Preparation of Multicolor Photoluminescent Carbon Dots by Tuning Surface States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Synthesis of Multicolor Emissive Carbon Dots (CDs)
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Equipment and Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Preparation and Optical Properties of CDs
3.2. Morphologies and Structure Analyses of CDs
3.3. Photoluminescent (PL) Mechanism of CDs
3.4. Applications of CDs in Multicolor and White LEDs
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Zhou, J.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, C.Y. Toward Biocompatible Semiconductor Quantum Dots: From Biosynthesis and Bioconjugation to Biomedical Application. Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 11669–11717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Z.; Sharma, A.; Qi, J.; Peng, X.; Lee, D.Y.; Hu, R.; Lin, D.; Qu, J.; Kim, J.S. Super-resolution fluorescent materials: An insight into design and bioimaging applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2016, 45, 4651–4667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akkerman, Q.A.; Rainò, G.; Kovalenko, M.V.; Manna, L. Genesis, challenges and opportunities for colloidal lead halide perovskite nanocrystals. Nat. Mater. 2018, 17, 394–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.P.; Zhou, B.; Lin, Y.; Wang, W.; Fernando, K.S.; Pathak, P.; Meziani, M.J.; Harruff, B.A.; Wang, X.; Wang, H. Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 7756–7757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zheng, X.T.; Ananthanarayanan, A.; Luo, K.Q.; Chen, P. Glowing Graphene Quantum Dots and Carbon Dots: Properties, Syntheses, and Biological Applications. Small 2015, 11, 1620–1636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, W.; Li, C.; Ren, Y.; Sun, X.; Pan, W.; Li, Y.; Wang, J.; Wang, W. Carbon dots: Surface engineering and applications. J. Mater. Chem. B 2016, 4, 5772–5788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Z.L.; Liu, Z.X.; Yuan, Y.H. Carbon dots: Materials, synthesis, properties and approaches to long-wavelength and multicolor emission. J. Mater. Chem. B 2017, 5, 3794–3809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, J.; Zhu, M.; Huang, H.; Liu, Y.; Kang, Z. Advances, challenges and promises of carbon dots. Inorg. Chem. Front. 2017, 4, 1963–1986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shamsipur, M.; Barati, A.; Karami, S. Long-wavelength, multicolor, and white-light emitting carbon-based dots: Achievements made, challenges remaining, and applications. Carbon 2017, 124, 429–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hai, X.; Feng, J.; Chen, X.; Wang, J. Tuning the optical properties of graphene quantum dots for biosensing and bioimaging. J. Mater. Chem. B 2018, 6, 3219–3234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hassan, M.; Gomes, V.G.; Dehghani, A.; Ardekani, S.M. Engineering carbon quantum dots for photomediated theranostics. Nano Res. 2018, 11, 1–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, V.; Tiwari, P.; Mobin, S.M. Sustainable carbon-dots: Recent advances in green carbon dots for sensing and bioimaging. J. Mater. Chem. B 2017, 5, 8904–8924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, X.; Lei, Y. Fluorescent carbon dots and their sensing applications. Trends Anal. Chem. 2017, 89, 163–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hutton, G.A.M.; Martindale, B.C.M.; Reisner, E. Carbon dots as photosensitisers for solar-driven catalysis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 6111–6123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, R.; Lu, K.Q.; Tang, Z.R.; Xu, Y.J. Recent progress in carbon quantum dots: Synthesis, properties and applications in photocatalysis. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 3717–3734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, F.; Li, S.; Fan, Z.; Meng, X.; Fan, L.; Yang, S. Shining carbon dots: Synthesis and biomedical and optoelectronic applications. Nano Today 2016, 11, 565–586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wei, W.; Lu, C.; WenGuang, L. Biological applications of carbon dots. Sci. China Chem. 2014, 57, 522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tetsuka, H.; Nagoya, A.; Fukusumi, T.; Matsui, T. Molecularly Designed, Nitrogen-Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots for Optoelectronic Devices. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 4632–4638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.; Pan, Y.; Fang, Y.; Zhang, L.; Chen, J.; Yi, C. Tuning photoluminescence and surface properties of carbon nanodots for chemical sensing. Nanoscale 2016, 8, 500–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, Y.; Chen, J.; Li, N.; Tian, J.; Li, K.; Jiang, J.; Liu, J.; Tian, Q.; Chen, P. Systematic Bandgap Engineering of Graphene Quantum Dots and Applications for Photocatalytic Water Splitting and CO2 Reduction. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 3523–3532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chao, D.; Lyu, W.; Liu, Y.; Zhou, L.; Zhang, Q.; Deng, R.; Zhang, H. Solvent-dependent carbon dots and their applications in the detection of water in organic solvents. J. Mater. Chem. C 2018, 6, 7527–7532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Sun, C.; Chen, X.; Zhang, Y.; Colvin, V.L.; Rice, Q.; Seo, J.; Feng, S.; Wang, S.; Yu, W.W. Excitation wavelength independent visible color emission of carbon dots. Nanoscale 2017, 9, 1909–1915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ding, H.; Wei, J.S.; Zhang, P.; Zhou, Z.Y.; Gao, Q.Y.; Xiong, H.M. Solvent-Controlled Synthesis of Highly Luminescent Carbon Dots with a Wide Color Gamut and Narrowed Emission Peak Widths. Small 2018, 14, 1800612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhan, J.; Geng, B.; Wu, K.; Xu, G.; Wang, L.; Guo, R.; Lei, B.; Zheng, F.; Pan, D.; Wu, M. A solvent-engineered molecule fusion strategy for rational synthesis of carbon quantum dots with multicolor bandgap fluorescence. Carbon 2018, 130, 153–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, K.; Sun, S.; Zhang, L.; Lu, Y.; Wu, A.; Cai, C.; Lin, H. Red, Green, and Blue Luminescence by Carbon Dots: Full-Color Emission Tuning and Multicolor Cellular Imaging. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 5360–5363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, Z.; Yuan, F.; Li, X.; Li, Y.; Zhong, H.; Fan, L.; Yang, S. 53% Efficient Red Emissive Carbon Quantum Dots for High Color Rendering and Stable Warm White-Light-Emitting Diodes. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1702910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, L.; Wang, Y.; Xu, T.; Liao, H.; Yao, C.; Liu, Y.; Li, Z.; Chen, Z.; Pan, D.; Sun, L.; et al. Gram-scale synthesis of single-crystalline graphene quantum dots with superior optical properties. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, X.; Jin, Q.; Wu, L.; Tung, C.; Tang, X. Synthesis and Unique Photoluminescence Properties of Nitrogen-Rich Quantum Dots and Their Applications. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 12542–12547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, L.; Sun, S.; Zhang, A.; Jiang, K.; Zhang, L.; Dong, C.; Huang, Q.; Wu, A.; Lin, H. Truly Fluorescent Excitation-Dependent Carbon Dots and Their Applications in Multicolor Cellular Imaging and Multidimensional Sensing. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 7782–7787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, S.; Trinchi, A.; Atkin, P.; Cole, I. Tunable Photoluminescence Across the Entire Visible Spectrum from Carbon Dots Excited by White Light. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 2970–2974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, Z.; Zhang, X.; Li, D.; Zhou, D.; Jing, P.; Shen, D.; Qu, S.; Zboril, R.; Rogach, A.L. Full-Color Inorganic Carbon Dot Phosphors for White-Light-Emitting Diodes. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2017, 5, 1700416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Zhang, S.; Kulinich, S.A.; Liu, Y.; Zeng, H. Engineering surface states of carbon dots to achieve controllable luminescence for solid-luminescent composites and sensitive Be2+ detection. Sci. Rep. 2014, 4, 4976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bao, L.; Liu, C.; Zhang, Z.L.; Pang, D.W. Photoluminescence-Tunable Carbon Nanodots: Surface-State Energy-Gap Tuning. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 1663–1667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiang, M.; Dan, Q.; Dongxue, Y.; Bing, N.; Yikang, Z.; Hongyou, F.; Zaicheng, S. Synthesis of Carbon Dots with Multiple Color Emission by Controlled Graphitization and Surface Functionalization. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1704740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, L.; Sun, S.; Zhang, L.; Jiang, K.; Lin, H. Near-infrared emissive carbon dots for two-photon fluorescence bioimaging. Nanoscale 2016, 8, 17350–17356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, L.; Zhang, R.; Lu, C.; Sun, J.; Wang, L.; Qu, B.; Li, T.; Liu, Y.; Li, S. In situ synthesis of NIR-light emitting carbon dots derived from spinach for bio-imaging applications. J. Mater. Chem. B 2017, 5, 7328–7334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, S.; Sui, L.; Liu, J.; Zhu, S.; Chen, A.; Jin, M.; Yang, B. Near-Infrared Photoluminescent Polymer–Carbon Nanodots with Two-Photon Fluorescence. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1603443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhai, Y.; Wang, Y.; Li, D.; Zhou, D.; Jing, P.; Shen, D.; Qu, S. Red carbon dots-based phosphors for white light-emitting diodes with color rendering index of 92. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2018, 528, 281–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhu, S.; Song, Y.; Zhao, X.; Shao, J.; Zhang, J.; Yang, B. The photoluminescence mechanism in carbon dots (graphene quantum dots, carbon nanodots, and polymer dots): Current state and future perspective. Nano Res. 2015, 8, 355–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, Q.; Kuang, T.; Liu, Y.; Cai, L.; Peng, X.; Sreenivasan Sreeprasad, T.; Zhao, P.; Yu, Z.; Li, N. Heteroatom-doped carbon dots: Synthesis, characterization, properties, photoluminescence mechanism and biological applications. J. Mater. Chem. B 2016, 4, 7204–7219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, L.; Dong, T. Photoluminescence tuning in carbon dots: Surface passivation or/and functionalization, heteroatom doping. J. Mater. Chem. C 2018, 6, 7944–7970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Z.; Zou, H.; Wang, N.; Yang, T.; Peng, Z.; Wang, J.; Li, N.; Huang, C. Photoluminescence of carbon quantum dots: Coarsely adjusted by quantum confinement effects and finely by surface trap states. Sci. China Chem. 2018, 61, 490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, F.; Wang, Z.; Li, X.; Li, Y.; Tan, Z.A.; Fan, L.; Yang, S. Bright Multicolor Bandgap Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots for Electroluminescent Light-Emitting Diodes. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1604436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yuan, F.; Yuan, T.; Sui, L.; Wang, Z.; Xi, Z.; Li, Y.; Li, X.; Fan, L.; Tan, Z.A.; Chen, A.; et al. Engineering triangular carbon quantum dots with unprecedented narrow bandwidth emission for multicolored LEDs. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 2249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ding, H.; Yu, S.B.; Wei, J.S.; Xiong, H.M. Full-Color Light-Emitting Carbon Dots with a Surface-State-Controlled Luminescence Mechanism. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 484–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nie, H.; Li, M.; Li, Q.; Liang, S.; Tan, Y.; Sheng, L.; Shi, W.; Zhang, S.X.A. Carbon Dots with Continuously Tunable Full-Color Emission and Their Application in Ratiometric pH Sensing. Chem. Mater. 2014, 26, 3104–3112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, D.; Wu, W.; Yuan, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Wan, Z.; Huang, P. Intense multi-state visible absorption and full-color luminescence of nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots for blue-light-excitable solid-state-lighting. J. Mater. Chem. C 2016, 4, 9027–9035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qu, S.; Zhou, D.; Li, D.; Ji, W.; Jing, P.; Han, D.; Liu, L.; Zeng, H.; Shen, D. Toward Efficient Orange Emissive Carbon Nanodots through Conjugated sp2-Domain Controlling and Surface Charges Engineering. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 3516–3521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, C.; Zhu, S.; Li, Z.; Li, Z.; Chen, C.; Sun, L.; Tang, W.; Liu, R.; Sun, Y.; Yu, M. Nitrogen-doped carbon dots with excitation-independent long-wavelength emission produced by a room-temperature reaction. Chem. Commun. 2016, 52, 11912–11914. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holá, K.; Sudolská, M.; Kalytchuk, S.; Nachtigallová, D.; Rogach, A.L.; Otyepka, M.; Zbořil, R. Graphitic Nitrogen Triggers Red Fluorescence in Carbon Dots. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 12402–12410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Kalytchuk, S.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, H.; Kershaw, S.V.; Rogach, A.L. Thickness-Dependent Full-Color Emission Tunability in a Flexible Carbon Dot Ionogel. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 1412–1420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Jiang, X. Synthesis of cell-penetrated nitrogen-doped carbon dots by hydrothermal treatment of eggplant sepals. Sci. China Chem. 2016, 59, 836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zuo, G.; Xie, A.; Li, J.; Su, T.; Pan, X.; Dong, W. Large Emission Red-Shift of Carbon Dots by Fluorine Doping and Their Applications for Red Cell Imaging and Sensitive Intracellular Ag+ Detection. J. Phys. Chem. C 2017, 121, 26558–26565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feng, T.; Zeng, Q.; Lu, S.; Yan, X.; Liu, J.; Tao, S.; Yang, M.; Yang, B. Color-Tunable Carbon Dots Possessing Solid-State Emission for Full-Color Light-Emitting Diodes Applications. ACS Photonics 2018, 5, 502–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Z.; Bai, F.; Wu, H.; Boye, D.M.; Fan, H. Monodisperse Fluorescent Organic/Inorganic Composite Nanoparticles: Tuning Full Color Spectrum. Chem. Mater. 2012, 24, 3415–3419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kwon, J.E.; Park, S.; Park, S.Y. Realizing Molecular Pixel System for Full-Color Fluorescence Reproduction: RGB-Emitting Molecular Mixture Free from Energy Transfer Crosstalk. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 11239–11246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Sample | C 1s | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
C–C/C=C (%) | C–N (%) | C–O (%) | COOH (%) | |
b-CDs | 84.38 | 12.25 | 3.37 | - |
g-CDs | 49.33 | 17.67 | 26.66 | 7.34 |
y-CDs | 75.67 | 18.30 | 6.03 | - |
r-CDs | 43.24 | 11.43 | 34.96 | 10.37 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Jiang, K.; Feng, X.; Gao, X.; Wang, Y.; Cai, C.; Li, Z.; Lin, H. Preparation of Multicolor Photoluminescent Carbon Dots by Tuning Surface States. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 529. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9040529
Jiang K, Feng X, Gao X, Wang Y, Cai C, Li Z, Lin H. Preparation of Multicolor Photoluminescent Carbon Dots by Tuning Surface States. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9(4):529. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9040529
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Kai, Xiangyu Feng, Xiaolu Gao, Yuhui Wang, Congzhong Cai, Zhongjun Li, and Hengwei Lin. 2019. "Preparation of Multicolor Photoluminescent Carbon Dots by Tuning Surface States" Nanomaterials 9, no. 4: 529. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9040529