Toxic Effects of Copper Fungicides on the Development and Behavior of Zebrafish in Early-Life Stages
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Characterization of PEG@Cu NCs and Kocide® 3000
2.3. Maintenance of Zebrafish and Embryo Collection
2.4. Acute Toxicity Test of Copper Fungicides on Embryos
2.5. Developmental Toxicity Test of Zebrafish in Early-Life Stages
2.6. Locomotor Behavior of Zebrafish in Early-Life Stages
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of PEG@Cu NCs and Kocide® 3000
3.2. Acute Toxicity Test of Copper Fungicides on Embryos
3.3. Developmental Toxicity of Copper Fungicides in Zebrafish in Early-Life Stages
3.3.1. Mortality of Embryo
3.3.2. Hatching Rate of Embryos
3.3.3. Autonomous Movement of Embryos
3.3.4. Heartbeat of Zebrafish in Early-Life Stages
3.3.5. Body Length of Zebrafish Larvae
3.4. Behavioral Responses of Zebrafish Larvae
3.4.1. Total Movement Distance and Average Velocity
3.4.2. Absolute Turn Angle
3.4.3. Absolute Sinuosity and Absolute Angular Velocity
4. Discussion
4.1. Developmental Toxicity of Copper Fungicides to Zebrafish in Early-Life Stages
4.2. Behavioral Toxicity of Copper Fungicides to Zebrafish in Early-Life Stages
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fungicides | 96 hpf—LC50 (mg/L) | 95% Confidence Limit (mg/L) | R2 |
---|---|---|---|
PEG@Cu NCs | 0.166 | 0.086–0.312 | 0.96 |
Kocide® 3000 | >2.0 | - | - |
Cu(CH3COO)2 | 0.276 | 0.256–0.296 | 0.96 |
Fungicides | Mortality | Hatching Rate | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9 dpf—LC50 (mg/L) | 95% CL (mg/L) | R2 | 9 dpf—EC50 (mg/L) | 95% CL (mg/L) | R2 | |
PEG@Cu NCs | 0.077 | 0.005–0.343 | 0.87 | 0.079 | 0.003–0.396 | 0.87 |
Kocide® 3000 | 0.174 | 0.107–0.280 | 0.98 | 0.210 | 0.039–1.160 | 0.96 |
Cu(CH3COO)2 | 0.088 | 0.028–0.252 | 0.90 | 0.092 | 0.035–0.231 | 0.93 |
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Gao, F.; Yuan, Z.; Zhang, L.; Peng, Y.; Qian, K.; Zheng, M. Toxic Effects of Copper Fungicides on the Development and Behavior of Zebrafish in Early-Life Stages. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 2629. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13192629
Gao F, Yuan Z, Zhang L, Peng Y, Qian K, Zheng M. Toxic Effects of Copper Fungicides on the Development and Behavior of Zebrafish in Early-Life Stages. Nanomaterials. 2023; 13(19):2629. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13192629
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Fei, Zitong Yuan, Lingling Zhang, Yiyuan Peng, Kun Qian, and Mingqi Zheng. 2023. "Toxic Effects of Copper Fungicides on the Development and Behavior of Zebrafish in Early-Life Stages" Nanomaterials 13, no. 19: 2629. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13192629