Educational Environments with Cultural and Religious Diversity: Psychometric Analysis of the Cyberbullying Scale
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Population and Sample
2.2. Instrument
2.3. Data Collection and Analysis Process
3. Results
3.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis
3.2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- Other persons say bad word or insulted me for having different color skin using email, WhatsApp or another social network.
- Someone say bad word or insulted me for being of a different ethnicity or religion using email, WhatsApp or another social network.
- Racial comments have been made about me on social networks by dint of my race.
- Racial comments have been made about me on social networks by dint of my ethnicity.
- Racial comments have been made about me on social networks by dint of my religion.
- Lies have been told to other classmates about my race, ethnicity or religion using the Internet, WhatsApp or social networks.
- Lies have been told to other classmates about me for being different.
- I have been threatened through messages on Messenger, WhatsApp or other social networks because of my religious or ethnic traditions.
- Someone has hacked into my social network account and taken information to ignite hatred against my racial group.
- Someone has hacked into my social network account and taken information to ignite hatred against my ethnic group.
- Someone has hacked into my social network account and taken information to ignite hatred against my religion group.
- Someone has hacked into my account and pretended to be me on Facebook or Twitter to ridicule my religious or ethical traditions.
- A false account has been created by students pretending to be me in order to spark fear about my country’s customs or my ethnicity or religion.
- Someone has posted personal information about my family online to make fun of our traditions and customs.
- Someone has posted videos or photos online about my group’s religious or ethnic traditions to humiliate me.
- Someone has posted videos or photos online about my race to humiliate me.
- Fake photos have been posted online to ridicule my group’s religious or ethnic activity.
- Fake photos have been posted online to ridicule my race.
- I have been excluded or ignored on social networks or chat because of being of another race or belonging to a religion or ethnicity that is different from my classmates’.
- I have been recorded getting beaten up and the video was posted online because I am different from them (color of skin hair, clothing, traditions or religion).
- I have been recorded getting beaten up and the video was posted online because I am different race and ethnic.
- Someone has called me on my cell and imitated my speech to make fun of my language.
- I have been sent threatening WhatsApp audios telling me that my race, religion or ethnicity should be exterminated.
- They have mocked me for fun for dressing or wearing different clothes than the rest of my classmates.
- I have been mocked for fun for wearing veil on my head.
- I have told someone bad words or insulted other classmates for having different colored skin using email, WhatsApp or another social network.
- I have told someone bad words or insulted other classmates for being of a different ethnicity or religion using email, WhatsApp or another social network.
- I have made racist comments on social networks about other races, ethnicities or religions.
- I have told lies to classmates about other races, ethnicities or religions using the Internet, WhatsApp or social networks.
- I have threatened other religious or ethnic traditions using Messenger, WhatsApp or other social networks.
- I have hacked a social network account and taken information to ignite hatred against another racial group.
- I have hacked a social network account and taken information to ignite hatred against another ethnic group.
- I have hacked a social network account and taken information to ignite hatred against another religion group.
- I have hacked an account and posed as someone else on Facebook or Twitter to ridicule religious or ethnic traditions that are different from mine.
- I have hacked an account and posed as someone else on Facebook or Twitter to ridicule cultural traditions that are different from mine.
- Someone has posed as me on a forum or social network, insulting and threatening others to create fear towards people of my race, ethnicity or religion.
- I have created a false account posing as someone else in order to promote fear about customs of other countries or different ethnicities or religions.
- I have posted personal information about the families of others online to make fun of their traditions and customs.
- I have posted videos or photos online about religious or ethnic traditions of other groups to humiliate them.
- I have posted videos or photos online about the race of others to humiliate them and make them feel bad.
- I have posted fake photos online to ridicule the religious or ethnic activities of another group.
- I have posted faked photos online to ridicule the race of another group.
- I have posted faked photos online to ridicule those races whose skin colour differs from mine.
- I have excluded or ignored others on social networks or chat for being from a different race, religion or ethnicity from the rest of my classmates.
- I have beaten up classmates, recorded and posted the videos online because they are different than me (color of skin, hair, clothing, tradition, religion).
- I have called by cell and imitated the speech of my classmate to make fun of their language.
- I have sent threatening WhatsApp audios saying that the race, religion or ethnicity of other classmates should be extinguished.
- I have sent threatening WhatsApp audios saying that the race, religion or ethnicity of other classmates are inferior.
- I have made fun of other classmates for dressing or wearing different clothing from the rest of my classmates.
- I have put myself through another on a forum or social network, insulting and threatening to create fear towards people of other races.
- I have pretended to be someone else on a forum or social network, insulting and threatening to spark fear towards people of other ethnicities.
- I have pretended to be someone else on a forum or social network, insulting and threatening to spark fear towards people of other religions.
Appendix B
Level of cyber victim or cyberbullying in adolescents |
1: None 2: Little 3: Sufficient 4: Quite a bit 5: A lot |
Cyber victim | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
1. Someone say bad word or insulted me for having different color skin using email, WhatsApp or another social network. | |||||
2. Someone say bad word or insulted me for being of a different ethnicity or religion using email, WhatsApp or another social network. | |||||
3. Racial comments have been made about me on social networks for my race, ethnicity or religion. | |||||
4. Lies have been told to other classmates about my race, ethnicity or religion using the Internet, WhatsApp or social networks. | |||||
5. I have been threatened through messages on Messenger, WhatsApp or other social networks because of my religious or ethnic traditions. | |||||
6. Someone has hacked into my social network account and taken information to create hate against my racial, ethnic or religious group. | |||||
7. Someone has hacked into my account and pretended to be me on Facebook or Twitter to ridicule my religious or ethical traditions. | |||||
8. A false account has been created by someone pretending to be me in order to promote fear about my country’s customs or my ethnicity or religion. | |||||
9. Someone has posted personal information about my family online to make fun of our traditions and customs. | |||||
10. Someone has posted videos or photos online about my group’s religious or ethnic traditions to humiliate me. | |||||
11. Someone has posted videos or photos online about my race to humiliate me. | |||||
12. Fake photos have been posted online to ridicule my group’s religious or ethnic activity. | |||||
13. Fake photos have been posted online to ridicule my race. | |||||
14. I have been excluded or ignored on social networks or chat because of being of another race or belonging to a religion or ethnicity that is different from my classmates’. | |||||
15. I have been recorded getting beaten up and the video was posted online because I am different from them (color of skin hair, clothing, traditions or religion). | |||||
16. Someone has called me on my cell and imitated my speech to make fun of my language. | |||||
17. I have been sent threatening WhatsApp audios telling me that my race, religion or ethnicity should be exterminated. | |||||
18. They have mocked me for fun for dressing or wearing different clothes than the rest of my classmates. | |||||
19. Someone has posed as me on a forum or social network, insulting and threatening others to create fear towards people of my race, ethnicity or religion. | |||||
Cyber bully | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
20. I have told someone bad words or insulted other classmates for having different colored skin using email, WhatsApp or another social network. | |||||
21. I have told someone bad words or insulted other classmates for being of a different ethnicity or religion using email, WhatsApp or another social network. | |||||
22. I have made racist comments on social networks about other races, ethnicities or religions. | |||||
23. I have told lies to classmates about other races, ethnicities or religions using the Internet, WhatsApp or social networks. | |||||
24. I have threatened other religious or ethnic traditions using Messenger, WhatsApp or other social networks. | |||||
25. I have hacked a social network account and taken information to create hate against other racial, ethnic or religious groups. | |||||
26. I have hacked an account and posed as someone else on Facebook or Twitter to ridicule religious or ethnic traditions that are different from mine. | |||||
27. I have created a false account posing as someone else in order to promote fear about customs of other countries or different ethnicities or religions. | |||||
28. I have posted personal information about the families of other classmates online to make fun of their traditions and customs. | |||||
29. I have posted videos or photos online about religious or ethnic traditions of other groups to humiliate them. | |||||
30. I have posted videos or photos online about the race of others to humiliate them. | |||||
31. I have posted fake photos online to ridicule the religious or ethnic activities of another group. | |||||
32. I have posted faked photos online to ridicule the race of another group. | |||||
33. I have excluded or ignored others on social networks or chat for being from a different race, religion or ethnicity from the rest of my classmates. | |||||
34. I have beaten up classmates, recorded and posted the videos online because they are different than me (color of skin, hair, clothing, tradition, religion). | |||||
35. I have called by cell and imitated the speech of my classmate to make fun of their language. | |||||
36. I have sent threatening WhatsApp audios saying that the race, religion or ethnicity of other classmates should be extinguished. | |||||
37. I have made fun of other classmates for dressing or wearing different clothing from the rest of my classmates. | |||||
38. I have put myself through another on a forum or social network, insulting and threatening to create fear towards people of other races, ethnicities or religions. |
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Provinces | EFA N (%) | CFA N (%) |
---|---|---|
Granada | 62 (8.6%) | 59 (7.8%) |
Málaga | 61 (8.5%) | 70 (9.3%) |
Almería | 57 (7.8%) | 54 (7.2%) |
Jaén | 85 (11.7%) | 76 (10.1%) |
Córdoba | 91(12.6%) | 102(13.5%) |
Sevilla | 106 (14.7%) | 99 (13.1%) |
Cádiz | 65 (9.0%) | 62 (8.2%) |
Huelva | 42 (5.8%) | 47 (6.2%) |
Melilla | 64 (8.8%) | 108 (14.3%) |
Ceuta | 90 (12.5%) | 78 (10.3%) |
TOTAL | 723 (100%) | 755 (100%) |
Exploratory Factor Analysis | |||
---|---|---|---|
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy | 0.926 | ||
Bartlett’s test of sphericity (Aprox. Chi-squared) | 31,491.842 | ||
gl | 703 | ||
p | 0.000 |
Variables | Rotated Factor Matrix | ||
---|---|---|---|
F1 | F2 | F3 | |
I26 | 0.904 | 0.197 | 0.134 |
I32 | 0.894 | 0.109 | 0.077 |
I31 | 0.885 | 0.167 | 0.072 |
I29 | 0.874 | 0.264 | 0.015 |
I27 | 0.872 | 0.125 | 0.156 |
I28 | 0.865 | 0.258 | 0.013 |
I30 | 0.863 | 0.171 | 0.147 |
I33 | 0.845 | 0.142 | 0.171 |
I38 | 0.818 | 0.184 | 0.188 |
I34 | 0.809 | 0.076 | 0.215 |
I36 | 0.796 | 0.215 | 0.257 |
I25 | 0.775 | 0.194 | 0.130 |
I24 | 0.772 | 0.294 | 0.075 |
I21 | 0.772 | 0.208 | 0.090 |
I20 | 0.672 | 0.077 | 0.262 |
I23 | 0.671 | 0.218 | 0.040 |
I22 | 0.668 | 0.191 | 0.160 |
I35 | 0.667 | 0.062 | 0.326 |
I37 | 0.657 | 0.111 | 0.256 |
I3 | 0.059 | 0.800 | 0.151 |
I13 | 0.276 | 0.787 | 0.123 |
I10 | 0.271 | 0.779 | 0.097 |
I12 | 0.246 | 0.776 | 0.106 |
I4 | 0.145 | 0.718 | 0.267 |
I2 | 0.155 | 0.713 | 0.267 |
I14 | 0.237 | 0.659 | 0.384 |
I1 | 0.168 | 0.635 | 0.312 |
I11 | 0.270 | 0.614 | 0.332 |
I8 | 0.234 | 0.600 | 0.428 |
I7 | 0.184 | 0.594 | 0.537 |
I9 | 0.207 | 0.568 | 0.340 |
I16 | 0.188 | 0.265 | 0.678 |
I18 | 0.088 | 0.242 | 0.662 |
I17 | 0.239 | 0.488 | 0.631 |
I15 | 0.321 | 0.355 | 0.617 |
I6 | 0.256 | 0.469 | 0.569 |
I19 | 0.312 | 0.475 | 0.525 |
I5 | 0.097 | 0.487 | 0.525 |
Model | NPAR | CMIN | DF | p | CMIN/DF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Default model | 117 | 2414.536 | 662 | 0.000 | 3.647 |
Saturated model | 779 | 0.000 | 0 | ||
Independence model | 38 | 10,789.822 | 741 | 0.000 | 14.561 |
Model | NFI | IFI | TLI | CFI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Default Model | 0.776 | 0.750 | 0.805 | 0.826 |
Saturated Model | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
Independence Model | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Model | RMSEA |
---|---|
Default Model | 0.059 |
Independence Model | 0.134 |
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Tomé-Fernández, M.; Ortiz-Marcos, J.M.; Olmedo-Moreno, E.M. Educational Environments with Cultural and Religious Diversity: Psychometric Analysis of the Cyberbullying Scale. Religions 2019, 10, 443. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10070443
Tomé-Fernández M, Ortiz-Marcos JM, Olmedo-Moreno EM. Educational Environments with Cultural and Religious Diversity: Psychometric Analysis of the Cyberbullying Scale. Religions. 2019; 10(7):443. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10070443
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomé-Fernández, María, José Manuel Ortiz-Marcos, and Eva María Olmedo-Moreno. 2019. "Educational Environments with Cultural and Religious Diversity: Psychometric Analysis of the Cyberbullying Scale" Religions 10, no. 7: 443. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10070443