Thermodynamic Analysis of a Flat Plate Solar Collector with Different Hybrid Nanofluids as Working Medium—A Thermal Modelling Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Thermal Modeling
2.2. Entropy Analysis
- ➢
- The system is a steady flow and steady-state conditions.
- ➢
- No chemical reaction was presents.
- ➢
- Changes of potential and kinetic energy is ignored.
- ➢
- Solar irradiation intensity, IT = 1000 W/m2, and the absorbed power density by the solar panel, S = IT(τα) was considered.
- ➢
- The sun is considered as a reservoir of energy. As stated by Takashima [36], the exergy flow rate in the global solar radiation is equal to the solar flux
- ➢
- The thermo-physical properties of the nanofluids, both entering and leaving from the collector, are constant.
- ➢
- Work transfer from the system and heat transfer to the system are positive.
- ➢
- Loss coefficient is only considered for the entrance effect.
2.3. Pumping Power
2.4. Convective Heat Transfer
2.5. Thermophysical Properties of Hybrid Nanofluids
3. Input Data and Thermal Modelling Process
3.1. Input Data
Parameters of Collector | Value |
---|---|
Type | Black paint flat plate |
Glazing | Single glass |
Agent fluids | Water, Methanol, Radiator coolant, Ethylene glycol, Engine oil |
Absorption area (m2) | 1.44 |
Wind speed (m/s) | 20 |
Collector tilt (°) | 20 |
Fluid inlet and ambient temperature (K) | 300 |
Apparent sun temperature (K) | 4350 |
Optical efficiency | 84% |
Emissivity of the absorber plate | 0.95 |
Emissivity of the covers | 0.90 |
Glass thickness (mm) | 4 |
Insulation thermal conductivity (W/m∙K) | 0.06 |
3.2. Solution Procedure
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Ac | collector absorption area (m2) |
Cp | specific heat (J/kg.K) |
IT | incident solar energy per unit area (W/m2) |
k | thermal conductivity (W/m.K) |
ṁ | mass flow rate (kg/s) |
h | heat transfer coefficient (W/m2k) |
T | temperature (K) |
V | mean flow velocity (m/s) |
FPSC | flat plate solar collector |
MWCNT | multiwalled carbon nanotube |
EG | ethylene glycol |
τ | transmittance |
α | absorptance |
ø | nanoparticles volume fraction (%) |
ρ | density (kg/m3) |
µ | viscosity (Pa.s) |
Subscript | |
a | ambient |
bf | base fluid |
f, in | inlet fluid |
f, out | outlet fluid |
np | nanoparticles |
hnf | hybrid nanofluid |
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Physical Properties | Formula | Density, (kg/m3) @ 20 °C | Dynamic Viscosity, (N∙s/m2) @ 25 °C | Thermal Conductivity, (W/m·K) @ 25 °C | Specific Heat Capacity, (J/kg·K) @ 25 °C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water | H2O | 1000 | 0.0008 | 0.58 | 4182 |
Ethylene glycol | C2H6O2 | 1115 | 0.0169 | 0.258 | 2460 |
Methanol | CH3OH | 792 | 0.000543 | 0.204 | 2520 |
Radiator coolant | - | 1087 | 0.0038 | 0.37 | 3285 |
Engine oil [50] | - | 872 | 0.141 | 0.15 | 1990 |
MWCNT | - | 2100 | - | 3000 | 735 |
Copper oxide | CuO | 6000 | - | 33 | 551 |
Researcher | Type of Hybrid Nanofluid | Parameters | Exergy Generation Rate |
---|---|---|---|
Stalin et al. [33] | Zn-Fe2O4/water | 0.1 kg/s, 0.5% | 5.31 |
Present work | CuO-MWCNT/water | 0.016 kg/s, 0.1% | 5.90 |
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Mostafizur, R.M.; Rasul, M.G.; Nabi, M.N.; Haque, R.; Jahirul, M.I. Thermodynamic Analysis of a Flat Plate Solar Collector with Different Hybrid Nanofluids as Working Medium—A Thermal Modelling Approach. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13081320
Mostafizur RM, Rasul MG, Nabi MN, Haque R, Jahirul MI. Thermodynamic Analysis of a Flat Plate Solar Collector with Different Hybrid Nanofluids as Working Medium—A Thermal Modelling Approach. Nanomaterials. 2023; 13(8):1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13081320
Chicago/Turabian StyleMostafizur, R. M., M. G. Rasul, M. N. Nabi, R. Haque, and M. I. Jahirul. 2023. "Thermodynamic Analysis of a Flat Plate Solar Collector with Different Hybrid Nanofluids as Working Medium—A Thermal Modelling Approach" Nanomaterials 13, no. 8: 1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13081320