Synthesis of Amorphous Carbon Film in Ethanol Inverse Diffusion Flames
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Experimental System
2.2. Experimental Conditions
2.3. Characterizations and Transfer
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Growth of Carbon Films on Copper Foils
3.2. Microstructure Analysis of Carbon Films
3.3. Raman Spectra and XRD Analysis
3.4. AFM Images Analysiss, Film Thickness and Elemental Composition
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- In open-atmosphere environments, utilizing inverse diffusion flame, with ethanol as fuel and copper foil as synthesis substrate, amorphous carbon film emerged at only 10 s. The synthetic carbon film was ultra-thin and had flexibility, visual transparency to a certain level.
- (2)
- When the growth time was constant, the fuel flow rate and the location of copper foil inserted into the flame had large influences on the synthesis. As the fuel flow rate increased and the copper foil moved upwards in the flame, the area of the carbon film increased, and the content of impurities reduced. In these experiments, the growth of the carbon film was better when the ethanol flow rate reached 2 mL/min and the copper foil was inserted into the top of the flame.
- (3)
- When the fuel flow rate and the copper foil location were optimal, the local growth of amorphous carbon film had occurred in such a short time of 10 s. The content of sp2 bonds was higher, the structure of entire carbon film was loose, and the surface was not smooth. When the growth time was 30 s, the content of sp3 bonds in the carbon film was maximum, the disorder degree increased, and RMS roughness was smallest. With the increase of the growth time, the carbon film gradually covered the entire surface of the copper foil, the growth of the carbon film almost stopped. The degree of order increased due to the high temperature in the flame for a longer time, and the degree of graphitization rose. When the growth time increased to 10 min, there were some obvious impurities on the carbon film surface, and the roughness of the carbon film was largest.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experimental Conditions | Ethanol Flow Rate (mL/min) | Gas Flow Rate (L/min) | Height (mm) | Growth Time (min) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Air | Carrier N2 | Protection N2 | ||||
E1-1 | 1.0 | 0.35 | 1.54 | 18 | 3.0 | 5 |
E1-2 | 6.0 | |||||
E1-3 | 10.0 | |||||
E1-4 | 12.0 | |||||
E2-1 | 1.5 | 0.35 | 2.31 | 18 | 3.5 | 5 |
E2-2 | 6.5 | |||||
E2-3 | 11.0 | |||||
E2-4 | 13.0 | |||||
E3-1 | 2.0 | 0.35 | 3.08 | 18 | 4.0 | 5 |
E3-2 | 7.0 | |||||
E3-3 | 12.0 | |||||
E3-4 | 14.0 | |||||
E3-5 | 14.0 | 1/6 | ||||
E3-6 | 14.0 | 1/2 | ||||
E3-7 | 14.0 | 2 | ||||
E3-8 | 14.0 | 10 |
Growth Time | Peak Position (cm−1) | Ratio of Peak Areas | FWHM (cm−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
G | D | ID/IG | G | |
10 s | 1601 | 1361 | 2.54 | 88.6 |
30 s | 1593 | 1356 | 1.98 | 109.6 |
2 min | 1598 | 1351 | 2.16 | 98.9 |
5 min | 1603 | 1351 | 4.56 | 74.4 |
10 min | 1606 | 1359 | 6.00 | 68.6 |
Growth Time | C (at.%) | N (at.%) | O (at.%) |
---|---|---|---|
30 s | 82.88 | 1.30 | 15.83 |
2 min | 61.08 | 1.18 | 37.74 |
5 min | 54.25 | 1.37 | 44.37 |
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Zhu, J.; Li, F.; Liu, G.; Liu, D.; Li, Q.; Kan, E. Synthesis of Amorphous Carbon Film in Ethanol Inverse Diffusion Flames. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 656. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8090656
Zhu J, Li F, Liu G, Liu D, Li Q, Kan E. Synthesis of Amorphous Carbon Film in Ethanol Inverse Diffusion Flames. Nanomaterials. 2018; 8(9):656. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8090656
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Jie, Fang Li, Guannan Liu, Dong Liu, Qiongyu Li, and Erjun Kan. 2018. "Synthesis of Amorphous Carbon Film in Ethanol Inverse Diffusion Flames" Nanomaterials 8, no. 9: 656. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8090656