Flavor Microencapsulation for Taste Masking in Medicated Chewing Gums—Recent Trends, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Taste Masking of Chewing Gums—Conventional Methods
2.1. Sweeteners and Seasoners
2.2. Ion Exchange Resins
2.3. Inclusion Complexation
2.4. Effervescent Agents
3. Potential of Microencapsulation in Chewing Gum-Types, Aspects and Prospects of Flavor Microencapsulation
4. Taste Modification by Ingredient Encapsulation- Merits and Applications in Chewing Gums
4.1. Bioactive Encapsulation
4.2. Sweetener Encapsulation
4.3. Flavor Microencapsulation
4.3.1. Controlled-Release or Modified Release
4.3.2. Multiple Flavors
4.3.3. Upfront or Blunt Flavor Release
4.3.4. Sustained or Continual Flavor Release
4.4. Salts and Acids
4.5. Prophylactic Agents
5. Flavor Microencapsulation in Chewing Gums—Patent Review
6. Recent Technology Platforms for Flavor Microencapsulation
6.1. Flavor8®
6.2. Spray Dried Flavoring®
6.3. Matrix Encapsulation®
6.4. Coreshell®
6.5. Powder Stabilisation®
7. Challenges and Future Perspectives—Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Drug | Taste-Masking Techniques | Excipients | References |
---|---|---|---|
Levocetirizine dihydrochloride | Cyclodextrin-complexation and ion exchange resins | Kleptose, Captisol, Kyron T-314, Kyron T-154 | [21] |
Nicotine | Spray-dried microparticles using bioadhesive polymer | Nicotine bitartarate, Hypromellose, alginate, mannitol | [31] |
Caffeine | Co-encapsulation of caffeine with sweeteners and coating with water-insoluble or water-soluble polymers | Zein, shellac, HPMC, gelatin, Gum Arabic, Corn syrup, dextrose, thaumatin, alitame | [32] |
Magnolia bark | Use of flavors | Peppermint oil | [33] |
Cetirizine | Inclusion- complexes with sweeteners & flavors | β-cyclodextrin, aspartame, menthol, peppermint flavor, and vanilla flavor. | [34] |
Oral hygiene gum | Effervescent agents | The core contains bicarbonate and the coating contains encapsulated edible acid (citric acid) | [29] |
Phenylpropanolamine HCl | Effervescent agents, taste bud desensitizing agents, sweeteners, and flavors | Benzocaine, spilanthol, corn syrup, mannitol, spearmint flavor, sodium bicarbonate, tartaric acid NutraSweet | [30] |
Nystatin | Solid dispersion | PEG 4000, liquid sorbitol, xylitol, aspartame, oily flavors | [35] |
Metformin | Drug mixed with sweeteners mixture followed by spray drying or freeze-drying (Microencapsulation) | Glycerin, aspartame, sodium saccharin, potassium -acesulfame, spearmint essence | [36] |
Aloe vera | Sweeteners & flavors | Aspartame, maltitol, xylitol, eucalyptus, peppermint, banana | [37] |
Scletium tortuosum | Sweeteners & flavors | Xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol, cherry flavor | [38] |
Salvia divinorum | Alkaline buffer, sweetening agent, encapsulating buffer | - | [39] |
Nicorandil | Sweeteners & flavors | Sucralose, aerosil, sorbitol, vanillin | [40] |
Dextromethorphan HBr | Spray-dried microparticles (Microencapsulation) | Dextromethorphan, sucralose, aerosil dispersed in ethanol | [41] |
Encapsulated Ingredients | Examples | Excipients Used | Encapsulation Techniques | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bioactives | Catechins | Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) | Hot melt fluid bed coating and dispersion | [84] |
Pomegranate peels | Maltodextrin | Spray drying | [61] | |
Sweeteners | Aspartame | Polyvinyl alcohol | Freeze drying | [64] |
Aspartame | Gum Arabic and Gelatin | Double emulsions followed by complex coacervation | [65] | |
Flavors | Xylitol and Menthol | Gum Arabic | Combination of complex coacervation and double-emulsion technique | [66] |
Salts & acids | Calcium and fluoride | Oligosaccharides | Spray drying | [79] |
Decapeptide | Hydroxyapatite | Inclusion- complexation | [83] |
Patent No. | Title | Method Used |
---|---|---|
US7022352 | Encapsulated flavors and chewing gum using the same | Improved flavor retention using flavor encapsulation by spray drying using various polymers, such as gum Arabic or maltodextrins etc. |
US6428827 | Long flavor duration releasing structures for chewing gum and method of making | Modified flavor release interval in chewing gum comprising a hydroxypropyl cellulose matrix cross-linked with a multi-factorial carboxylate |
US7851000B2 | Taste-potentiator compositions and edible confectionery and chewing gum products containing the same | Taste enhancers modify the taste perception of active ingredients contained in the formulation |
US0064783A1 | Flavor impregnation of nicotine chewing gum core | Impregnating the chewing gum core by adding one dose of liquid flavor mixture |
US5266335A | Microencapsulated flavoring agents and methods for preparing the same | Microencapsulated flavoring agents prepared by complex-coacervation |
US4485118A | Gum composition with plural time releasing flavors and method of preparation | Sequentially releasable multiple flavor systems. One of the savors is encapsulated within a hydrophobic coating and another one is available for immediate release |
US4724151A | Chewing gum compositions having prolonged breath-freshening | Improved mouth-freshening effects by utilizing a lipophilic gum base, a sweetening agent, and a blend of spray-dried flavors |
WO 012009A1 | Chewing gum comprising nicotine | Multilayer chewing gum for sustained and extended release |
US1123445 | Microencapsulation | Encapsulated flavors for flavor retention and taste masking |
US0105485 | Flavor encapsulation using electrostatic atomization. | Electrostatic spray drying process for encapsulation of volatile flavor oil |
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Kaushik, P.; Verma, R.; Mittal, V.; Bhatia, S.; Pratap-Singh, A.; Kaushik, D. Flavor Microencapsulation for Taste Masking in Medicated Chewing Gums—Recent Trends, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Coatings 2022, 12, 1656. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111656
Kaushik P, Verma R, Mittal V, Bhatia S, Pratap-Singh A, Kaushik D. Flavor Microencapsulation for Taste Masking in Medicated Chewing Gums—Recent Trends, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Coatings. 2022; 12(11):1656. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111656
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaushik, Prerna, Ravinder Verma, Vineet Mittal, Saurabh Bhatia, Anubhav Pratap-Singh, and Deepak Kaushik. 2022. "Flavor Microencapsulation for Taste Masking in Medicated Chewing Gums—Recent Trends, Challenges, and Future Perspectives" Coatings 12, no. 11: 1656. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111656