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Electronics
Volume 14
Issue 20
10.3390/electronics14203989
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Optimal Control for On-Load Tap-Changers and Inverters in Photovoltaic Plants Applying Teaching Learning Based Optimization

by
Rolando A. Silva-Quiñonez
1,*,
Higinio Sánchez-Sainz
2,
Pablo Garcia-Triviño
1,
Raúl Sarrias-Mena
3,
David Carrasco-González
1 and
Luis M. Fernández-Ramírez
1,*
1
Research Group in Sustainable and Renewable Electrical Technologies (PAIDI-TEP-023), Department of Electrical Engineering, Higher Technical School of Engineering of Algeciras (ETSIA), University of Cádiz, Avenida. Ramón Puyol, Algeciras, 11202 Cádiz, Spain
2
Research Group in Sustainable and Renewable Electrical Technologies (PAIDI-TEP-023), Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering (ESI), University of Cádiz, Avenida. Universidad de Cádiz, nº 10, Puerto Real, 11519 Cádiz, Spain
3
Research Group in Sustainable and Renewable Electrical Technologies (PAIDI-TEP-023), Department of Engineering in Automation, Electronics and Computer Architecture & Networks, Higher Technical School of Engineering of Algeciras (ETSIA), University of Cádiz, Avenida. Ramón Puyol, Algeciras, 11202 Cádiz, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2025, 14(20), 3989; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14203989 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 16 June 2025 / Revised: 7 October 2025 / Accepted: 9 October 2025 / Published: 12 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Section Collection Series: New Horizons and Recent Advances in Power Electronics)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This research presents an optimized control strategy for the coordinated operation of parallel grid connected photovoltaic (PV) plants and an On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) transformer. The proposed framework integrates inverter-level active and reactive power dispatch with OLTC tap control through an Energy Management System (EMS) based on an improved Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm. The EMS minimizes operational costs while maintaining voltage stability and respecting electrical and mechanical constraints. Comparative analyses with Monte Carlo, fmincon, and conventional TLBO methods demonstrate that the optimized TLBO achieves up to two orders of magnitude faster convergence and higher robustness, enabling more reliable performance under variable irradiance and load conditions. Simulation and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) results confirm that the coordinated OLTC inverter control significantly enhances reactive power capability and voltage regulation. The proposed optimized TLBO based EMS offers an effective and computationally efficient solution for dynamic energy management in medium scale PV systems, supporting grid reliability and maximizing renewable energy utilization.
Keywords: photovoltaic plants; On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) transformer; Energy Management System (EMS); Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) photovoltaic plants; On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) transformer; Energy Management System (EMS); Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO)

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MDPI and ACS Style

Silva-Quiñonez, R.A.; Sánchez-Sainz, H.; Garcia-Triviño, P.; Sarrias-Mena, R.; Carrasco-González, D.; Fernández-Ramírez, L.M. Optimal Control for On-Load Tap-Changers and Inverters in Photovoltaic Plants Applying Teaching Learning Based Optimization. Electronics 2025, 14, 3989. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14203989

AMA Style

Silva-Quiñonez RA, Sánchez-Sainz H, Garcia-Triviño P, Sarrias-Mena R, Carrasco-González D, Fernández-Ramírez LM. Optimal Control for On-Load Tap-Changers and Inverters in Photovoltaic Plants Applying Teaching Learning Based Optimization. Electronics. 2025; 14(20):3989. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14203989

Chicago/Turabian Style

Silva-Quiñonez, Rolando A., Higinio Sánchez-Sainz, Pablo Garcia-Triviño, Raúl Sarrias-Mena, David Carrasco-González, and Luis M. Fernández-Ramírez. 2025. "Optimal Control for On-Load Tap-Changers and Inverters in Photovoltaic Plants Applying Teaching Learning Based Optimization" Electronics 14, no. 20: 3989. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14203989

APA Style

Silva-Quiñonez, R. A., Sánchez-Sainz, H., Garcia-Triviño, P., Sarrias-Mena, R., Carrasco-González, D., & Fernández-Ramírez, L. M. (2025). Optimal Control for On-Load Tap-Changers and Inverters in Photovoltaic Plants Applying Teaching Learning Based Optimization. Electronics, 14(20), 3989. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14203989

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