Photometric Variability of B-Type Stars in the Young Open Cluster NGC 663

Abstract

We present a comprehensive study of variable stars in the young open cluster NGC 663, combining ground-based 50BiN photometry, space-based TESS time-series observations, and astrometric measurements from Gaia DR3. A total of 60 variable candidates were identified, and 46 of them appear consistent with B-type variables according to their effective temperatures and spectral classifications. Cross-matching with the VSX catalog shows that variability of 31 objects has been reported previously, while 29 have no prior entries. Using Gaia astrometry, we estimated membership probabilities and found that 40 of the B-type variables are likely associated with the cluster. Light-curve morphology, frequency analysis, and spectral information suggest a mixture of variability types, including seven candidate $\alpha$ Cygni stars, three $\beta$ Cephei variables, ten SPB candidates, one possible BCEP/SPB hybrid, twenty Be stars, and five additional variables. These results indicate that NGC 663 provides a valuable environment for studying variability phenomena in massive stars across a range of evolutionary stages.

1. Introduction

Variable B-type stars form a class of massive, hot, and intrinsically luminous objects whose brightness varies periodically or irregularly over time. Their photometric and spectroscopic variability provides valuable diagnostics of stellar interiors, rotation, and mass-loss processes, while also offering clues to the chemical and structural evolution of galaxies [1,2,3]. Open clusters constitute natural laboratories for investigating such stars, as their members originate from a common molecular cloud, and thus possess nearly uniform ages and chemical compositions [4,5]. Studying variables within such homogeneous stellar populations enables a more precise determination of their physical parameters and a deeper understanding of the mechanisms responsible for their variability [6,7].

Several recent investigations of open clusters have focused on identifying and characterizing variable stars, including B-type members. Li, Gang et al. [8] combined photometric, spectroscopic and asteroseismic analyzes to examine NGC 2516, revealing it as a young, rapidly rotating cluster rich in pulsating members. Wang et al. [9] conducted a comprehensive variability survey of NGC 2355 with the Nanshan One-Meter Wide-Field Telescope, integrating Gaia astrometry and LAMOST spectroscopy to identify 72 newly discovered and 16 previously known variable stars. Zhuo et al. [10] reported 28 variable stars in the young open cluster NGC 869 based on the 50BiN (see Section 2.1) survey, including several $\beta$ Cephei and SPB pulsators, Be stars, and eclipsing binaries. Similar efforts on clusters such as NGC 7419, NGC 7209, and NGC 884 [11,12,13] collectively advance our understanding of stellar variability in young stellar systems.

NGC 663 is an open cluster in the Perseus Arm, noted for its rich population of B-type stars and a relatively high proportion of Be stars among Galactic clusters [14]. The presence of numerous emission-line stars in this region was first reported by González and González [15], who found their abundance comparable to that in the well-known Double Cluster in Perseus. Subsequent photometric and spectroscopic surveys (e.g., [16,17,18,19]) confirmed the cluster’s richness in Be stars and revealed that many of its B-type members display distinct forms of photometric or spectroscopic variability. Yu et al. [20] conducted an Hα imaging survey with the Palomar Transient Factory and identified 34 Be stars in NGC 663, corresponding to about 3.5% of the cluster population and showing a bimodal spectral distribution at B0–B2 and B5–B7. Using AstroSat/UVIT [21] data, Nedhath, Sneha et al. [22] detected UV excesses in the majority of Be stars in NGC 663, revealing high-mass sdOB companions in about 70% of the systems and establishing binary interaction as a key channel for Be star formation. Follow-up spectroscopy by Marco et al. [23] refined cluster membership and spectral classifications, showing that while NGC 663 contains numerous Be-type and evolved B-type stars, their overall fraction is moderate. Their analysis also demonstrated that NGC 663 is a young and exceptionally massive system in the Perseus Arm, hosting blue stragglers, blue supergiants, and the Be/X-ray binary RX J0146.9+6121. These characteristics make NGC 663 an ideal environment for studying variability and evolutionary processes among massive B-type stars.

Although the properties of B-type and Be stars in NGC 663 have been extensively characterized, systematic searches for photometric variability within the cluster have remained relatively scarce. Early variability studies were conducted by Pietrzynski [24], who detected two eclipsing binaries, followed by Pietrzynski [25], who identified two additional Be stars, two pulsating variables, and one field $\beta$ Cephei star. The survey was later extended by Pigulski et al. [26], resulting in the discovery of 19 new variable stars. Nevertheless, these studies were constrained by the observational capabilities available at the time, and a more comprehensive time-series analysis using modern large-scale surveys can provide an improved view of stellar variability in the cluster. In this work, we combine time-series photometry from the 50BiN open cluster survey with data from the TESS mission to conduct a comprehensive search for variable stars in NGC 663, with particular attention to massive and luminous B-type variables.

2. Observations and Data Reduction

2.1. 50BiN Photometry

The open cluster NGC 663 was observed using the 50 cm Binocular Network (50BiN) telescope at the Qinghai Station of Purple Mountain Observatory [27,28]. The observations were carried out on 13 October and from 18 to 25 October 2014, spanning a total of nine nights. After excluding data from 21 October due to unfavorable weather conditions, eight nights of usable data were retained. Photometric observations were performed with standard Johnson–Cousins–Bessell B and V filters to obtain two-color photometry. The CCD camera, with a 2K × 2K array, provides a field of view of ${20}^{\prime }\times {20}^{\prime }$. A total of 3187 and 7494 frames were obtained in the B and V bands, respectively, with exposure times of 80 s and 30 s. A summary of the observations is given in

Table 1. Observation Log of NGC 663 Obtained with the 50BiN.

Date	Start Time	Duration	Number of Frames
	(HJD—2,456,900)	(hr)	($\mathit{B}$, $\mathit{V}$)
13 October 2014	44.016	9.465	392, 958
18 October 2014	49.012	9.156	387, 942
19 October 2014	50.010	9.215	316, 740
20 October 2014	51.005	8.538	360, 989
21 October 2014	52.053	8.050	253, 615
22 October 2014	53.007	9.047	381, 1048
23 October 2014	53.999	8.915	378, 304
24 October 2014	55.013	8.811	370, 906
25 October 2014	56.010	8.300	350, 992

. The raw images were processed using an automated reduction pipeline, which included bias subtraction, flat-field correction, astrometric calibration, and photometric extraction. To mitigate weather-induced systematics in the light curves, differential photometry was applied. Six reference stars exhibiting minimal brightness variations (standard deviation < 0.1 mag) were selected through an iterative procedure. As a result, differential light curves were derived for 881 stars. The real-time B- and V-band light curves of 20 B-type variable stars, derived from 50BiN observations, are shown in Figure 1.

Table 2. Basic Parameters of B-type Variable Stars in NGC 663. Variable type codes in the VarType column are defined in Section 5.

ID	${\mathit{\alpha }}_{\mathbf{J}2000}$	${\mathit{\delta }}_{\mathbf{J}2000}$	${(\mathit{BP}-\mathit{RP})}_0$	${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{G}}$	PMP	Member	${\mathit{T}}_{\mathbf{eff}}$	$log\mathit{g}$	SpType	Period	Amplitude	Dataset	VarType
	(deg)	(deg)	(mag)	(mag)			(K)	(dex)		(Days)	(mag)
V1	26.520401	61.228274	−0.060	−5.893	0.965	Yes	15,000 ± 1000 [1]	2.3 ± 0.1 [1]	B4 Ib [1]	12.9508	0.067	TESS	ACYG
V2	26.542574	61.442571	−0.157	−5.874	0.005	No	10,000 ± 1000 [1]	1.9 ± 0.1 [1]	A0 Ib [1]	3.1180	0.013	TESS	ACYG
V3	26.599082	61.258254	0.009	−5.727	0.989	Yes	15,000 ± 1000 [1]	2.4 ± 0.1 [1]	B5 Ib [1]	17.5039	0.046	TESS	ACYG
V4	26.483806	61.234807	0.146	−5.683	0.988	Yes	12,000 ± 1000 [1]	2.0 ± 0.3 [1]	B8 Ib [1]	11.8396	0.032	TESS	ACYG
V5	26.834027	61.131942	−0.213	−5.631	0.985	Yes	17,000 ± 1000 [1]	2.7 ± 0.1 [1]	B3 Ib [1]	12.5217	0.022	TESS	ACYG
V6	26.787126	61.198453	0.116	−5.172	0.987	Yes	11,000 ± 1000 [1]	2.3 ± 0.1 [1]	B9 Ib [1]	9.6328	0.008	TESS	ACYG
V7	26.643889	61.262497	−0.127	−5.050	0.988	Yes	18,000 ± 1000 [1]	2.3 ± 0.1 [1]	B2.5 Ib [1]	2.1485	0.025	TESS	ACYG
V8	26.473899	61.320573	−0.642	−4.798	0.906	Yes	33,000 ± 1300 [1]	3.9 ± 0.2 [1]	O9.2 IV [1]	0.2101	0.014	TESS	BCEP
V9	26.690350	61.502570	−0.247	−4.744	0.980	Yes	29,000 ± 1000 [1]	3.3 ± 0.1 [1]	B0 III [1]	1.0981	0.015	TESS	SPB
V10	26.512580	61.441952	−0.645	−4.606	0.946	Yes	17,524 ± 261 [2]	3.20 ± 0.04 [2]	B3 [3]	6.1638	0.330	TESS	EB
V11	26.497122	61.212672	−0.237	−4.296	0.982	Yes	17,000 ± 1800 [1]	3.1 ± 0.2 [1]	B2.5 III [1]	0.9569	0.150	TESS	BE
V12	26.750875	61.356573	−0.488	−4.070	0.826	Yes	26,000 ± 2100 [1]	3.7 ± 0.2 [1]	B0.7 IVe [1]	0.6653	0.038	TESS	BE
V13	26.648059	61.263283	−0.032	−3.920	0.959	Yes	18,000 ± 2200 [1]	3.4 ± 0.2 [1]	B2.5 IIIe [1]	2.1490	0.060	TESS	BE
V14	26.612753	61.167197	−0.071	−3.894	0.988	Yes	19,000 ± 1600 [1]	3.2 ± 0.2 [1]	B2.5 III [1]	2.2162	0.013	TESS	BE
V15	26.521383	61.307635	−0.181	−3.880	0.987	Yes	17,000 ± 2600 [1]	3.1 ± 0.3 [1]	B3 III [1]	3.5784	0.014	TESS	SPB
V16	26.325106	61.115687	−0.146	−3.876	0.912	Yes	18,802 ± 1106 [2]	2.88 ± 0.35 [2]	B2 IIIe [1]	1.0257	0.013	TESS	BE
V17	26.615289	61.207066	0.045	−3.852	0.987	Yes	22,000 ± 2100 [1]	3.4 ± 0.3 [1]	B2 IIIe [1]	1.3911	0.016	TESS	BE
V18	26.529046	61.197529	−0.063	−3.772	0.942	Yes	18,000 ± 1000 [1]	3.1 ± 0.1 [1]	B2.5 III [1]	2.2549	0.017	TESS	SPB
V19	26.662483	61.235014	−0.358	−3.720	0.979	Yes	24,000 ± 1700 [1]	3.8 ± 0.2 [1]	B1 IV [1]	0.1940	0.077	TESS+50BiN	BCEP
V20	26.641523	61.150652	−0.039	−3.719	0.933	Yes	17,000 ± 1700 [1]	3.0 ± 0.2 [1]	B2 III [1]	1.3277	0.025	TESS	BE
V21	26.526389	61.275254	−0.300	−3.522	0.988	Yes	17,000 ± 2000 [1]	3.2 ± 0.3 [1]	B2 III-IV [1]	1.0417	0.021	TESS	SPB
V22	26.844777	61.350690	−0.207	−3.468	0.967	Yes	18,000 ± 1800 [1]	3.3 ± 0.2 [1]	B2.5 III [1]	5.6253	0.017	TESS	SPB
V23	27.096096	61.264735	−0.132	−3.436	0.985	Yes	21,229 ± 877 [2]	3.65 ± 0.31 [2]	B2Ve [4]	1.4481	0.180	TESS	BE
V24	26.672625	61.220875	−0.142	−3.366	0.978	Yes	24,000 ± 1500 [1]	3.8 ± 0.2 [1]	B1 III [1]	0.2025	0.019	TESS	BCEP/SPB
V25	26.553045	61.130114	−0.266	−3.319	0.976	Yes	19,000 ± 2600 [1]	3.6 ± 0.3 [1]	B2 IV [1]	2.6640	0.016	TESS	SPB
V26	26.611846	61.128253	0.199	−3.204	0.986	Yes	26,778 ± 3295 [2]	3.66 ± 0.85 [2]	B2 IIIe [1]	1.4422	0.070	TESS+50BiN	BE
V27	26.290020	61.203771	−0.047	−2.532	0.005	No	20,350 ± 218 [2]	3.66 ± 0.03 [2]	B2.5 III-IV [1]	1.5951	0.019	TESS	SPB
V28	26.648359	61.227522	−0.078	−2.329	0.978	Yes	26,305 ± 853 [2]	4.15 ± 0.31 [2]	B2.5Ve [1]	0.5575	0.170	TESS+50BiN	BE
V29	26.407582	61.133079	−0.072	−2.193	0.979	Yes	25,116 ± 530 [2]	4.35 ± 0.24 [2]	B2Ve [1]	35.562	0.130	TESS	BE/HB
V30	26.627644	61.241451	0.053	−2.181	0.982	Yes	26,157 ± 1046 [2]	4.14 ± 0.42 [2]	B2Ve [1]	8.1675	0.210	50BiN	BE
V31	26.765613	61.292234	0.056	−2.181	0.986	Yes	29,933 ± 1723 [2]	4.19 ± 0.40 [2]	B2.5Ve [1]	0.7617	0.170	50BiN	BE
V32	26.439829	61.182104	0.016	−1.853	0.953	Yes	24,000 ± 1000 [1]	4.2 ± 0.1 [1]	B2.5Ve [1]	0.3086	0.044	50BiN	BE
V33	26.405690	61.196438	−0.104	−1.788	0.980	Yes	20,253 ± 230 [2]	3.81 ± 0.03 [2]	B2.5V [1]	1.2416	0.058	50BiN	SPB
V34	26.415064	61.216421	0.050	−1.747	0.988	Yes	22,533 ± 766 [2]	3.65 ± 0.27 [2]	B2.5Ve [1]	2.5648	0.052	50BiN	BE
V35	26.665727	61.164405	−0.087	−1.680	0.984	Yes	19,036 ± 184 [2]	3.60 ± 0.02 [2]	B2.5V [1]	0.2764 [5]	0.065	50BiN	BCEP
V36	26.619252	61.230671	−0.053	−1.572	0.903	Yes	18,865 ± 235 [2]	3.85 ± 0.04 [2]		0.3576	0.075	50BiN	BE
V37	26.584278	61.239326	0.154	−1.509		No	17,000 ± 1000 [1]	3.8 ± 0.1 [1]	B2.5 IV-Ve [1]	0.8773	0.092	50BiN	BE
V38	26.823158	61.350635	−0.615	−1.464	0.855	Yes	18,331 ± 649 [2]	4.09 ± 0.38 [2]		21.760 [6]	0.280	50BiN	ROT
V39	26.612125	61.236437	0.218	−1.416		No	19,000 ± 2000 [1]	3.9 ± 0.2 [1]	B3Ve [1]	0.9530	0.110	50BiN	BE
V40	26.664775	61.109835	−0.039	−1.102	0.988	Yes	18,799 ± 197 [2]	3.92 ± 0.03 [2]	B3Ve [1]	0.4927	0.060	50BiN	BE
V41	26.652408	61.186219	−0.180	−0.842	0.853	Yes	15,843 ± 210 [2]	4.39 ± 0.05 [2]	B7V [1]	2.5235	0.066	50BiN	SPB
V42	26.558436	61.228841	0.277	−0.516		No	18,800 ± 208 [2]	3.60 ± 0.03 [2]	B3Ve [1]	1.1017	0.059	50BiN	BE
V43	26.525562	61.139956	−0.138	−0.425	0.987	Yes	16,058 ± 248 [2]	4.23 ± 0.16 [2]		1.1412	0.075	50BiN	SPB
V44	26.611065	61.284924	−0.102	−0.213	0.980	Yes	17,910 ± 487 [2]	4.14 ± 0.29 [2]		1.3066	0.100	50BiN	ELL
V45	26.531924	61.133273	0.033	0.414	0	No	16,415 ± 294 [2]	4.33 ± 0.18 [2]		4.9027	0.100	50BiN	VAR
V46	26.358236	61.180606	0.204	0.918	0.984	Yes	14,511 ± 479 [2]	4.44 ± 0.28 [2]		0.2610	0.150	50BiN	VAR

References: ^[1] Marco et al. [23]; ^[2] Gaia Collaboration et al. [29]; ^[3] Ge et al. [30]; ^[4] McCuskey et al. [31]; ^[5] Pigulski et al. [26]; ^[6] Jayasinghe et al. [32].

Table 2. Basic Parameters of B-type Variable Stars in NGC 663. Variable type codes in the VarType column are defined in Section 5.

ID	${\mathit{\alpha }}_{\mathbf{J}2000}$	${\mathit{\delta }}_{\mathbf{J}2000}$	${(\mathit{BP}-\mathit{RP})}_0$	${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{G}}$	PMP	Member	${\mathit{T}}_{\mathbf{eff}}$	$log\mathit{g}$	SpType	Period	Amplitude	Dataset	VarType
	(deg)	(deg)	(mag)	(mag)			(K)	(dex)		(Days)	(mag)
V1	26.520401	61.228274	−0.060	−5.893	0.965	Yes	15,000 ± 1000 [1]	2.3 ± 0.1 [1]	B4 Ib [1]	12.9508	0.067	TESS	ACYG
V2	26.542574	61.442571	−0.157	−5.874	0.005	No	10,000 ± 1000 [1]	1.9 ± 0.1 [1]	A0 Ib [1]	3.1180	0.013	TESS	ACYG
V3	26.599082	61.258254	0.009	−5.727	0.989	Yes	15,000 ± 1000 [1]	2.4 ± 0.1 [1]	B5 Ib [1]	17.5039	0.046	TESS	ACYG
V4	26.483806	61.234807	0.146	−5.683	0.988	Yes	12,000 ± 1000 [1]	2.0 ± 0.3 [1]	B8 Ib [1]	11.8396	0.032	TESS	ACYG
V5	26.834027	61.131942	−0.213	−5.631	0.985	Yes	17,000 ± 1000 [1]	2.7 ± 0.1 [1]	B3 Ib [1]	12.5217	0.022	TESS	ACYG
V6	26.787126	61.198453	0.116	−5.172	0.987	Yes	11,000 ± 1000 [1]	2.3 ± 0.1 [1]	B9 Ib [1]	9.6328	0.008	TESS	ACYG
V7	26.643889	61.262497	−0.127	−5.050	0.988	Yes	18,000 ± 1000 [1]	2.3 ± 0.1 [1]	B2.5 Ib [1]	2.1485	0.025	TESS	ACYG
V8	26.473899	61.320573	−0.642	−4.798	0.906	Yes	33,000 ± 1300 [1]	3.9 ± 0.2 [1]	O9.2 IV [1]	0.2101	0.014	TESS	BCEP
V9	26.690350	61.502570	−0.247	−4.744	0.980	Yes	29,000 ± 1000 [1]	3.3 ± 0.1 [1]	B0 III [1]	1.0981	0.015	TESS	SPB
V10	26.512580	61.441952	−0.645	−4.606	0.946	Yes	17,524 ± 261 [2]	3.20 ± 0.04 [2]	B3 [3]	6.1638	0.330	TESS	EB
V11	26.497122	61.212672	−0.237	−4.296	0.982	Yes	17,000 ± 1800 [1]	3.1 ± 0.2 [1]	B2.5 III [1]	0.9569	0.150	TESS	BE
V12	26.750875	61.356573	−0.488	−4.070	0.826	Yes	26,000 ± 2100 [1]	3.7 ± 0.2 [1]	B0.7 IVe [1]	0.6653	0.038	TESS	BE
V13	26.648059	61.263283	−0.032	−3.920	0.959	Yes	18,000 ± 2200 [1]	3.4 ± 0.2 [1]	B2.5 IIIe [1]	2.1490	0.060	TESS	BE
V14	26.612753	61.167197	−0.071	−3.894	0.988	Yes	19,000 ± 1600 [1]	3.2 ± 0.2 [1]	B2.5 III [1]	2.2162	0.013	TESS	BE
V15	26.521383	61.307635	−0.181	−3.880	0.987	Yes	17,000 ± 2600 [1]	3.1 ± 0.3 [1]	B3 III [1]	3.5784	0.014	TESS	SPB
V16	26.325106	61.115687	−0.146	−3.876	0.912	Yes	18,802 ± 1106 [2]	2.88 ± 0.35 [2]	B2 IIIe [1]	1.0257	0.013	TESS	BE
V17	26.615289	61.207066	0.045	−3.852	0.987	Yes	22,000 ± 2100 [1]	3.4 ± 0.3 [1]	B2 IIIe [1]	1.3911	0.016	TESS	BE
V18	26.529046	61.197529	−0.063	−3.772	0.942	Yes	18,000 ± 1000 [1]	3.1 ± 0.1 [1]	B2.5 III [1]	2.2549	0.017	TESS	SPB
V19	26.662483	61.235014	−0.358	−3.720	0.979	Yes	24,000 ± 1700 [1]	3.8 ± 0.2 [1]	B1 IV [1]	0.1940	0.077	TESS+50BiN	BCEP
V20	26.641523	61.150652	−0.039	−3.719	0.933	Yes	17,000 ± 1700 [1]	3.0 ± 0.2 [1]	B2 III [1]	1.3277	0.025	TESS	BE
V21	26.526389	61.275254	−0.300	−3.522	0.988	Yes	17,000 ± 2000 [1]	3.2 ± 0.3 [1]	B2 III-IV [1]	1.0417	0.021	TESS	SPB
V22	26.844777	61.350690	−0.207	−3.468	0.967	Yes	18,000 ± 1800 [1]	3.3 ± 0.2 [1]	B2.5 III [1]	5.6253	0.017	TESS	SPB
V23	27.096096	61.264735	−0.132	−3.436	0.985	Yes	21,229 ± 877 [2]	3.65 ± 0.31 [2]	B2Ve [4]	1.4481	0.180	TESS	BE
V24	26.672625	61.220875	−0.142	−3.366	0.978	Yes	24,000 ± 1500 [1]	3.8 ± 0.2 [1]	B1 III [1]	0.2025	0.019	TESS	BCEP/SPB
V25	26.553045	61.130114	−0.266	−3.319	0.976	Yes	19,000 ± 2600 [1]	3.6 ± 0.3 [1]	B2 IV [1]	2.6640	0.016	TESS	SPB
V26	26.611846	61.128253	0.199	−3.204	0.986	Yes	26,778 ± 3295 [2]	3.66 ± 0.85 [2]	B2 IIIe [1]	1.4422	0.070	TESS+50BiN	BE
V27	26.290020	61.203771	−0.047	−2.532	0.005	No	20,350 ± 218 [2]	3.66 ± 0.03 [2]	B2.5 III-IV [1]	1.5951	0.019	TESS	SPB
V28	26.648359	61.227522	−0.078	−2.329	0.978	Yes	26,305 ± 853 [2]	4.15 ± 0.31 [2]	B2.5Ve [1]	0.5575	0.170	TESS+50BiN	BE
V29	26.407582	61.133079	−0.072	−2.193	0.979	Yes	25,116 ± 530 [2]	4.35 ± 0.24 [2]	B2Ve [1]	35.562	0.130	TESS	BE/HB
V30	26.627644	61.241451	0.053	−2.181	0.982	Yes	26,157 ± 1046 [2]	4.14 ± 0.42 [2]	B2Ve [1]	8.1675	0.210	50BiN	BE
V31	26.765613	61.292234	0.056	−2.181	0.986	Yes	29,933 ± 1723 [2]	4.19 ± 0.40 [2]	B2.5Ve [1]	0.7617	0.170	50BiN	BE
V32	26.439829	61.182104	0.016	−1.853	0.953	Yes	24,000 ± 1000 [1]	4.2 ± 0.1 [1]	B2.5Ve [1]	0.3086	0.044	50BiN	BE
V33	26.405690	61.196438	−0.104	−1.788	0.980	Yes	20,253 ± 230 [2]	3.81 ± 0.03 [2]	B2.5V [1]	1.2416	0.058	50BiN	SPB
V34	26.415064	61.216421	0.050	−1.747	0.988	Yes	22,533 ± 766 [2]	3.65 ± 0.27 [2]	B2.5Ve [1]	2.5648	0.052	50BiN	BE
V35	26.665727	61.164405	−0.087	−1.680	0.984	Yes	19,036 ± 184 [2]	3.60 ± 0.02 [2]	B2.5V [1]	0.2764 [5]	0.065	50BiN	BCEP
V36	26.619252	61.230671	−0.053	−1.572	0.903	Yes	18,865 ± 235 [2]	3.85 ± 0.04 [2]		0.3576	0.075	50BiN	BE
V37	26.584278	61.239326	0.154	−1.509		No	17,000 ± 1000 [1]	3.8 ± 0.1 [1]	B2.5 IV-Ve [1]	0.8773	0.092	50BiN	BE
V38	26.823158	61.350635	−0.615	−1.464	0.855	Yes	18,331 ± 649 [2]	4.09 ± 0.38 [2]		21.760 [6]	0.280	50BiN	ROT
V39	26.612125	61.236437	0.218	−1.416		No	19,000 ± 2000 [1]	3.9 ± 0.2 [1]	B3Ve [1]	0.9530	0.110	50BiN	BE
V40	26.664775	61.109835	−0.039	−1.102	0.988	Yes	18,799 ± 197 [2]	3.92 ± 0.03 [2]	B3Ve [1]	0.4927	0.060	50BiN	BE
V41	26.652408	61.186219	−0.180	−0.842	0.853	Yes	15,843 ± 210 [2]	4.39 ± 0.05 [2]	B7V [1]	2.5235	0.066	50BiN	SPB
V42	26.558436	61.228841	0.277	−0.516		No	18,800 ± 208 [2]	3.60 ± 0.03 [2]	B3Ve [1]	1.1017	0.059	50BiN	BE
V43	26.525562	61.139956	−0.138	−0.425	0.987	Yes	16,058 ± 248 [2]	4.23 ± 0.16 [2]		1.1412	0.075	50BiN	SPB
V44	26.611065	61.284924	−0.102	−0.213	0.980	Yes	17,910 ± 487 [2]	4.14 ± 0.29 [2]		1.3066	0.100	50BiN	ELL
V45	26.531924	61.133273	0.033	0.414	0	No	16,415 ± 294 [2]	4.33 ± 0.18 [2]		4.9027	0.100	50BiN	VAR
V46	26.358236	61.180606	0.204	0.918	0.984	Yes	14,511 ± 479 [2]	4.44 ± 0.28 [2]		0.2610	0.150	50BiN	VAR

References: ^[1] Marco et al. [23]; ^[2] Gaia Collaboration et al. [29]; ^[3] Ge et al. [30]; ^[4] McCuskey et al. [31]; ^[5] Pigulski et al. [26]; ^[6] Jayasinghe et al. [32].

2.2. Archival Data from TESS and Gaia DR3

The Gaia data are crucial for determining cluster membership and constructing precise Hertzsprung–Russell diagrams. In this study, adopting the central coordinates of NGC 663 as $\alpha =26.{586}^{\circ }$, $\delta =61.{212}^{\circ }$, we retrieved 24,127 sources from the Gaia DR3 catalog [29] within a radius of $20\mathrm{arcmin}$. We applied quality filters to ensure data reliability. First, we excluded all sources with missing values in any of the five fundamental astrometric parameters ($\alpha$, $\delta$, ${\mu }_{\alpha }$, ${\mu }_{\delta }$, and parallax) or in the photometric magnitudes. Finally, only sources with positive parallaxes ($\varpi >0$) were retained after applying the zero-point correction described by Lindegren, L. et al. [33].

The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS; Ricker et al. [34]) provides high-precision photometric time-series data that are invaluable for studying stellar variability. Observations of the NGC 663 region were obtained in TESS Sector 58, spanning the period from 29 October 2022 to 26 November 2022, with a cadence of 2 min. Using the Gaia source catalog as the reference, we cross-matched the coordinates with the TESS Input Catalog (TIC) within a tolerance of 1 arcsecond. TIC sources with a TESS magnitude (Tmag) greater than 16 were excluded. We programmatically queried and downloaded the light-curve data products from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST), which were processed by the TESS Science Processing Operations Center (SPOC) pipeline. This procedure yielded Target Light Curve files for 36 sources, among which 29 are B-type stars and the remaining 7 (T1–T7) are listed in

Table 3. Basic Parameters of the non–B-type variable candidates in NGC 663.

ID	${\mathit{\alpha }}_{\mathbf{J}2000}$	${\mathit{\delta }}_{\mathbf{J}2000}$	${(\mathit{BP}-\mathit{RP})}_0$	${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{G}}$	PMP	Member	${\mathit{T}}_{\mathbf{eff}}$	$log\mathit{g}$	SpType	Period	Amplitude	Dataset	VarType
	(deg)	(deg)	(mag)	(mag)			(K)	(dex)		(days)	(mag)
T1	26.411563	61.039664	1.710	−6.922	0.003	No	3764 ± 311 [1]	0.71 ± 0.26 [1]	K0:III: [2]	63.3533 [2]	0.002	TESS	LC
T2	26.522829	60.993519	2.458	−6.313	0.985	Yes	3801 ± 587 [1]	0.52 ± 0.46 [1]	M4Iab: [3]		0.001	TESS	LC
T3	26.799652	61.422488	0.7377	−3.713	0	No	5998 ± 808 [1]	1.87 ± 0.62 [1]		3.2254	0.270	TESS	DCEPS
T4	27.262640	61.265690	2.245	−3.487	0	No	3563 ± 129 [1]	0.67 ± 0.22 [1]			0.014	TESS	SR
T5	26.573326	61.176120	1.352	−1.835	0	No	4662 ± 313 [1]	1.91 ± 0.25 [1]			0.012	TESS	SR
T6	26.661556	60.882251	2.730	−1.819	0	No	3557 ± 126 [1]	0.66 ± 0.24 [1]			0.018	TESS	SR
T7	26.202684	61.215073	2.364	−1.166	0	No	3675 ± 138 [1]	0.95 ± 0.21 [1]			0.012	TESS	SR
T8	26.709242	61.113063	0.081	−0.398	0	No	13,631 ± 2779 [1]	3.79 ± 0.39 [1]		1.0214	0.870	50BiN	EB
T9	26.400199	61.088106	0.308	−0.117	0	No	8525 ± 895 [1]	3.33 ± 0.25 [1]		1.4512 [4]	0.099	50BiN	RS
T10	26.225417	61.269286	0.710	0.892		No	7707 ± 340 [1]	3.61 ± 0.18 [1]		0.2270	0.052	50BiN	EW
T11	26.670320	61.312543	0.487	2.503		No	7112 ± 595 [1]	4.20 ± 0.14 [1]		0.5760 [5]	0.270	50BiN	ELL
T12	26.515486	61.085810	0.809	3.514	0.164	No	6063 ± 278 [1]	4.08 ± 0.22 [1]		0.8420	0.770	50BiN	EA
T13	26.658178	61.145388	1.059	5.502		No	5192 ± 142 [1]	4.52 ± 0.12 [1]		0.4614	0.130	50BiN	EA
T14	26.263151	61.305327	1.307	6.057		No	4352 ± 119 [1]	4.65 ± 0.06 [1]		0.2250 [4]	1.130	50BiN	EW

Note: The meanings of the VarType entries in this table are as follows: LC variables are late-type irregular variable supergiants. DCEPS variables constitute a subclass of $\delta$ Cephei-type pulsators characterized by nearly symmetrical light curves. SR stands for semi-regular variables. EB variables denote eclipsing binaries of the $\beta$ Lyrae type. RS denotes RS Canum Venaticorum-type binary systems. EA variables refer to eclipsing systems of the $\beta$ Persei (Algol) type. EW variables represent eclipsing binaries of the W Ursae Majoris type. ELL variables are rotating ellipsoidal variables, which are close binary systems consisting of ellipsoidal components. References: ^[1] Khalatyan, A. et al. [35]; ^[2] Laur, Jaan et al. [36]; ^[3] Alfonso-Garzón, J. et al. [37]; ^[4] Chen et al. [38]; ^[5] Pigulski et al. [26].

. Notably, three sources (V19, V26, and V28) are common to both the 50BiN and TESS samples. Figure 2 shows the TESS light curves of B-type variable stars, with the mean magnitude of each star subtracted to emphasize their variability features.

2.3. Identification of Variable Stars

Variable star candidates were identified through visual inspection of all available light curves and analysis of their Lomb–Scargle periodograms [39,40]. Using the 50BiN and TESS time-series data, we identified a total of 60 variable star candidates, comprising both B-type and non-B-type stars. To verify our results, we cross-matched the sample with the International Variable Star Index (VSX)1. The cross-match confirmed that 31 of our candidates are listed as known variable stars in VSX, whereas the remaining 29 are not included in the data base. The candidate variables were divided into two categories according to their spectral properties and effective temperatures: B-type stars and other variables. The primary focus of this study is on the 46 B-type variable stars identified in NGC 663. Fourteen additional variables of other types were also detected and are presented separately as supplementary results. The B-type variables are listed in Table 2, while the remaining sources are compiled in Table 3 and briefly described in Appendix A. Each table provides the following parameters: astrometric data from Gaia DR3; colors and magnitudes derived from Gaia multi-band photometry, corrected for extinction; proper membership probability (PMP) and membership status (Member) based on astrometric parameters (see Section 3); and effective temperature, surface gravity, and spectral type primarily adopted from Marco et al. [23] and Gaia Collaboration et al. [29]. The dominant periods adopted for classification were derived from frequency analyses performed with the Period04 software, version 1.2.9.3 [41]. Using the periods summarized in Table 2, we constructed phase-folded light curves for all 46 B-type variables, which are presented in Figure 3. We also include the variability amplitude, defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum magnitudes after applying a 3-$\sigma$ clipping to the light curves, as well as a “Dataset” column indicating the observational source (50BiN, TESS, or both). The final column lists the adopted variability classification(VarType). A detailed discussion of the variability classification and the corresponding criteria will be described and discussed in Section 5.

3. Cluster Membership

Accurate determination of cluster membership is a fundamental prerequisite for studying variable stars in open clusters. However, this task is often complicated by contamination from foreground and background field stars located along the Galactic plane. The high-precision astrometric data provided by the Gaia mission enable reliable separation of genuine cluster members from field stars through their consistent parallaxes and proper motions [42]. In this work, we determine membership probabilities for individual stars using the ML-MOC method proposed by Agarwal et al. [43], which operates in the three-dimensional kinematic space defined by Gaia proper motions and parallax. The procedure is divided into two stages: first, the k-nearest neighbors (kNN) algorithm is employed to prepare a robust sample of sources, after which membership probabilities are calculated using a two-component Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM).

3.1. Sample Preparation via kNN Filtering

The effective application of the GMM framework requires high-quality input data, characterized not only by high precision but also by sufficient contrast in the relative densities of member and field stars [44]. To achieve this, we employed the kNN algorithm, a non-parametric machine-learning approach, to estimate the cluster’s mean astrometric parameters of the cluster. The kNN regression yielded a mean proper motion of $(-1.11,-0.31)$ mas ${\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}$ and a mean parallax of $0.37$ mas for the cluster. Based on these values, an initial astrometric selection window of 5 mas ${\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}$ in proper motion and $0.5$ mas in parallax was defined. The selection region was then refined iteratively, with its center adjusted until the mean parameters of the enclosed sources converged toward the kNN-derived estimates. This pre-processing step efficiently reduced field-star contamination, yielding a cleaned sample of 3294 sources for subsequent classification. The spatial distribution of the selected sample is shown in Figure 4.

3.2. Membership Classification with a Two-Component GMM

The final membership classification was carried out using a GMM in the three-dimensional astrometric space (${\mu }_{\alpha }$, ${\mu }_{\delta }$, $\varpi$), following the procedure of McLachlan and Peel [45]. The astrometric parameters were first standardized using the StandardScaler algorithm:

$$X_i^j={\displaystyle \frac{x_i^j-{\mu }^j}{{\sigma }^j}}(i=1,2,\dots ,N;j=1,2,3)$$

(1)

where $x_i^j$ denotes the original value of the j-th parameter for the i-th source, while ${\mu }^j$ and ${\sigma }^j$ correspond to the median and standard deviation of that parameter, respectively. N represents the total number of sources, and the number of dimensions is three. The GMM was implemented using the scikit-learn library, configured with two components, full covariance matrices, and the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to maximize the likelihood function. The standardized three-dimensional vectors (${\mu }_{\alpha }$, ${\mu }_{\delta }$, $\varpi$) for all sources were provided as input to the model. The Gaussian component exhibiting the larger mean parallax was assigned to the cluster population. Based on the membership probabilities from the model, we classified sources with probabilities exceeding 0.6 as high-probability members. This criterion yielded 1311 member stars, with the remaining sources designated as field stars. The resultant distribution is shown in the histogram in Figure 5. It should be noted that several sources, namely V37, V39, and V42 in Table 2, as well as T10, T11, T13, and T14 in Table 3, were excluded during the initial source selection process using the kNN algorithm. As a result, reliable membership probability values could not be assigned to these objects, and they are therefore most likely field stars.

To assess the consistency of our membership classification with previous studies, we performed a cross-validation against the results of Hunt, Emily L. and Reffert, Sabine [46], who derived cluster memberships from Gaia EDR3 data using the HDBSCAN clustering algorithm. In that work, a membership probability threshold of 0.5 was adopted to define reliable members. A statistical comparison indicates that the agreement between the two membership determinations reaches 93.06%, suggesting good consistency and supporting the reliability of the classification adopted in this study.

4. Color-Magnitude Diagram

The color–magnitude diagram (CMD) is a fundamental tool for probing stellar evolution and assessing the physical properties of star clusters. Previous investigations [14,47] have reported substantial and spatially variable reddening across NGC 663, indicating that stars within the cluster experience markedly different levels of extinction. To obtain a reliable intrinsic CMD, we applied extinction corrections to the Gaia DR3 photometry on a star-by-star basis. The $E(B-V)$ values for all Gaia targets, including both cluster members and field stars, were derived from the Bayestar19 three-dimensional dust map [48], using the Gaia sky positions and parallax-based distance estimates as inputs. The resulting reddening values were converted into band-specific extinction in the Gaia passbands using the coefficients of Casagrande and VandenBerg [49], following

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill E(BP-RP)& =(R_{BP}-R_{RP})\times E(B-V)\hfill \end{array}$$

(2)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill {(BP-RP)}_0& ={(BP-RP)}_{\mathrm{obs}}-E(BP-RP)\hfill \end{array}$$

(3)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill A_G& =R_G\times E(B-V)\hfill \end{array}$$

(4)

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill G_0& =G_{\mathrm{obs}}-A_G\hfill \end{array}$$

(5)

where $E(BP-RP)$ denotes the colour excess in the Gaia $BP-RP$ passbands. The coefficients $R_{BP}$, $R_{RP}$, and $R_G$ are the corresponding extinction factors from Casagrande and VandenBerg [49]. The intrinsic colour and magnitude, ${(BP-RP)}_0$ and $G_0$, are obtained from the observed quantities ${(BP-RP)}_{\mathrm{obs}}$ and $G_{\mathrm{obs}}$ after removal of the line-of-sight extinction, with $A_G$ representing the attenuation in the G passband. After dereddening, the corrected magnitudes were converted to absolute magnitudes $M_G$ using the Gaia parallaxes, enabling construction of the intrinsic color–magnitude diagram in Figure 6. High-probability members (PMP > 0.6) are shown in blue, while field stars are displayed in grey. Overplotted on the diagram are three theoretical isochrones generated with the CMD 3.82 tool [50,51] for a metallicity of $[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]=-0.13$ dex. The green, purple, and red curves represent stellar populations with ages of $log(\mathrm{age}/\mathrm{yr})=7.3$, $7.4$, and $7.5$, respectively. The age and metallicity of NGC 663, as determined by Angelo et al. [52], Cantat-Gaudin, T. et al. [53], Dias et al. [54], and Hunt, Emily L. and Reffert, Sabine [46].

5. Classification and Properties of Massive Variable Stars

To investigate the nature of the detected massive variables, we also constructed a Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) diagram for the 46 B-type candidates, as shown in Figure 7. The red and dark dashed curves mark the predicted instability strips for $\beta$ Cephei (BCEP) and slowly pulsating B (SPB) stars, respectively, based on the models of Miglio et al. [55]. By combining the morphology of the light curves, the positions of the stars in the color–magnitude diagram, and their locations relative to the theoretical instability regions, we classified the variables into distinct variability types. In addition, Appendix B (Figure A1, Figure A2 and Figure A3) presents amplitude spectra of representative B-type variables, which are included to assist in the variability classification.

5.1. ACYG

The objects V1–V7 are luminous B- and A-type supergiants [23] and are considered candidate $\alpha$ Cyg variables (ACYG). Their effective temperatures span $10,000$–$18,000$ K, with luminosities in the range $log(L/L_{\odot })=4.0$–$4.75$. Their light curves exhibit irregular, low-amplitude variability (<0.1 mag) with periods of 2.15–17.50 days, consistent with the photometric behavior commonly associated with ACYG stars. In the H-R diagram (Figure 6 and Figure 7), these stars fall within the luminous B–A supergiant regime above the main sequence. This locus falls between the instability regions of main-sequence B-type pulsators and evolved massive stars, matching the expected domain of ACYG variability.

5.2. BCEP

V8, V19, V24, and V35 are classified as candidate BCEP variables. V8 (O9,2 IV) lies near the hot and luminous boundary of the theoretical BCEP instability region, and its dominant TESS period of 0.2101 d falls within the expected range of low-order p-mode oscillations, suggesting that it may be an early-type extension of the BCEP class. V19 and V35 have spectral types (B1–B2.5, luminosity classes III–V) and positions in the H–R diagram that place them within or near the predicted BCEP instability region. Their variability properties are broadly compatible with BCEP-like pulsations. V19 and V35 were previously reported as BCEP stars [26], and the period recovered for V19 in this study (0.1940 d) matches earlier work. V24 (B1 III) displays a dominant p-mode frequency at 0.2025 d together with several low-frequency signals around 1 ${\mathrm{d}}^{-1}$, and its location in the H–R diagram coincides with the region where BCEP and SPB instability boundaries overlap. These characteristics point to a mixed-mode pulsator exhibiting both pressure and gravity modes.

5.3. SPB

V9, V15, V18, V21, V22, V25, V27, V33, V41, and V43 are considered plausible SPB candidates. V9 lies near the hot, luminous boundary between the SPB and BCEP instability regions. Although its spectral type (B0 III) falls within the classical range expected for BCEP stars (B0–B2), its variability is clearly multiperiodic: the dominant period is 1.0981 d, accompanied by an additional signal at 3.5842 d. These low-frequency variations are more in line with the g-mode characteristics commonly associated with SPB stars. For the remaining objects, the detected variability is concentrated in the low-frequency domain (periods of approximately ≈ 1–5.6 days), and no convincing p-mode oscillations are present, making a BCEP classification unlikely. Their spectral types (B2–B7) and luminosity classes (III–V) are consistent with the parameter space commonly associated with SPB stars. In the H-R diagram (Figure 7), all the candidates are located on or close to the predicted SPB instability region, consistent with an SPB-like classification. With the exception of V27, all stars discussed here appear to be likely members of NGC 663.

5.4. Be

Be stars are rapidly rotating B-type objects characterized by Balmer emission lines, generally attributed to a surrounding circumstellar disk. Both rapid rotation and stellar pulsation are known to play key roles in shaping their variability [2]. In this work, we compiled a sample of 20 Be stars based on recent spectral classifications [23] and previously reported emission-line identifications from the literature (e.g., V11: Pigulski et al. [19]; V20: Schild and Romanishin [16]; V23: McCuskey et al. [31], Stephenson and Sanduleak [56], Sanduleak [17], Kohoutek and Wehmeyer [57]; V36: Mathew and Subramaniam [58]). These sources are flagged as “BE” in the VarType column of Table 2. We visually examined their light curves and performed frequency analyses using Period04 software. Our results reveal that most Be stars exhibit non-sinusoidal variability dominated by low-frequency signals (0–6 ${\mathrm{d}}^{-1}$), a pattern broadly consistent with g-mode pulsations. This behavior suggests that nearly all Be stars in our sample display photometric behavior typical of SPB stars. These findings support the scenario in which Be stars may represent a more complex extension of SPB stars, possibly at the extreme end of SPB pulsational activity accompanied by outbursts [59].

The binary properties of Be stars also deserve consideration. Using ultraviolet photometry from AstroSat/UVIT [21], Nedhath, Sneha et al. [22] modeled the spectral energy distributions of the cluster’s Be stars with both single- and binary-star scenarios, finding that a substantial fraction—on the order of ∼70%—is better explained by binary interaction and past mass transfer. Cross-matching our Be sample with their results identifies ten systems (V13, V14, V17, V26, V28, V29, V30, V34, V36, and V42) as likely Be binaries. For V30, an analysis of the detrended light curve reveals short-timescale variations in the first observing night, but no statistically significant frequency is found when considering the entire time series.

Among all the Be stars in our sample, V12 and V29 exhibit distinctive characteristics. V12 shows a significant high-frequency signal at 9.68 ${\mathrm{d}}^{-1}$, which lies beyond the typical range of g-mode pulsations. This object is also the only Galactic X-ray binary associated with an open cluster, having been identified in previous studies as a high-mass X-ray binary and a bright X-ray source [60,61]. Its companion is classified as a neutron star. The light curve and phase diagram of V29 indicate that it belongs to a special class of binary systems known as Heartbeat(HB) stars. Its phased light curve morphology resembles the characteristic “heartbeat” signature, with a sharp peak near periastron resulting from a combination of tidal distortion, heating effects, and Doppler boosting [62]. This system is not only an emission-line binary but also a highly eccentric one. Since TESS Sector 58 captured only one brightening event, the true orbital period must be longer than 35.562 days. Determining its precise orbital period will require additional long-term photometric coverage.

5.5. Other B-Type Variables

In addition to the B-type variables discussed above, five objects exhibiting other forms of variability were identified: V10 (eclipsing binary), V38 (rotational variable), V44 (ellipsoidal variable), and V45 and V46, which we classify as general variable (VAR) candidates. V10 displays a clear eclipsing-binary morphology. We derive an orbital period of 6.1638 d, in good agreement with the value of 6.161 d listed in the VSX catalog. This source appears to be a likely member of NGC 663. V38, also a cluster member and with an effective temperature of 18,331 K (B-type), has been listed as a rotational variable with a 21.7 d period by Jayasinghe et al. [32]. Although the time coverage of our 50BiN data is limited, the light curve exhibits a monotonic trend that likely samples part of a longer rotational modulation cycle. After removing this long-term trend, the residual light curve does not show any significant short-timescale variability or detectable periodic signal. V44 exhibits the characteristic modulation pattern of an ellipsoidal binary (ELL), consistent with the classification proposed by Pigulski et al. [26]. Using the Phase Dispersion Minimization (PDM) method, we derive an orbital period of 1.3066 d. This result is consistent with the previously reported value of 1.3077 d.

V45 and V46 were previously reported as RS CVn-type variables [38]. However, their effective temperatures place them among early-type B stars, whereas classical RS CVn systems are typically composed of late-type (F–K) components. In addition, their light curves do not exhibit the quasi-periodic, spot-induced modulation characteristic of RS CVn binaries. Given the lack of supporting spectroscopic evidence and the limited time baseline, we therefore regard the RS CVn classification as doubtful and adopt a more generic VAR designation for both stars (with V45 being a field object and V46 a probable cluster member).

6. Conclusions

This work presents a comprehensive census of variable stars in the young open cluster NGC 663, combining ground-based photometry from 50BiN, high-precision time-series measurements from TESS, and astrometric and astrophysical parameters from Gaia DR3. The main results are summarized as follows:

• We identified 60 variable-star candidates in total, of which 46 were confirmed as B-type variables based on their effective temperatures and spectral classifications. A cross-match with the VSX catalog shows that 31 of these objects had been previously reported as variables, while the remaining 29 do not have prior cataloged variability.
• Using Gaia astrometry, we determined membership probabilities for all sources and obtained a high-confidence sample of cluster members. Forty of the 46 B-type variables are likely associated with NGC 663.
• By combining light-curve morphology, spectral information, and frequency analyses, we classified the variables into several groups: seven candidate $\alpha$ Cygni stars, three $\beta$ Cephei variables, ten slowly pulsating B candidates, one possible BCEP/SPB hybrid, twenty Be stars, and five additional objects showing eclipsing, rotational, ellipsoidal, or general variability.

These results establish NGC 663 as a rich laboratory for studying massive B-type variability across a broad evolutionary range—from main-sequence p- and g-mode pulsators to evolved supergiants exhibiting irregular variability. The unusually large Be-star population further highlights the cluster’s importance for probing the interplay between rapid rotation, pulsation, and binarity in massive stars. Future high-resolution spectroscopic observations and multi-wavelength follow-up will be essential for refining the physical interpretation of these systems. As a young cluster containing diverse classes of massive variables, NGC 663 offers a valuable foundation for advancing our understanding of massive star evolution.