Interactions between Natural Products—A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Natural Products
Medicinal Plants and Phytochemicals
3. Plants Extracts vs. Isolated Components and Their Synergistic Effect
3.1. Whole Extract vs. Individual Compounds
3.2. Whole Extract vs. Fractions
3.3. When 1 + 1 Is Not Equal to 2?
3.4. Synergy of Compounds
4. Biological Properties: In Vitro and In Vivo Assays
4.1. In Vitro Assays
4.2. In Vivo Studies
4.3. Beyond Herbal Combinations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Tissier, A.; Ziegler, J.; Vogt, T. Specialized plant metabolites: Diversity and biosynthesis. In Ecological Biochemistry; Krauss, G.-J., Nies, D.H., Eds.; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, Germany, 2014; pp. 14–37. ISBN 978-3-527-68606-3. [Google Scholar]
- Davies, J. Specialized microbial metabolites: Functions and origins. J. Antibiot. 2013, 66, 361–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Buchanan, B.B.; Gruissem, W.; Jones, R.L. Natural products (secondary metabolites). In Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants; American Society of Plant Physiologists: Rockville, MD, USA, 2009; pp. 1251–1268. ISBN 978-0-943088-39-6. [Google Scholar]
- Barbero, F.; Maffei, M. Biodiversity and chemotaxonomic significance of specialized metabolites. In Plant Specialized Metabolism; Arimura, G., Maffei, M., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA; Taylor & Francis Group: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2016; pp. 35–76. ISBN 978-1-4987-2628-3. [Google Scholar]
- Bach, T.J.; Rohmer, M. (Eds.) Isoprenoidys; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2013; ISBN 978-1-4614-4062-8. [Google Scholar]
- Grotewold, E. The Science of Flavonoids; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2006; ISBN 0-387-28821-X. [Google Scholar]
- Rajčević, N.; Janaćković, P.; Dodoš, T.; Tešević, V.; Marin, P.D. Essential-oil variability of Juniperus deltoides RP Adams along the east Adriatic coast–How many chemotypes are there? Chem. Biodivers. 2015, 12, 82–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kampranis, S.C.; Ioannidis, D.; Purvis, A.; Mahrez, W.; Ninga, E.; Katerelos, N.A.; Anssour, S.; Dunwell, J.M.; Degenhardt, J.; Makris, A.M.; et al. rational conversion of substrate and product specificity in a Salvia monoterpene synthase: Structural insights into the evolution of terpene synthase function. Plant Cell Online 2007, 19, 1994–2005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gupta, P.D.; Birdi, T.J. Development of botanicals to combat antibiotic resistance. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. 2017, 8, 266–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, W.; Chen, X.; Li, Y.; Guo, S.; Wang, Z.; Yu, X. Advances in pharmacological activities of terpenoids. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2020, 15, 1934578X20903555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bergman, M.E.; Davis, B.; Phillips, M.A. Medically Useful plant terpenoids: Biosynthesis, occurrence, and mechanism of action. Molecules 2019, 24, 3961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dodoš, T.; Janković, S.; Marin, P.D.; Rajčević, N. Essential oil composition and micromorphological traits of Satureja montana L., S. subspicata Bartel ex Vis., and S. kitaibelii Wierzb. ex Heuff. plant organs. Plants 2021, 10, 511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rajčević, N.; Dodoš, T.; Novaković, J.; Boršić, I.; Janaćković, P.; Marin, P.D. Differentiation of north-western Balkan Juniperus communis L. (Cupressaceae) Populations–ecological and chemophenetic implications. J. Essent. Oil Res. 2020, 32, 562–570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rajčević, N.; Nikolić, B.; Marin, P.D. Different responses to environmental factors in terpene composition of Pinus heldreichii and P. peuce: Ecological and chemotaxonomic considerations. Arch. Biol. Sci. 2019, 71, 629–637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Novaković, J.; Rajčević, N.; Garcia-Jacas, N.; Susanna, A.; Marin, P.D.; Janaćković, P. Capitula essential oil composition of seven Centaurea species (sect. Acrocentron, Asteraceae)–Taxonomic implication and ecological significance. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2019, 83, 83–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dodoš, T.; Rajčević, N.; Janaćković, P.; Vujisić, L.; Marin, P.D. Essential oil profile in relation to geographic origin and plant organ of Satureja kitaibelii Wierzb. ex Heuff. Ind. Crops Prod. 2019, 139, 111549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ludwiczuk, A.; Skalicka-Woźniak, K.; Georgiev, M.I. Terpenoids. In Pharmacognosy; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; pp. 233–266. ISBN 978-0-12-802104-0. [Google Scholar]
- Boncan, D.A.T.; Tsang, S.S.K.; Li, C.; Lee, I.H.T.; Lam, H.-M.; Chan, T.-F.; Hui, J.H.L. Terpenes and terpenoids in plants: Interactions with environment and insects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nikolic, B.; Ljujic, J.; Bojovic, S.; Mitic, Z.; Rajcevic, N.; Tesevic, V.; Marin, P. Headspace volatiles isolated from twigs of Picea omorika from Serbia. Arch. Biol. Sci. 2020, 72, 445–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eggersdorfer, M. Terpenes. In Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Ed.; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, Germany, 2000; pp. 26–205. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2. [Google Scholar]
- Potente, G.; Bonvicini, F.; Gentilomi, G.A.; Antognoni, F. Anti-candida activity of essential oils from Lamiaceae plants from the Mediterranean area and the Middle East. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dey, P.; Kundu, A.; Kumar, A.; Gupta, M.; Lee, B.M.; Bhakta, T.; Dash, S.; Kim, H.S. Analysis of alkaloids (indole alkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids, tropane alkaloids). In Recent Advances in Natural Products Analysis; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2020; pp. 505–567. [Google Scholar]
- Othman, L.; Sleiman, A.; Abdel-Massih, R.M. Antimicrobial activity of polyphenols and alkaloids in Middle Eastern plants. Front. Microbiol. 2019, 10, 911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kurek, J. Alkaloids: Their Importance in Nature and Human Life; BoD–Books on Demand: Norderstedt, Germany, 2019; ISBN 1-78984-576-9. [Google Scholar]
- Hegnauer, R. Biochemistry, distribution and taxonomic relevance of higher plant alkaloids. Phytochemistry 1988, 27, 2423–2427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dai, X.; Liu, Y.; Zhuang, J.; Yao, S.; Liu, L.; Jiang, X.; Zhou, K.; Wang, Y.; Xie, D.; Bennetzen, J.L. Discovery and characterization of tannase genes in plants: Roles in hydrolysis of tannins. New Phytol. 2020, 226, 1104–1116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Naikoo, M.I.; Dar, M.I.; Raghib, F.; Jaleel, H.; Ahmad, B.; Raina, A.; Khan, F.A.; Naushin, F. Role and regulation of plants phenolics in abiotic stress tolerance: An overview. Plant Signal. Mol. 2019, 157–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tungmunnithum, D.; Thongboonyou, A.; Pholboon, A.; Yangsabai, A. Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds from medicinal plants for pharmaceutical and medical aspects: An overview. Medicines 2018, 5, 93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aires, A. Tannins: Structural Properties, Biological Properties and Current Knowledge; BoD–Books on Demand: Norderstedt, Germany, 2020; ISBN 97-8-17898479-63. [Google Scholar]
- Stringlis, I.A.; De Jonge, R.; Pieterse, C.M. The age of coumarins in plant–microbe interactions. Plant Cell Physiol. 2019, 60, 1405–1419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robe, K.; Izquierdo, E.; Vignols, F.; Rouached, H.; Dubos, C. The coumarins: Secondary metabolites playing a primary role in plant nutrition and health. Trends Plant Sci. 2021, 26, 248–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Petrovska, B.B. Historical review of medicinal plants’ usage. Pharmacogn. Rev. 2012, 6, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Caesar, L.K.; Cech, N.B. Synergy and antagonism in natural product extracts: When 1 + 1 does not equal 2. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2019, 36, 869–888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yuan, H.; Ma, Q.; Cui, H.; Liu, G.; Zhao, X.; Li, W.; Piao, G. How can synergism of traditional medicines benefit from network pharmacology? Molecules 2017, 22, 1135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bodeker, G.; Ong, C.-K. WHO Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switerzland, 2005; Volume 1, ISBN 92-4-156286-2. [Google Scholar]
- Powers, C.N.; Satyal, P.; Mayo, J.A.; McFeeters, H.; McFeeters, R.L. Bigger data approach to analysis of essential oils and their antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Molecules 2019, 24, 2868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ngo, L.T.; Okogun, J.I.; Folk, W.R. 21st century natural product research and drug development and traditional medicines. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2013, 30, 584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rajčević, N.; Janaćković, P.; Bojović, S.; Tešević, V.; Marin, P.D. Variability of the Needle Essential oils of Juniperus deltoides RP Adams from different populations in Serbia and Croatia. Chem. Biodivers. 2013, 10, 144–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janaćković, P.; Rajčević, N.; Gavrilović, M.; Novaković, J.; Giweli, A.; Stešević, D.; Marin, P.D. Essential oil composition of five Artemisia (Compositae) species in regards to chemophenetics. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2019, 87, 103960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xanthis, V.; Fitsiou, E.; Voulgaridou, G.-P.; Bogadakis, A.; Chlichlia, K.; Galanis, A.; Pappa, A. Antioxidant and cytoprotective potential of the essential oil Pistacia lentiscus var. chia and its major components myrcene and α-pinene. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rajčević, N.F.; Labus, M.G.; Dodoš, T.Z.; Novaković, J.J.; Marin, P.D. Juniperus phoenicea var. turbinata (Guss.) Parl. leaf essential oil variability in the Balkans. Chem. Biodivers. 2018, 15, e1800208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rajčević, N.; Dodoš, T.; Novaković, J.; Kuzmanović, N.; Janaćković, P.; Marin, P. Are environmental factors responsible for essential oil chemotype distribution of Balkan Juniperus communis var. saxatilis populations? Plant Biosyst. 2022, 1–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Novaković, J.; Rajčević, N.; Milanovici, S.; Marin, P.D.; Janaćković, P. Essential oil composition of Centaurea atropurpurea and Centaurea orientalis inflorescences from the Central Balkans–Ecological significance and taxonomic implications. Chem. Biodivers. 2016, 13, 1221–1229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Raut, J.S.; Karuppayil, S.M. A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils. Ind. Crops Prod. 2014, 62, 250–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhalla, Y.; Gupta, V.K.; Jaitak, V. Anticancer activity of essential oils: A review: Anticancer activity of essential oils. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2013, 93, 3643–3653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Swamy, M.K.; Akhtar, M.S.; Sinniah, U.R. Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils against human pathogens and their mode of action: An updated review. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2016, 2016, 3012462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Le, T.; Beaufay, C.; Nghiem, D.; Pham, T.; Mingeot-Leclercq, M.-P.; Quetin-Leclercq, J. Evaluation of the anti-trypanosomal activity of vietnamese essential oils, with emphasis on Curcuma longa L. and its components. Molecules 2019, 24, 1158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rajcevic, N.; Dodos, T.; Novakovic, J.; Janackovic, P.; Marin, P. Essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of two Juniperus communis L. varieties growing wild in Serbia. Zb. Matice Srp. Prir. Nauk. 2016, 197–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kachkoul, R.; Benjelloun Touimi, G.; Bennani, B.; El Habbani, R.; El Mouhri, G.; Mohim, M.; Sqalli Houssaini, T.; Chebaibi, M.; Koulou, A.; Lahrichi, A. The synergistic effect of three essential oils against bacteria responsible for the development of Lithiasis infection: An optimization by the mixture design. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2021, 2021, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Martile, M.; Garzoli, S.; Sabatino, M.; Valentini, E.; D’Aguanno, S.; Ragno, R.; Del Bufalo, D. Antitumor effect of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil and its main component terpinen-4-ol in combination with target therapy in melanoma models. Cell Death Discov. 2021, 7, 127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chiriac, A.P.; Rusu, A.G.; Nita, L.E.; Chiriac, V.M.; Neamtu, I.; Sandu, A. Polymeric carriers designed for encapsulation of essential oils with biological activity. Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Sayed, E.; Gad, H.A.; El-Kersh, D.M. Characterization of Four Piper Essential oils (GC/MS and ATR-IR) coupled to chemometrics and their anti- Helicobacter pylori activity. ACS Omega 2021, 6, 25652–25663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schepetkin, I.; Özek, G.; Özek, T.; Kirpotina, L.; Khlebnikov, A.; Quinn, M. Chemical composition and immunomodulatory activity of Hypericum perforatum essential oils. Biomolecules 2020, 10, 916. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Loose, M.; Pilger, E.; Wagenlehner, F. Anti-bacterial effects of essential oils against uropathogenic bacteria. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Spyridopoulou, K.; Fitsiou, E.; Bouloukosta, E.; Tiptiri-Kourpeti, A.; Vamvakias, M.; Oreopoulou, A.; Papavassilopoulou, E.; Pappa, A.; Chlichlia, K. Extraction, Chemical composition, and anticancer potential of Origanum onites L. essential oil. Molecules 2019, 24, 2612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rostro-Alanis, M.d.J.; Báez-González, J.; Torres-Alvarez, C.; Parra-Saldívar, R.; Rodriguez-Rodriguez, J.; Castillo, S. Chemical composition and biological activities of oregano essential oil and its fractions obtained by vacuum distillation. Molecules 2019, 24, 1904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mouwakeh, A.; Telbisz, Á.; Spengler, G.; Mohácsi-Farkas, C.; Kiskó, G. Antibacterial and resistance modifying activities of Nigella sativa essential oil and its active compounds against Listeria monocytogenes. In Vivo 2018, 32, 737–743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alexa, E.; Sumalan, R.; Danciu, C.; Obistioiu, D.; Negrea, M.; Poiana, M.-A.; Rus, C.; Radulov, I.; Pop, G.; Dehelean, C. Synergistic antifungal, allelopatic and anti-proliferative potential of Salvia officinalis L., and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils. Molecules 2018, 23, 185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Leyva-López, N.; Gutiérrez-Grijalva, E.; Vazquez-Olivo, G.; Heredia, J. Essential oils of oregano: Biological Activity beyond their antimicrobial properties. Molecules 2017, 22, 989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Buriani, A.; Fortinguerra, S.; Sorrenti, V.; Dall’Acqua, S.; Innocenti, G.; Montopoli, M.; Gabbia, D.; Carrara, M. Human adenocarcinoma cell line sensitivity to essential oil phytocomplexes from Pistacia species: A multivariate approach. Molecules 2017, 22, 1336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hussain, A.I.; Anwar, F.; Nigam, P.S.; Ashraf, M.; Gilani, A.H. Seasonal variation in content, chemical composition and antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from four Mentha species: Biological activities of Mentha essnetial oils. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2010, 90, 1827–1836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Álvarez-Martínez, F.J.; Barrajón-Catalán, E.; Micol, V. Tackling antibiotic resistance with compounds of natural origin: A comprehensive review. Biomedicines 2020, 8, 405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Utchariyakiat, I.; Surassmo, S.; Jaturanpinyo, M.; Khuntayaporn, P.; Chomnawang, M.T. Efficacy of cinnamon bark oil and cinnamaldehyde on anti-multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the synergistic effects in combination with other antimicrobial agents. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2016, 16, 158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ivanov, M.; Božunović, J.; Gašić, U.; Drakulić, D.; Stevanović, M.; Rajčević, N.; Stojković, D. Bioactivities of Salvia nemorosa L. inflorescences are influenced by the extraction solvents. Ind. Crops Prod. 2022, 175, 114260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Veličković, I.; Žižak, Ž.; Rajčević, N.; Ivanov, M.; Soković, M.; Marin, P.D.; Grujić, S. Prunus spinosa L. leaf extracts: Polyphenol profile and bioactivities. Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj-Napoca 2021, 49, 12137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stojković, D.; Drakulić, D.; Schwirtlich, M.; Rajčević, N.; Stevanović, M.; Soković, M.D.; Gašić, U. Extract of herba Anthrisci cerefolii: Chemical profiling and insights into its anti-glioblastoma and antimicrobial mechanism of actions. Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Velickovic, I.; Zizak, Z.; Rajcevic, N.; Ivanov, M.; Sokovic, M.; Marin, P.; Grujic, S. Examination of the polyphenol content and bioactivities of Prunus spinosa L. fruit extracts. Arch. Biol. Sci. 2020, 72, 105–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stojković, D.; Gašić, U.; Drakulić, D.; Zengin, G.; Stevanović, M.; Rajčević, N.; Soković, M. Chemical profiling, antimicrobial, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic properties of Phlomis fruticosa L. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2020, 113884. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stojković, D.; Drakulić, D.; Gašić, U.; Zengin, G.; Rajčević, N.; Soković, M. Ononis spinosa L. an edible and medicinal plant: UHPLC-LTQ Orbitrap/MS chemical profiling and biological activities of the herbal extract. Food Funct. 2020, 11, 7138–7151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dodoš, T.; Rajčević, N.; Tešević, V.; Marin, P.D. Chemodiversity of epicuticular n -alkanes and morphological traits of natural populations of Satureja subspicata Bart. ex Vis. along Dinaric Alps–Ecological and taxonomic aspects. Chem. Biodivers. 2017, 14, e1600201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dodoš, T.; Rajčević, N.; Tešević, V.; Matevski, V.; Janaćković, P.; Marin, P.D. Composition of leaf n-alkanes in three Satureja montana L. subspecies from the Balkan Peninsula: Ecological and taxonomic aspects. Chem. Biodivers. 2015, 12, 157–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rajčević, N.; Janaćković, P.; Dodoš, T.; Tešević, V.; Bojović, S.; Marin, P.D. Leaf n-alkanes as characters differentiating coastal and continental Juniperus deltoides populations from the Balkan Peninsula. Chem. Biodivers. 2014, 11, 1042–1052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rajčević, N.; Janaćković, P.; Dodoš, T.; Tešević, V.; Marin, P.D. Biogeographic variation of foliar n-alkanes of Juniperus communis var. sxatilis Pallas from the Balkans. Chem. Biodivers. 2014, 11, 1923–1938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rajčević, N.; Dodoš, T.; Novaković, J.; Janaćković, P.; Marin, P.D. Epicuticular Wax Variability of Juniperus deltoides R.P. Adams from the Central Balkan–Ecology and chemophenetics. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2020, 89, 104008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dodoš, T.; Rajčević, N.; Janaćković, P.; Novaković, J.; Marin, P.D. Intra- and interpopulation variability of Balkan endemic–Satureja kitaibelii based on n-alkane profile. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2019, 85, 68–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ćilerdžić, J.; Alimpić Aradski, A.; Stajić, M.; Vukojević, J.; Duletić-Laušević, S. Do Ganoderma lucidum and Salvia officinalis Extracts exhibit synergistic antioxidant and antineurodegenerative effects? J. Food Meas. Charact. 2019, 13, 3357–3365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cai, C.; Chen, Y.; Zhong, S.; Zhang, Y.; Jiang, J.; Xu, H.; Shi, G. Synergistic effect of compounds from a chinese herb: Compatibility and dose optimization of compounds from n-butanol extract of Ipomoea stolonifera. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 27014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Keskes, H.; Belhadj, S.; Jlail, L.; El Feki, A.; Damak, M.; Sayadi, S.; Allouche, N. LC-MS–MS and GC-MS analyses of biologically active extracts and fractions from Tunisian Juniperus phoenice leaves. Pharm. Biol. 2017, 55, 88–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bauer, R.; Woelkart, K.; Salo-Ahen, O.M. CB Receptor Ligands from Plants. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2008, 8, 173–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tomko, A.M.; Whynot, E.G.; Ellis, L.D.; Dupré, D.J. Anti-cancer potential of cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids present in Cannabis. Cancers 2020, 12, 1985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez-Sánchez, A.; Barrajón-Catalán, E.; Ruiz-Torres, V.; Agulló-Chazarra, L.; Herranz-López, M.; Valdés, A.; Cifuentes, A.; Micol, V. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract causes ROS-induced necrotic cell death and inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakagawa, S.; Hillebrand, G.G.; Nunez, G. Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary) extracts containing carnosic acid and carnosol are potent quorum sensing inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus virulence. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Maurya, R.; Ravi, M.; Singh, S.; Yadav, P.P. A review on cassane and norcassane diterpenes and their pharmacological studies. Fitoterapia 2012, 83, 272–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Orchard, A.; van Vuuren, S. Commercial essential oils as potential antimicrobials to treat skin diseases. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2017, 2017, 1–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Liu, J.; Liu, J.; Shen, F.; Qin, Z.; Jiang, M.; Zhu, J.; Wang, Z.; Zhou, J.; Fu, Y.; Chen, X.; et al. Systems pharmacology analysis of synergy of TCM: An example using saffron formula. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wagner, H.; Ulrich-Merzenich, G. Synergy Research: Approaching a new generation of phytopharmaceuticals. Phytomedicine 2009, 16, 97–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hyldgaard, M.; Mygind, T.; Meyer, R.L. Essential oils in food preservation: Mode of action, synergies, and interactions with food matrix components. Front. Microbiol. 2012, 3, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hossan, M.S.; Jindal, H.; Maisha, S.; Samudi Raju, C.; Devi Sekaran, S.; Nissapatorn, V.; Kaharudin, F.; Su Yi, L.; Khoo, T.J.; Rahmatullah, M.; et al. Antibacterial Effects of 18 medicinal plants used by the Khyang Tribe in Bangladesh. Pharm. Biol. 2018, 56, 201–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gavaric, N.; Mozina, S.S.; Kladar, N.; Bozin, B. Chemical profile, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Thyme and Oregano essential oils, thymol and carvacrol and their possible synergism. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants 2015, 18, 1013–1021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ismail, M.M.; Samir, R.; Saber, F.R.; Ahmed, S.R.; Farag, M.A. Pimenta oil as a potential treatment for Acinetobacter baumannii wound infection: In vitro and in vivo bioassays in relation to its chemical composition. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vaičiulytė, V.; Ložienė, K.; Švedienė, J.; Raudonienė, V.; Paškevičius, A. α-Terpinyl acetate: Occurrence in essential oils bearing Thymus pulegioides, phytotoxicity, and antimicrobial effects. Molecules 2021, 26, 1065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kerekes, E.B.; Vidács, A.; Takó, M.; Petkovits, T.; Vágvölgyi, C.; Horváth, G.; Balázs, V.L.; Krisch, J. Anti-biofilm effect of selected essential oils and main components on mono-and polymicrobic bacterial cultures. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sainz; Andrés; Martínez-Díaz; Bailén; Navarro-Rocha; Díaz; González-Coloma Chemical composition and biological activities of Artemisia pedemontana subsp. assoana essential oils and hydrolate. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 558. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kim, M.H.; Chung, W.T.; Kim, Y.K.; Lee, J.H.; Lee, H.Y.; Hwang, B.; Park, Y.S.; Hwang, S.J.; Kim, J.H. The effect of the oil of Agastache rugosa O. Kuntze and three of its components on human cancer cell lines. J. Essent. Oil Res. 2001, 13, 214–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sihoglu Tepe, A.; Ozaslan, M. Anti-Alzheimer, Anti-diabetic, skin-whitening, and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Ind. Crops Prod. 2020, 145, 112069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Basak, S.S.; Candan, F. Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. essential oil. J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 2010, 7, 216–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sahin Basak, S.; Candan, F. Effect of Laurus nobilis L. essential oil and its main components on α-glucosidase and reactive oxygen species scavenging activity. Iran. J. Pharm. Res. IJPR 2013, 12, 367–379. [Google Scholar]
- Martin, S.; Padilla, E.; Ocete, M.A.; Galvez, J.; Jiménez, J.; Zarzuelo, A. Anti-Inflammatory activity of the essential oil of Bupleurum fruticescens. Planta Med. 2007, 59, 533–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuropakornpong, P.; Itharat, A.; Panthong, S.; Sireeratawong, S.; Ooraikul, B. In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of Benjakul: A potential medicinal product from Thai traditional medicine. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2020, 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mota, M.L.; Lobo, L.T.C.; Galberto da Costa, J.M.; Costa, L.S.; Rocha, H.A.O.; Rocha e Silva, L.F.; Pohlit, A.M.; de Andrade Neto, V.F. In vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of essential oils and chemical components from three medicinal plants found in northeastern Brazil. Planta Med. 2012, 78, 658–664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caesar, L.K.; Kellogg, J.J.; Kvalheim, O.M.; Cech, R.A.; Cech, N.B. Integration of biochemometrics and molecular networking to identify antimicrobials in Angelica keiskei. Planta Med. 2018, 84, 721–728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dawidowicz, A.L.; Olszowy, M. Does antioxidant properties of the main component of essential oil reflect its antioxidant properties? The comparison of antioxidant properties of essential oils and their main components. Nat. Prod. Res. 2014, 28, 1952–1963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, C.; Chen, H.; Chen, H.; Zhong, B.; Luo, X.; Chun, J. Antioxidant and anticancer activities of essential oil from Gannan Navel orange peel. Molecules 2017, 22, 1391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mulyaningsih, S.; Sporer, F.; Zimmermann, S.; Reichling, J.; Wink, M. Synergistic properties of the terpenoids aromadendrene and 1,8-cineole from the essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus against antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Phytomedicine 2010, 17, 1061–1066. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Y.; Chen, R.; Wang, Y.; Qing, C.; Wang, W.; Yang, Y. In vitro and in vivo efficacy studies of Lavender angustifolia essential oil and its active constituents on the proliferation of human prostate cancer. Integr. Cancer Ther. 2017, 16, 215–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ivković, I.; Bukvički, D.; Novaković, M.; Ivanović, S.; Stanojević, O.; Nikolić, I.; Veljić, M. Antibacterial properties of thalloid liverworts Marchantia polymorpha L., Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dum. and Pellia endiviifolia (Dicks.) Dumort. J. Serbian Chem. Soc. 2021, 12, 1249–1258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakatsu, T.; Lupo, A.T.; Chinn, J.W.; Kang, R.K.L. Biological activity of essential oils and their constituents. In Studies in Natural Products Chemistry; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2000; Volume 21, pp. 571–631. ISBN 978-0-444-50469-2. [Google Scholar]
- Koutsoudaki, C.; Krsek, M.; Rodger, A. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil and the gum of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 7681–7685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pinto, E.; Gonçalves, M.-J.; Cavaleiro, C.; Salgueiro, L. Antifungal activity of Thapsia villosa essential oil against Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia, Aspergillus and Dermatophyte species. Molecules 2017, 22, 1595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Uto, T.; Morinaga, O.; Tanaka, H.; Shoyama, Y. Analysis of the synergistic effect of glycyrrhizin and other constituents in licorice extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production using knock-out extract. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2012, 417, 473–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rasoanaivo, P.; Wright, C.W.; Willcox, M.L.; Gilbert, B. Whole plant extracts versus single compounds for the treatment of malaria: Synergy and positive interactions. Malar. J. 2011, 10, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vardar-Ünlü, G.; Candan, F.; Sökmen, A.; Daferera, D.; Polissiou, M.; Sökmen, M.; Dönmez, E.; Tepe, B. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Thymus pectinatus Fisch. et Mey. var. pectinatus (Lamiaceae). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 63–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hammer, K.A.; Carson, C.F.; Riley, T.V. Antifungal Activity of the Components of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea tree) oil. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2003, 95, 853–860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- García-García, R.; López-Malo, A.; Palou, E. Bactericidal action of binary and ternary mixtures of carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol against Listeria innocua. J. Food Sci. 2011, 76, M95–M100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bassolé, I.H.N.; Juliani, H.R. Essential oils in combination and their antimicrobial properties. Molecules 2012, 17, 3989–4006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Suberu, J.O.; Gorka, A.P.; Jacobs, L.; Roepe, P.D.; Sullivan, N.; Barker, G.C.; Lapkin, A.A. Anti-plasmodial polyvalent interactions in Artemisia annua L. aqueous extract–Possible synergistic and resistance mechanisms. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e80790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Betts, J.W.; Sharili, A.S.; Phee, L.M.; Wareham, D.W. In vitro activity of epigallocatechin gallate and quercetin alone and in combination versus clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Nat. Prod. 2015, 78, 2145–2148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tomás-Menor, L.; Barrajón-Catalán, E.; Segura-Carretero, A.; Martí, N.; Saura, D.; Menéndez, J.A.; Joven, J.; Micol, V. The promiscuous and synergic molecular interaction of polyphenols in bactericidal activity: An opportunity to improve the performance of antibiotics? Phytother. Res. 2015, 29, 466–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, H.-Y.; Ye, X.-L.; Cui, X.-L.; He, K.; Jin, Y.-N.; Chen, Z.; Li, X.-G. Cytotoxicity and antihyperglycemic effect of minor constituents from rhizoma Coptis in HepG2 Cells. Fitoterapia 2012, 83, 67–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Güran, M.; Şanlıtürk, G.; Kerküklü, N.R.; Altundağ, E.M.; Süha Yalçın, A. combined effects of quercetin and curcumin on anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial parameters in vitro. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2019, 859, 172486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prabhakar, P.K.; Doble, M. Synergistic effect of phytochemicals in combination with hypoglycemic drugs on glucose uptake in myotubes. Phytomedicine 2009, 16, 1119–1126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bassolé, I.H.N.; Lamien-Meda, A.; Bayala, B.; Tirogo, S.; Franz, C.; Novak, J.; Nebié, R.C.; Dicko, M.H. Composition and antimicrobial activities of Lippia multiflora Moldenke, Mentha x piperita L. and Ocimum basilicum L. essential oils and their major monoterpene alcohols alone and in combination. Molecules 2010, 15, 7825–7839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Vuuren, S.; Viljoen, A.M. Antimicrobial activity of limonene enantiomers and 1, 8-cineole alone and in combination. Flavour Fragr. J. 2007, 22, 540–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Britton, E.R.; Kellogg, J.J.; Kvalheim, O.M.; Cech, N.B. Biochemometrics to identify synergists and additives from botanical medicines: A case study with Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal). J. Nat. Prod. 2018, 81, 484–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cho, T.J.; Park, S.M.; Yu, H.; Seo, G.H.; Kim, H.W.; Kim, S.A.; Rhee, M.S. Recent advances in the application of antibacterial complexes using essential oils. Molecules 2020, 25, 1752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bag, A.; Chattopadhyay, R.R. Synergistic antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of nisin in combination with p-coumaric acid against food-borne bacteria Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhimurium. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2017, 65, 366–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Savelev, S.; Okello, E.; Perry, N.S.L.; Wilkins, R.M.; Perry, E.K. Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of anticholinesterase terpenoids in Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2003, 75, 661–668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hidalgo, M.; Sánchez-Moreno, C.; de Pascual-Teresa, S. Flavonoid–flavonoid interaction and its effect on their antioxidant activity. Food Chem. 2010, 121, 691–696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peyrat-Maillard, M.; Cuvelier, M.-E.; Berset, C. Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in 2, 2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidation: Synergistic and antagonistic effects. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2003, 80, 1007–1012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Becker, E.M.; Ntouma, G.; Skibsted, L.H. Synergism and antagonism between quercetin and other chain-breaking antioxidants in lipid systems of increasing structural organisation. Food Chem. 2007, 103, 1288–1296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reber, J.D.; Eggett, D.L.; Parker, T.L. Antioxidant capacity interactions and a chemical/structural model of phenolic compounds found in strawberries. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2011, 62, 445–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Freeman, B.L.; Eggett, D.L.; Parker, T.L. Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of phenolic compounds found in navel oranges. J. Food Sci. 2010, 75, C570–C576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scott, K.A.; Dalgleish, A.G.; Liu, W.M. Anticancer effects of phytocannabinoids used with chemotherapy in leukaemia cells can be improved by altering the sequence of their administration. Int. J. Oncol. 2017, 51, 369–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schoeman, R.; Beukes, N.; Frost, C. Cannabinoid combination induces cytoplasmic vacuolation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Molecules 2020, 25, 4682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marcu, J.P.; Christian, R.T.; Lau, D.; Zielinski, A.J.; Horowitz, M.P.; Lee, J.; Pakdel, A.; Allison, J.; Limbad, C.; Moore, D.H.; et al. Cannabidiol enhances the inhibitory effects of δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol on human glioblastoma cell proliferation and survival. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2010, 9, 180–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mutlu Altundağ, E.; Yılmaz, A.M.; Serdar, B.S.; Jannuzzi, A.T.; Koçtürk, S.; Yalçın, A.S. Synergistic induction of apoptosis by quercetin and curcumin in chronic myeloid leukemia (K562) cells: II. Signal transduction pathways involved. Nutr. Cancer 2021, 73, 703–712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kundur, S.; Prayag, A.; Selvakumar, P.; Nguyen, H.; McKee, L.; Cruz, C.; Srinivasan, A.; Shoyele, S.; Lakshmikuttyamma, A. synergistic anticancer action of quercetin and curcumin against triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. J. Cell. Physiol. 2019, 234, 11103–11118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arzuman, L.; Beale, P.; Chan, C.; Yu, J.Q.; Huq, F. Synergism from combinations of Tris (benzimidazole) monochloroplatinum (ii) chloride with capsaicin, quercetin, curcumin and cisplatin in human ovarian cancer cell lines. Anticancer Res. 2014, 34, 5453–5464. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, X.-Z.; Wang, L.; Liu, D.-W.; Tang, G.-Y.; Zhang, H.-Y. Synergistic Inhibitory effect of berberine and d -limonene on human gastric carcinoma cell line MGC803. J. Med. Food 2014, 17, 955–962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Legault, J.; Pichette, A. Potentiating effect of β-caryophyllene on anticancer activity of α-humulene, isocaryophyllene and paclitaxel. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2010, 59, 1643–1647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borrás-Linares, I.; Pérez-Sánchez, A.; Lozano-Sánchez, J.; Barrajón-Catalán, E.; Arráez-Román, D.; Cifuentes, A.; Micol, V.; Carretero, A.S. A bioguided identification of the active compounds that contribute to the antiproliferative/cytotoxic effects of Rosemary extract on colon cancer cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2015, 80, 215–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Junio, H.A.; Sy-Cordero, A.A.; Ettefagh, K.A.; Burns, J.T.; Micko, K.T.; Graf, T.N.; Richter, S.J.; Cannon, R.E.; Oberlies, N.H.; Cech, N.B. Synergy-directed fractionation of botanical medicines: A case study with Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis). J. Nat. Prod. 2011, 74, 1621–1629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Azas, N.; Laurencin, N.; Delmas, F.; Di Giorgio, C.; Gasquet, M.; Laget, M.; Timon-David, P. Synergistic in vitro antimalarial activity of plant extracts used as traditional herbal remedies in Mali. Parasitol. Res. 2002, 88, 165–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, E.; Rhee, H.I.; Jung, H.; Ju, S.M.; Lee, Y.; Lee, S.; Hong, S.; Yang, H.; Yoo, M.; Kim, K.S. Antiinflammatory effects of a combined herbal preparation (RAH13) of Phellodendron amurense and Coptis chinensis in animal models of inflammation. Phytother. Res. 2007, 21, 746–750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Su, S.; Hua, Y.; Wang, Y.; Gu, W.; Zhou, W.; Duan, J.; Jiang, H.; Chen, T.; Tang, Y. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of individual and combined extracts from Commiphora myrrha, and Boswellia carterii. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012, 139, 649–656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- György, É.; Laslo, É.; Kuzman, I.H.; Dezső András, C. The Effect of essential oils and their combinations on bacteria from the surface of fresh vegetables. Food Sci. Nutr. 2020, 8, 5601–5611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gadisa, E.; Weldearegay, G.; Desta, K.; Tsegaye, G.; Hailu, S.; Jote, K.; Takele, A. Combined antibacterial effect of essential oils from three most commonly used Ethiopian traditional medicinal plants on multidrug resistant bacteria. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2019, 19, 24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- García-Díez, J.; Alheiro, J.; Pinto, A.L.; Falco, V.; Fraqueza, M.J.; Patarata, L. Synergistic Activity of essential oils from herbs and spices used on meat products against food borne pathogens. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2017, 12, 1934578X1701200236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harmati, M.; Gyukity-Sebestyen, E.; Dobra, G.; Terhes, G.; Urban, E.; Decsi, G.; Mimica-Dukić, N.; Lesjak, M.; Simin, N.; Pap, B. Binary mixture of Satureja hortensis and Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum essential oils: In vivo therapeutic efficiency against Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2017, 22, e12350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Delaquis, P. Antimicrobial Activity of individual and mixed fractions of Dill, Cilantro, Coriander and Eucalyptus essential oils. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2002, 74, 101–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Solomakos, N.; Govaris, A.; Koidis, P.; Botsoglou, N. The antimicrobial effect of Thyme essential oil, nisin, and their combination against Listeria monocytogenes in minced beef during refrigerated storage. Food Microbiol. 2008, 25, 120–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turgis, M.; Vu, K.D.; Dupont, C.; Lacroix, M. Combined antimicrobial effect of essential oils and bacteriocins against foodborne pathogens and food spoilage bacteria. Food Res. Int. 2012, 48, 696–702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nissa, A.; Utami, R.; Sari, A.M.; Nursiwi, A. Combination Effect of nisin and red ginger essential oil (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) against foodborne pathogens and food spoilage microorganisms. AIP Conf. Proc. 2018, 2014, 020023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ncube, B.; Finnie, J.; Van Staden, J. In vitro antimicrobial synergism within plant extract combinations from three South African medicinal bulbs. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012, 139, 81–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mpofu, S.; Tantoh Ndinteh, D.; van Vuuren, S.F.; Olivier, D.K.; Krause, R.W.M. Interactive efficacies of Elephantorrhiza elephantina and Pentanisia prunelloides extracts and isolated compounds against gastrointestinal bacteria. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2014, 94, 224–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Parrish, N.; Fisher, S.L.; Gartling, A.; Craig, D.; Boire, N.; Khuvis, J.; Riedel, S.; Zhang, S. Activity of various essential oils against clinical dermatophytes of Microsporum and Trichophyton. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2020, 10, 545913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Prasad, C.S.; Shukla, R.; Kumar, A.; Dubey, N. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of essential oils of Cymbopogon martini and Chenopodium ambrosioides and their synergism against dermatophytes. Mycoses 2010, 53, 123–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aguilar-González, A.E.; Palou, E.; López-Malo, A. Antifungal activity of essential oils of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and/or Mustard (Brassica nigra) in vapor phase against Gray Mold (Botrytis cinerea) in strawberries. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2015, 32, 181–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, M.; Xu, Y.; Yang, W.; Li, J.; Xu, X.; Zhang, X.; Chen, F.; Li, D. In vitro synergistic anti-oxidant activities of solvent-extracted fractions from Astragalus membranaceus and Glycyrrhiza uralensis. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2011, 44, 1745–1751. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jain, D.P.; Pancholi, S.S.; Patel, R. Synergistic antioxidant activity of green tea with some herbs. J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res. 2011, 2, 177–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Zhu, F.; Marcone, M.F. Synergistic interaction of Sumac and Raspberry mixtures in their antioxidant capacities and selective cytotoxicity against cancerous cells. J. Med. Food 2015, 18, 345–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crespo, Y.A.; Bravo Sánchez, L.R.; Quintana, Y.G.; Cabrera, A.S.T.; Bermúdez del Sol, A.; Mayancha, D.M.G. evaluation of the synergistic effects of antioxidant activity on mixtures of the essential oil from Apium graveolens L., Thymus vulgaris L. and Coriandrum sativum L. using simplex-lattice design. Heliyon 2019, 5, e01942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bag, A.; Chattopadhyay, R.R. Evaluation of synergistic antibacterial and antioxidant efficacy of essential oils of spices and herbs in combination. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0131321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jafarizadeh-Malmiri, H.; Anarjan, N.; Berenjian, A. Developing three-component ginger-cinnamon-cardamom composite essential oil nanoemulsion as natural food preservatives. Environ. Res. 2022, 204, 112133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Misra, B.B.; Dey, S. Evaluation of in vivo anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant potentials of α-santalol and sandalwood oil. Phytomedicine 2013, 20, 409–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Afolayan, F.I.D.; Adegbolagun, O.M.; Irungu, B.; Kangethe, L.; Orwa, J.; Anumudu, C.I. Antimalarial actions of Lawsonia inermis, Tithonia diversifolia and Chromolaena odorata in combination. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016, 191, 188–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Banerjee, A.; Pathak, S.; Jothimani, G.; Roy, S. Antiproliferative effects of combinational therapy of Lycopodium clavatum and quercetin in colon cancer cells. J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2020, 31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sui, H.; Liu, X.; Jin, B.-H.; Pan, S.-F.; Zhou, L.-H.; Yu, N.A.; Wu, J.; Cai, J.-F.; Fan, Z.-Z.; Zhu, H.-R. Zuo Jin Wan, A traditional Chinese herbal formula, reverses p-GP-mediated MDR in vitro and in vivo. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2013, 2013, 957078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gao, J.-L.; He, T.-C.; Li, Y.-B.; Wang, Y.-T. A Traditional Chinese medicine formulation consisting of rhizoma Corydalis and rhizoma Curcumae exerts synergistic anti-tumor activity. Oncol. Rep. 2009, 22, 1077–1083. [Google Scholar]
- Makaremi, S.; Ganji, A.; Ghazavi, A.; Mosayebi, G. Inhibition of tumor growth in CT-26 colorectal cancer-bearing mice with alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa and Rosmarinus officinalis. Gene Rep. 2021, 22, 101006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Drigla, F.; Balacescu, O.; Visan, S.; Bisboaca, S.E.; Berindan-Neagoe, I.; Marghitas, L.A. Synergistic effects induced by combined treatments of aqueous extract of propolis and venom. Med. Pharm. Rep. 2016, 89, 104–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nguyen, M.-N.T.; Ho-Huynh, T.-D. Selective cytotoxicity of a Vietnamese traditional formula, Nam Dia Long, against MCF-7 cells by synergistic effects. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2016, 16, 220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bayala, B.; Bassole, I.H.N.; Maqdasy, S.; Baron, S.; Simpore, J.; Lobaccaro, J.-M.A. Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon giganteus essential oils have cytotoxic effects on tumor cell cultures. Identification of citral as a new putative anti-proliferative molecule. Curr. Trends Oxysterols Relat. Sterols 2018, 153, 162–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guo, S.; Wang, J.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Bi, K.; Zhang, Z.; Li, Q. Study on the multitarget synergistic effects of Kai-Xin-San against Alzheimer’s disease based on systems biology. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2019, 2019, 1707218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bukvicki, D.; Gottardi, D.; Veljic, M.; Marin, P.D.; Vannini, L.; Guerzoni, M.E. Identification of volatile components of liverwort (Porella cordaeana) extracts using GC/MS-SPME and their antimicrobial activity. Molecules 2012, 17, 6982–6995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bukvicki, D.R.; Tyagi, A.K.; Gottardi, D.G.; Veljic, M.M.; Jankovic, S.M.; Guerzoni, M.E.; Marin, P.D. Assessment of the chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial potential of extracts of the liverwort Scapania aspera. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2013, 8, 1313–1316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bukvički, D.; Stojković, D.; Soković, M.; Vannini, L.; Montanari, C.; Pejin, B.; Savić, A.; Veljić, M.; Grujić, S.; Marin, P.D. Satureja horvatii essential oil: In vitro antimicrobial and antiradical properties and in situ control of Listeria monocytogenes in pork meat. Meat Sci. 2014, 96, 1355–1360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bukvicki, D.; Stojkovic, D.; Sokovic, M.; Nikolic, M.; Vannini, L.; Montanari, C.; Marin, P.D. Potential application of Micromeria dalmatica essential oil as a protective agent in a food system. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 63, 262–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bukvicki, D.; Ciric, A.; Sokovic, M.; Vannini, L.; Nissen, L.; Novakcivic, M.; Vujisic, L.; Asakawa, Y.; Marin, P.D. Micromeria thymifolia essential oil suppresses quorum-sensing signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2016, 11, 1903–1906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bukvicki, D.; Giweli, A.; Stojkovic, D.; Vujisic, L.; Tesevic, V.; Nikolic, M.; Sokovic, M.; Marin, P.D. Cheese supplemented with Thymus algeriensis oil, a potential natural food preservative. J. Dairy Sci. 2018, 101, 3859–3865. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bukvicki, D.; Gottardi, D.; Prasad, S.; Novakovic, M.; Marin, P.D.; Tyagi, A.K. The healing effects of spices in chronic diseases. Curr. Med. Chem. 2020, 27, 4401–4420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tyagi, A.K.; Bukvicki, D.; Gottardi, D.; Veljic, M.; Guerzoni, M.E.; Malik, A.; Marin, P.D. Antimicrobial potential and chemical characterization of Serbian liverwort (Porella arboris-vitae): SEM and TEM observations. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2013, 2013, 382927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yongabi, K.A.; Novakovic, M.; Bukvicki, D.; Reeb, C.; Asakawa, Y. Management of diabetic bacterial foot infections with organic extracts of liverwort Marchantia debilis from Cameroon. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2016, 11, 1333–1336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bukvicki, D.; Gottardi, D.; Tyagi, A.K.; Veljic, M.; Marin, P.D.; Vujisic, L.; Guerzoni, M.E.; Vannini, L. Scapania nemorea liverwort extracts: Investigation on volatile compounds, in vitro antimicrobial activity and control of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in fruit juice. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2014, 55, 452–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patrignani, F.; Siroli, L.; Serrazanetti, D.I.; Gardini, F.; Lanciotti, R. Innovative strategies based on the use of essential oils and their components to improve safety, shelf-life and quality of minimally processed fruits and vegetables. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 46, 311–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siroli, L.; Patrignani, F.; Serrazanetti, D.I.; Tabanelli, G.; Montanari, C.; Tappi, S.; Rocculi, P.; Gardini, F.; Lanciotti, R. Efficacy of natural antimicrobials to prolong the shelf-life of minimally processed apples packaged in modified atmosphere. Food Control 2014, 46, 403–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siroli, L.; Baldi, G.; Soglia, F.; Bukvicki, D.; Patrignani, F.; Petracci, M.; Lanciotti, R. Use of essential oils to increase the safety and the quality of marinated pork loin. Foods 2020, 9, 987. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Picone, G.; Laghi, L.; Gardini, F.; Lanciotti, R.; Siroli, L.; Capozzi, F. Evaluation of the effect of carvacrol on the Escherichia coli 555 metabolome by using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Food Chem. 2013, 141, 4367–4374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siroli, L.; Patrignani, F.; Serrazanetti, D.I.; Vernocchi, P.; Del Chierico, F.; Russo, A.; Torriani, S.; Putignani, L.; Gardini, F.; Lanciotti, R. Effect of Thyme essential oil and Lactococcus lactis CBM21 on the microbiota composition and quality of minimally processed Lamb’s Lettuce. Food Microbiol. 2017, 68, 61–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sado Kamdem, S.L.; Belletti, N.; Tchoumbougnang, F.; Essia-Ngang, J.J.; Montanari, C.; Tabanelli, G.; Lanciotti, R.; Gardini, F. Effect of mild heat treatments on the antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Curcuma longa, Xylopia aethiopica, Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides and Zanthoxylum leprieurii against Salmonella enteritidis. J. Essent. Oil Res. 2015, 27, 52–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kowalczyk, A.; Przychodna, M.; Sopata, S.; Bodalska, A.; Fecka, I. Thymol and thyme essential oil—New insights into selected therapeutic applications. Molecules 2020, 25, 4125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ayaz, M.; Ullah, F.; Sadiq, A.; Ullah, F.; Ovais, M.; Ahmed, J.; Devkota, H.P. Synergistic interactions of phytochemicals with antimicrobial agents: Potential strategy to counteract drug resistance. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2019, 308, 294–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, G.-W.; Lin, Y.-H.; Lin, C.-H.; Jen, H.-C. Antibacterial activity of emulsified Pomelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck) peel oil and water-soluble chitosan on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Molecules 2018, 23, 840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Eyal, S. The Fever tree: From malaria to neurological diseases. Toxins 2018, 10, 491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Petronilho, S.; Maraschin, M.; Coimbra, M.A.; Rocha, S.M. In vitro and in vivo studies of natural products: A challenge for their valuation. The case study of Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.). Ind. Crops Prod. 2012, 40, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, H.-I.; Kim, J.-A.; Choi, E.-J.; Harris, J.B.; Jeong, S.-Y.; Son, S.-J.; Kim, Y.; Shin, O.S. In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial efficacy of natural plant-derived compounds against Vibrio cholerae of O1 El tor inaba serotype. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2015, 79, 475–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gaspar de Toledo, L.; Dos Santos Ramos, M.A.; Bento da Silva, P.; Rodero, C.F.; de Sá Gomes, V.; Noronha da Silva, A.; Pavan, F.R.; da Silva, I.C.; Bombarda Oda, F.; Flumignan, D.L.; et al. Improved in vitro and in vivo anti-Candida albicans activity of Cymbopogon nardus essential oil by its incorporation into a microemulsion system. Int. J. Nanomed. 2020, 15, 10481–10497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tchoumbougnang, F.; Zollo, P.H.A.; Dagne, E.; Mekonnen, Y. In vivo antimalarial activity of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Planta Med. 2005, 71, 20–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dahham, S.S.; Hassan, L.E.A.; Ahamed, M.B.K.; Majid, A.S.A.; Majid, A.M.S.A.; Zulkepli, N.N. In vivo toxicity and antitumor activity of essential oils extract from agarwood (Aquilaria crassna). BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2016, 16, 236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Singh, H.; Prakash, A.; Kalia, A.; Majeed, A.B.A. Synergistic hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic extract of Solanum xanthocarpum and Juniperus communis against Paracetamol and Azithromycin induced liver injury in rats. J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 2016, 6, 370–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Activity | Plant Species | Main Component(s) | Tested Compounds | X * | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-cancer | Agasrache rugosa | Methyl chavicol, Limonene, Anisaldehyde | Methyl chavicol, Limonene, Anisaldehyde | S/I | [94] |
Anti-diabetic | Cinnamomum zeylanicum | (E)-cinnamaldehyde, (E)-cinnamyl acetate | (E)-Cinnamaldehyde, (E)-Cinnamyl acetate | A | [95] |
Eucalyptus camaldulensis | p-Cymene, 1,8-Cineole | p-Cymene, 1,8-Cineole, 1-(S)-α–Pinene | I | [96] | |
S | |||||
Laurus nobilis | 1,8-Cineole, α–Pinene | 1,8-Cineole, α–Pinene, Limonene | S | [97] | |
Anti- inflammatory | Bupleurum fruticescens | β-Caryophyllene, α-Pinene | β-Caryophyllene, α-Pinene | S | [98] |
Piper chaba | 6-shogaol, Piperine, 6-Gingerol | 6-shogaol, Piperine, 6-Gingerol | S | [99] | |
Piper interruptum | |||||
Piper sarmentosum | |||||
Plumbago indica | |||||
Zingiber officinale | |||||
Antimalarial | Croton zehntneri | Estragole | Estragole | S | [100] |
Lippia sidoides | Thymol | Thymol | A | [100] | |
Vanillosmopsis arborea | α-Bisabolol | α-Bisabolol | I/A | [100] | |
Antimicrobial | Agastache rugosa | Methyl Chavicol Limonene | Methyl Chavicol, Limonene, Anisaldehyde | S | [94] |
Angelica keiskei | Berberine, Magnolol | Berberine, Magnolol, Cryptotanshinone, α-Mangostin | A | [101] | |
Caryophyllus aromaticus | Eugenol (76%) | Eugenol | S/A | [102] | |
Cinnamomum cassia | Cinnamaldehyde, Eugenol | S | [88] | ||
Cinnamomum zeylanicum | (E)-cinnamaldehyde, (E)-cinnamyl acetate | (E)-cinnamaldehyde, (E)-cinnamyl acetate | S/I | [92,95] | |
Citrus sinensis | D-Limonene | D-Limonene, α–Pinene, Linalool, α–Terpineol, Citral, 3-Carene, Decanal | S | [103] | |
Croton zehntneri | Estragole | Estragole | I | [100] | |
Curcuma longa (rhizomes) | α–Zingiberene, β–Sesquiphellandrene, ar-Turmerone | α–Zingiberene, β–Sesquiphellandrene, ar-Curcumene, Curlone, ar-Turmerone | S | [47] | |
Eucalyptus globulus | (+)-Aromadendrene, 1,8-Cineole | (+)-Aromadendrene, (-)-Globulol, 1,8-Cineole | S | [104] | |
Lavender angustifolia | Linalool, Linalyl acetate | Linalool, Linalyl acetate | S | [105] | |
Lippia sidoides | Thymol | Thymol | I/A | [100] | |
Marchantia polymorpha | Terpenes, Oils, Sugars | Marchantin A | A | [106] | |
Melaleuca alternifolia | Terpinen-4-ol Eucalyptol | Terpinen-4-ol | I | [50] | |
Mentha arvensis | Eugenol | S | [88] | ||
Mentha arvensis | Menthol | Menthol, Menthone, Carvone | S | [61] | |
Mentha longifolia | Piperitone oxide | Piperitone oxide | S | [61] | |
Mentha piperita | Menthone, Menthyl acetate, Limonene, | Menthol, Menthone, Carvone | S | [61] | |
Mentha spicata | Carvone | Carvone, Menthone | S | [61] | |
Ocimum basilicum | Estragole | Estragole | S | [102] | |
Origanum majorana | Terpinen-4-ol | Terpinen-4-ol | S | [92] | |
Origanum vulgare | Carvacrol | thymol, carvacrol | S | [89] | |
Perilla frutescens | Perillaldehyde, Limonene | Perillaldehyde, Limonene | S | [107] | |
Pimenta dioica (berry) | Eugenol | Eugenol | A | [90] | |
Pimenta racemosa (berry and leaf) | β-Myrcene, Eugenol | Eugenol | S | [90] | |
Pistacia lentiscus var. chia | α–Pinene, Myrcene | fractions | S | [108] | |
Salvia hispanica | Camphor | Camphor | S/A | [102] | |
Satureja hortensis | Carvacrol | Carvacrol | I/A | [102] | |
Terminalia bellirica | Gallic acid | S/A | [88] | ||
Thapsia villosa | (R)-(+)-Limonene, Methyleugenol | (R)-(+)-Limonene, Methyleugenol | S | [109] | |
Thymus pulegioides | α–Terpinyl acetate | α–Terpinyl acetate | S | [91] | |
Thymus vulgaris | Thymol, Carvacrol | Thymol | S/I | [89,92,102] | |
Vanillosmopsis arborea | α-Bisabolol | α-Bisabolol | I | [100] | |
Anti-trypanosomal | Curcuma longa (rhizomes) | α–Zingiberene, β–Sesquiphellandrene, ar-Turmerone | α–Zingiberene, β–Sesquiphellandrene, ar-Curcumene, Curlone, ar-Turmerone | S | [47] |
Immunomodulatory | Glycyrrhiza spp. | Glycyrrhizin | S | [110] | |
Hypericum perforatum (flower) | 3-methoxy-2,3-dimethylcyclobutene, cis-p-Menth-3-en-1,2-diol | 6-methyl-3,5-heptadien-2-one, β–Caryophyllene | S | [53] | |
(leaves) | Germacrene D, β-Caryophyllene, Terpinen-4-ol | Germacrene D, α–Humulene, β–Caryophyllene | S/A | [53] |
Activity | Studied Components | Model/Test | Ratio | Type | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-inflammatory | esculetin + hesperetin + curcumin | PGE2 release | in vitro | [77] | |
NO, IL-6, TNF-a, IL-1β, IL-6 | 12:13:09 | in vitro | |||
croton oil-induced mouse ear edema | 337:191:60 | in vivo | |||
quercetin + curucumine | COX-2 expression, NFκβ activation and NO levels | in vitro | [120] | ||
Antidiabetic | berberine + ferulic acid | HepG2 cells | in vitro | [119] | |
chlorogenic acid + ferulic acid | Uptake of 2DG | in vitro | [121] | ||
(E)-cinnamaldehyde + (E)-cinnamyl acetate | α–Amylase | 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8 | in vitro | [95] | |
Antimicrobial | 1,8-cineole + camphor | Aspergillus niger | 1:1 | in vitro | [93] |
(+)limonene + (-)limonene | Cryptococcus neoformans | 1:1 | [122,123] | ||
Moraxella catarrhalis | |||||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |||||
Staphylococcus aureus | |||||
artemisinin + 3-caffeoylquinic acid | Plasmodium falciparum | 1:10-100 | [33] | ||
artemisinin + arteannuin b | |||||
artemisinin + casticin | 1:10-100 | ||||
artemisinin + rosmarinic acid | |||||
berberine + flavonoid 3,3′-dihydroxy-5,7,4′-trimethoxy-6,8-c-dimethoxyflavone | Staphylococcus aureus | [124] | |||
berberine + piperine | Staphylococcus aureus | [124] | |||
capric acid + thymol, carvacrol, resorcylic acid, eugenol, trans-cinnamaldehyde | Escherichia coli | 1:1 | [125] | ||
caprylic acid + vanillin | Cronobacter sakazakii, Salmonella typhimurium | 2:3 | [125] | ||
carvacrol + thymol + eugenol | Listeria innocua | [114] | |||
carvacrol + thymol | Listeria innocua | ||||
carvacrol + cymene, eugenol, linalool | Bacillus cereus, | in vitro | [115] | ||
Escherichia coli, | |||||
Listeria monocytogenes | |||||
cinnamaldehyde + carvacrol | Salmonella typhimurium, | 1:1, 1:2 | in vitro | [115,125] | |
Escherichia coli | |||||
cinnamaldehyde + thymol | Escherichia coli, | 1:1, 1:2 | in vitro | [115,125] | |
Salmonella typhinurium | |||||
eugenol + linalool, menthol | Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, | in vitro | [115] | ||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |||||
lauric acid + resorcylic acid, carvacrol, thymol | Escherichia coli | 1:2 | [125] | ||
limonene + 1,8-cineole | Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus | in vitro | [115] | ||
menthol + geraniol, thymol | Bacillus cereus, | in vitro | [115] | ||
Staphylococcus aureus | |||||
nisin + linalool | Bacillus cereus | in vitro | [126] | ||
nisin + p-coumaric acid | Salmonella typhimurium | in vitro | [126] | ||
polygodial + perillaldehyde | Bacillus subtilis, | [106] | |||
Candida albicans, | |||||
Mucor mucedo, | |||||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Penicillium chrysogenum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Salmonella choleraesuis | |||||
thymol + carvacrol, eugenol | Escherichia coli, | 1:1 | in vitro | [115,125] | |
Salmonella typhinurium | |||||
gallate + quercetin | MethicillinResistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | 1:1, 2:1 | in vitro | [117] | |
quercetin3-glucoside + myricetin | Staphylococcus aureus | 3:1, 1:3, 1:7 | in vitro | [118] | |
quercetin3-glucoside + punicalagin | Staphylococcus aureus | 1:3, 1:7 | in vitro | ||
myricetin + punicalagin | Staphylococcus aureus | 1:3, 1:7 | in vitro | ||
ellagic acid + punicalagin | Staphylococcus aureus | 7:1, 3:1, 1:3, 1:7 | in vitro | ||
ellagic acid + quercetin3-glucoside | Staphylococcus aureus | 3:1, 1:3, 1:7 | in vitro | ||
Antiproliferative | carnosic acid (CA) carnosol (CAR), betulinic acid (BA) and ursolic acid (UA), combinations: CA+CAR, CA+BA, CA+UA, CAR+UA, and CAR+BA | HT-29 cells | in vitro | [81] | |
Anti-neurodegenerative | (E)-cinnamaldehyde + (E)-cinnamyl acetate | Tyrosinase inhibition assay | 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8 | in vitro | [95] |
AChE inhibition | 1:9 | in vitro | |||
Inhibition of Aβ1-42 aggregation | 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 2:8, 1:9 | in vitro | |||
1,8-cineole + α–pinene, 1,8-cineole + caryophyllene oxide, 1,8-cineole + camphor | Inhibition of AChE | 1:10 | in vitro | [127] | |
Antioxidative | (E)-cinnamaldehyde + (E)-cinnamyl acetate | Phosphomolybdenum, FRAP, CUPRAC | 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8, 1:9 | in vitro | [95] |
malvidin-3-o-glucoside + pelargonidin-3-o-glucoside, catechin, epicatechin, myricetin, quercetin, quercetin-3-glucoside | FRAP | 1:1 | in vitro | [128] | |
pelargonidin-3-o-glucoside + epicatechin, myricetin, kaempferol, quercetin, quercetin-3-glucoside | FRAP | 1:1 | in vitro | [128] | |
catechin + myricetin, quercetin, quercetin-3-glucoside | FRAP | 1:1 | in vitro | [128] | |
epicatechin + myricetin, quercetin, quercetin-3-b-glucoside | FRAP | 1:1 | in vitro | [128] | |
rosmarinic acid + quercetin, caffeic acid | AAPH-induced oxidation | 0-4:0-1:0-5 | in vitro | [129] | |
quercetin + rutin, catechin, p-coumaric acid, cyanidin | Liposome oxidation test, Inhibition of platelet function, ORAC | 0.5-1:0.25-0.5, 5:25, 1:1 | in vitro | [130] | |
p-coumaric acid + catechin | ORAC | 1:1 | in vitro | [131] | |
kaempferol + myricetin, quercetin, quercetin-3-glucoside | DPPH, FRAP | 1:1 | in vitro | [128] | |
hesperidin + chlorogenic acid, myricetin, naringenin | ORAC | 1:1 | in vitro | [132] | |
Antitumor/anticancer | Cannabidiol + Cannabigerol | leukemia (CEM)HL60, breast MCF-7 | 1:1 | in vitro | [133,134] |
Cannabidiol + Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol | acute lymphocytic leukemia (CEM)HL60, glioblastoma cell lines U251, SF26 | 1:1 | in vitro | [133,135] | |
Quercetin + Curcumin | Chronic myeloid leukemia cell line K562, breast cancer, ovarian cancer | in vitro | [136,137,138] | ||
berberine + d-limonene | human gastric carcinoma cell line MGC803 | in vitro | [139] | ||
β–caryophyllene + α–humulene, isocaryophyllene | human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7 | 1:3 | in vitro | [140] |
Activity | Botanical Extract | Plant Species/Natural Product Combination | Ratio | Type | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-Inflammatory | Extract + Extract | Astragalus membranaceus + Rehmannia glutinosa | 2:1 | in vitro | [143] |
Boswellia carterii + Commiphora myrrha | in vivo | [144] | |||
Coptis chinensis + Phellodendron amurense | in vivo | [145] | |||
Piper chaba + P. sarmentosum + P. interruptum + Plumbago indica + Zingiber officinale | n/a | in vitro | [99] | ||
Antibacterial | Essential oil + essential oil | Anethum graveolens + Foeniculum/Salvia/Rosmarinus/Thymus | n/a | in vitro | [146] |
Aniba rosaeodora, Thymus vulgaris | n/a | in vitro | [84] | ||
Blepharis ogadensis + Blepharis cuspidata | 1:1 | in vitro | [147] | ||
Cinnamomum zeylanicum + Syzygium aromaticum | n/a | in vitro | [84,115] | ||
Cinnamomum zeylanicum + Petroselimum sativum | n/a | in vitro | [148] | ||
Cuminun cyminum + Cinnamomum zeylanicum | n/a | in vitro | |||
Cuminum cyminum + Coriandrum sativum | n/a | in vitro | [84] | ||
Cymbopogon + Juniperus/Foeniculum/Rosa/Rosmarinus/Salvia | n/a | in vitro | [146] | ||
Cymbopogon citratus + Cymbopogon giganteus | 2:1 | in vitro | [115] | ||
Eucalyptus camaldulensis + Mentha pulegium + Rosmarinus officinalis | 3:4:2 | in vitro | [49] | ||
Garlic + Bay | n/a | in vitro | [148] | ||
Juniperus + Foeniculum/Mentha/Rosmarinus/Salvia | n/a | in vitro | [146] | ||
Lavandula angustifolia + Cinnamomum zeylanicum/Daucus carota/Juniperus virginiana/Thymus vulgaris | n/a | in vitro | [84] | ||
Lippia multiflora + Mentha piperita, Origanum basilicum | 16:1, 5:3, 8:1 | in vitro | [115] | ||
Melissa officinalis + Thymus vulgaris | n/a | in vitro | [84] | ||
Mentha piperita + Ocimum basilicum | n/a | in vitro | [84] | ||
Mentha pulegium + Rosmarinus officinalis | 06:04 | in vitro | [49] | ||
Ocimum basilicum + Citrus bergamia | n/a | in vitro | [84] | ||
Origanum vulgare + Citrus bergamia, Ocimum basilicum, Rosmarinus officinalis | 1:16, 1:8 | in vitro | [84,115] | ||
Salvia + Rosmarinus, Foeniculum, Mentha, Rosa | n/a | in vitro | [146] | ||
Satureja hortensis + Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum | 2:1 | in vivo | [149] | ||
Thymus schimper + Blepharis cuspidata, B. ogadensis, Melaleuca alternifolia, Pimpinella anisum | 1:1 | in vitro | [54,84,147] | ||
Thymus capitatus + Cinnamomum zeylanicum | n/a | in vitro | [148] | ||
Thymus capitatus + Cuminun cyminum | n/a | in vitro | |||
Thymus capitatus + Garlic | n/a | in vitro | |||
Thymus capitatus + Petroselimum sativum | n/a | in vitro | |||
Thymus capitatus + Rosmarinus officinalis | n/a | in vitro | |||
Essential oil + Essential oil fractions | Anethum graveolens | n/a | in vitro | [150] | |
Coriandrum | n/a | in vitro | [150] | ||
Coriandrum (F9) + Eucalyptus (F2) | n/a | in vitro | [150] | ||
Eucalyptus | n/a | in vitro | [150] | ||
Pistacia lentiscus var. chia | n/a | in vitro | [108] | ||
Thymus vulgaris | n/a | in vitro | [151] | ||
EO + MT104b | Cinnamomum cassia | n/a | in vitro | ||
EO + nisin | Origanum vulgare | n/a | in vitro | [152] | |
Thymus vulgaris | n/a | in vitro | [152] | ||
Zingiber officinale var. rubrum/nisin | n/a | in vitro | [153] | ||
EO + pediocin | Satureja montana | n/a | in vitro | [152] | |
Extract + Extract | Elephantorrhiza elephantina + Pentanisia prunelloides | in vitro | [154] | ||
Hypoxis hemerocallidea (different plant organs) | n/a | in vitro | [155] | ||
Merwilla plumbea (different plant organs) | n/a | in vitro | |||
Tulbaghia violacea (different plant organs) | n/a | in vitro | |||
Extract + berberine | Hydrastis canadensis | n/a | in vitro | [142] | |
Antifungal | Essential oil + Essential oil | Cymbopogon martini + Chenopodium ambrosioides | 1:1 | in vitro | [156] |
in vivo | |||||
Lavandula angustifolia + Andropogon muricatus, Angelica archangelica, Artemisia dracunculus, Canarium luzonicum, Carum carvi, Citrus aurantium, C. grandis, C. sinensis, C. medica limonum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Commiphora myrrha, Cupressus sempervirens, Cymbopogon nardus/Daucus carota, Eucalyptus globulus, Foeniculum dulce, Hyssopus officinalis, Juniperus virginiana, Litsea cubeba, Melaleuca alternifolia, Myrtus communis, Origanum majorana, Pinus sylvestris, Piper nigrum, Pogostemon patchouli, Rosmarinus officinalis, Santalum album, Styrax benzoin, Tagetes patula | n/a | in vitro | [84] | ||
Origanum + Coriandrum sativum, Cassia, Cinnamum | 1:1, 4:1, 2:1 | in vitro | [157] | ||
Rosa + Cassia | 4:1 | in vitro | [157] | ||
Salvia officinalis + Thymus vulgaris | n/a | [58] | |||
Syzygium aromaticum + Brassica nigra | 9:2 | in vitro | [158] | ||
10:1 | in vivo | ||||
Syzygium aromaticum + Rosmarinus officinalis | 1:5, 1:7, 1:9 | in vitro | [115] | ||
Essential oil + Fraction | Coriandrum sativum | n/a | in vitro | [150] | |
Eucalyptus | n/a | in vitro | |||
Antioxidative | Extract + Extract | Astragalus membranaceus + Glycyrrhiza uralensis | 01:01 | in vitro | [159] |
Camellia sinensis, Cinnamomum cassia, Ginkgo biloba, Phyllanthus emblica, Punica granatum, Vitis vinifera | 5:3:3:3:3:3 | in vitro | [160] | ||
Salvia officinalis + Ganoderma (fungus) | 7:3 | in vitro | [76] | ||
Rhus hirta + Rubus strigosus | 1:1 | in vitro | [161] | ||
Essential oil + Essential oil | Apium graveolens + Thymus vulgaris + Coriandrum sativum | 6:2:2 | in vitro | [162] | |
Coriandrum sativum + Cuminum cyminum | 1:1 | in vitro | [163] | ||
Zingiber officinale + Cinnamomum verum + Elettaria cardamomum | 1:7:2 | in vitro | [164] | ||
Essential oil + natural compound | Santalum sp + α-santalol | 10:1 | in vivo | [165] | |
Antimalarial | Extract + Extract | Mitragyna inermis + Feretia apodanthera, Guiera senegalensis | in vitro | [144] | |
Nauclea latifolia + Feretia apodanthera, Guiera senegalensis, Mitragyna inermis | |||||
Lawsonia inermis + Tithonia diversifolia | 1:1 | in vitro | [166] | ||
in vivo | |||||
Antitumor/Anticancer | Extract + Quercetin | Lycopodium clavatum | 10 µL: 50 µM | in vitro | [167] |
Extract + Extract | Coptis chinensis + Evodia rutaecarpa | 6:1 | in vitro | [168] | |
in vivo | |||||
Corydalis + Curucuma | in vitro | [169] | |||
Curcuma longa + Rosmarinus officinalis | in vivo | [170] | |||
propolis + bee venom | 7:5 | in vitro | [171] | ||
Vigna radiata + Vigna unguiculata. subsp. unguiculata + Sauropus androgynus | in vitro | [172] | |||
Cytotoxicity | EO + EO | Cymbopogon citratus + Cymbopogon giganteus | in vitro | [173] | |
Salvia officinalis + Thymus vulgaris | n/a | in vitro | [58] | ||
Anti-neurodegenerative | Extract + Extract | Polygala tenuifolia + Panax ginseng + Poria cocos + Acorus tatarinowii | 3:2:3:2 | in vivo | [174] |
Salvia officinalis + Ganoderma | 7:3 | in vitro | [76] |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Rajčević, N.; Bukvički, D.; Dodoš, T.; Marin, P.D. Interactions between Natural Products—A Review. Metabolites 2022, 12, 1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121256
Rajčević N, Bukvički D, Dodoš T, Marin PD. Interactions between Natural Products—A Review. Metabolites. 2022; 12(12):1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121256
Chicago/Turabian StyleRajčević, Nemanja, Danka Bukvički, Tanja Dodoš, and Petar D. Marin. 2022. "Interactions between Natural Products—A Review" Metabolites 12, no. 12: 1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121256