The Continuing Threat of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
Antibiotics 2019, 8(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8020052
Received: 27 March 2019 / Revised: 28 April 2019 / Accepted: 30 April 2019 / Published: 2 May 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Staphylococci Antimicrobial Resistance)
Staphylococcus aureus has been an exceptionally successful pathogen, which is still relevant in modern age-medicine due to its adaptability and tenacity. This bacterium may be a causative agent in a plethora of infections, owing to its abundance (in the environment and in the normal flora) and the variety of virulence factors that it possesses. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains—first described in 1961—are characterized by an altered penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a/c) and resistance to all penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems, which makes the β-lactam armamentarium clinically ineffective. The acquisition of additional resistance determinants further complicates their eradication; therefore, MRSA can be considered as the first representative of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Based on 230 references, the aim of this review is to recap the history, the emergence, and clinical features of various MRSA infections (hospital-, community-, and livestock-associated), and to summarize the current advances regarding MRSA screening, typing, and therapeutic options (including lipoglycopeptides, oxazolidinones, anti-MRSA cephalosporins, novel pleuromutilin-, tetracycline- and quinolone-derivatives, daptomycin, fusidic acid, in addition to drug candidates in the development phase), both for an audience of clinical microbiologists and infectious disease specialists.
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Keywords:
Staphylococcus; MRSA; SSCmec; colonization; typing; lipoglycopeptides; oxazolidinones; ceftaroline; daptomycin; pleuromutilin
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Gajdács, M. The Continuing Threat of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics 2019, 8, 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8020052
AMA Style
Gajdács M. The Continuing Threat of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics. 2019; 8(2):52. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8020052
Chicago/Turabian StyleGajdács, Márió. 2019. "The Continuing Threat of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus" Antibiotics 8, no. 2: 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8020052
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