Geographic Variation in Antibiotic Consumption—Is It Due to Doctors’ Prescribing or Patients’ Consulting?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
Effect on the Total Use of Antibiotics
3. Discussion
3.1. Main Findings
3.2. Strengths
3.3. Limitations
3.4. Comparison with Existing Literature
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Data Collection
4.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
4.3. Variable Definition
4.4. Missing Data
4.5. Modelling
4.6. Ethics
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age | Number of Included Females | Number of Included Males | Total |
---|---|---|---|
0–9 years | 201,493 | 212,574 | 414,067 |
10–19 years | 212,673 | 224,929 | 437,602 |
20–29 years | 201,200 | 214,863 | 416,063 |
30–79 years | 968,954 | 983,760 | 1,952,713 |
80 years or older | 90,299 | 53,843 | 144,142 |
Total | 1,674,618 | 1,689,968 | 3,364,585 |
Age | Gender | RTI Consultations per 1000 Inhabitants (SD) | RTI Antibiotic Prescriptions per 1000 RTI Consultations (SD) | RTI Antibiotic Prescriptions per 1000 Inhabitants (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0–9 years | Female | 604 (129) | 356 (67) | 217 (66) |
Male | 672 (139) | 345 (67) | 234 (73) | |
10–19 years | Female | 295 (56) | 570 (107) | 166 (40) |
Male | 206 (46) | 552 (134) | 110 (27) | |
20–29 years | Female | 352 (58) | 797 (123) | 278 (52) |
Male | 209 (43) | 809 (177) | 165 (35) | |
30–79 years | Female | 307 (44) | 853 (136) | 260 (48) |
Male | 211 (29) | 940 (146) | 197 (36) | |
80 years or older | Female | 282 (66) | 896 (238) | 243 (66) |
Male | 353 (100) | 972 (293) | 325 (94) | |
Total 1 | 311 (145) | 779 (236) | 220 (62) |
Variable | Antibiotic Prescriptions for Treatment of RTI | ||
---|---|---|---|
Incidence 1 | IRR | 95% CI | |
GPs’ prescription rates | |||
1st quintile | 187 | 1 | |
2nd quintile | 201 | 1.11 | 1.10–1.12 |
3rd quintile | 216 | 1.20 | 1.19–1.22 |
4th quintile | 233 | 1.32 | 1.30–1.33 |
5th quintile | 258 | 1.48 | 1.47–1.50 |
Inhabitants’ consultation rates | |||
1st quintile | 184 | 1 | |
2nd quintile | 208 | 1.11 | 1.10–1.12 |
3rd quintile | 225 | 1.18 | 1.17–1.20 |
4th quintile | 227 | 1.29 | 1.27–1.30 |
5th quintile | 246 | 1.42 | 1.41–1.44 |
Age | |||
0–9 years | 229 | 1 | |
10–19 years | 137 | 0.62 | 0.61–0.63 |
20–29 years | 218 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.00 |
30–79 years | 232 | 1.01 | 1.01–1.02 |
≥80 years | 277 | 1.18 | 1.16–1.19 |
Gender | |||
Female | 247 | 1 | |
Male 2 | 192 | 0.78 | 0.78 |
ICPC-2 Code | Description |
---|---|
R01 | Pain respiratory system |
R02 | Shortness of breath/dyspnoea |
R03 | Wheezing |
R04 | Breathing problem, other |
R05 | Cough |
R07 | Sneezing/nasal congestion |
R08 | Nose symptom/complaint other |
R09 | Sinus symptom/complaint |
R21 | Throat symptom/complaint |
R23 | Voice symptom/complaint |
R24 | Haemoptysis |
R25 | Sputum/phlegm abnormal |
R26 | Fear of cancer respiratory system |
R27 | Fear of respiratory disease, other |
R28 | Limited function/disability (r) |
R29 | Respiratory symptom/complaint, other |
R71 | Whooping cough |
R72 | Strep throat |
R74 | Upper respiratory infection acute |
R75 | Sinusitis acute/chronic |
R76 | Tonsillitis acute |
R77 | Laryngitis/tracheitis acute |
R78 | Acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis |
R80 | Influenza |
R81 | Pneumonia |
R82 | Pleurisy/pleural effusion |
R83 | Respiratory infection other |
H01 | Ear pain/earache |
H71 | Acute otitis media/myringitis |
H72 | Serous otitis media |
H74 | Chronic otitis media |
ICPC-2 Code | Description |
---|---|
J01AA02 | Doxycycline |
J01CA04 | Amoxicillin |
J01CE02 | Phenoxymethylpenicillin |
J01FA | Macrolides |
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Walle-Hansen, M.M.; Høye, S. Geographic Variation in Antibiotic Consumption—Is It Due to Doctors’ Prescribing or Patients’ Consulting? Antibiotics 2018, 7, 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics7010026
Walle-Hansen MM, Høye S. Geographic Variation in Antibiotic Consumption—Is It Due to Doctors’ Prescribing or Patients’ Consulting? Antibiotics. 2018; 7(1):26. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics7010026
Chicago/Turabian StyleWalle-Hansen, Marte Meyer, and Sigurd Høye. 2018. "Geographic Variation in Antibiotic Consumption—Is It Due to Doctors’ Prescribing or Patients’ Consulting?" Antibiotics 7, no. 1: 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics7010026