactivation by Apis mellifera Workers and Its Impact on Nosema ceranae Infection at the Colony Level. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(11):1657. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111657
Chicago/Turabian StyleUgolini, Luisa, Giovanni Cilia, Eleonora Pagnotta, Lorena Malaguti, Vittorio Capano, Irene Guerra, Laura Zavatta, Sergio Albertazzi, Roberto Matteo, Luca Lazzeri, and et al. 2021. "Glucosinolate Bioactivation by Apis mellifera Workers and Its Impact on Nosema ceranae Infection at the Colony Level" Biomolecules 11, no. 11: 1657. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111657