Does the Winner Take All in E-Commerce of Agricultural Products under the Background of Platform Monopoly?
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Analysis
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Data Collection
3.2. Variable Selection and Descriptive Statistical Analysis
3.3. Model Selection
- (1)
- Ordinary Least Square (OLS)
- (2)
- Endogenous Switching Regression Model (ESR)
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Baseline Regression
4.2. Robustness Test
4.3. Discussion about Scale
4.4. Discussion about Influencing Factors
- (1)
- Variables related to the leaders
- (2)
- Variables related to the cooperatives
5. Conclusions and Implications
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Policy Implication
- (1)
- Give priority to supporting the development of large-scale business entities
- (2)
- Strengthen talent support
- (3)
- Improve the standardization level of cooperatives
- (4)
- Reduce costs through joint operations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Eastern Region | Central Region | Western Region | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region | Number of Samples | Region | Number of Samples | Region | Number of Samples |
Beijing | 7 | Shanxi Province | 19 | Chongqing City | 21 |
Tianjin | 15 | Inner Mongolia | 17 | Sichuan Province | 43 |
Hebei Province | 21 | Anhui Province | 30 | Guizhou Province | 18 |
Liaoning Province | 20 | Heilongjiang Province | 26 | Yunnan Province | 19 |
Shanghai | 10 | Jilin Province | 37 | Gansu Province | 31 |
Jiangsu Province | 12 | Jiangxi Province | 20 | Shaanxi Province | 48 |
Zhejiang Province | 19 | Henan Province | 28 | Qinghai Province | 13 |
Fujian Province | 16 | Hubei Province | 28 | Ningxia Hui nationality | 14 |
Shandong Province | 25 | Hunan Province | 24 | ||
Guangdong Province | 21 | ||||
Zhuang Nationality in Guangxi | 23 | ||||
Hainan Province | 10 | ||||
Total | 199 | Total | 229 | Total | 207 |
Variable Name | Variable Meaning | Variable Assignment | Average Value | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
E-commerce adoption (EA) | Cooperatives that use e-commerce to sell products | Yes = 1; no = 0 | 0.586 | 0.493 |
E-commerce percentage (EP) | The proportion of agricultural products sold by cooperatives through e-commerce in all products (based on sales amount) | Original value | 0.355 | 0.521 |
Cooperative leader’s characteristics | ||||
Gender | Gender of cooperative leaders | Male = 1; female = 0 | 0.888 | 0.315 |
Age | Age of cooperative leaders | Original value | 48.903 | 8.578 |
Education | Education level of cooperative leaders | Primary school and below = 1; junior high school = 2; senior high school = 3; junior college = 4; undergraduate and above = 5 | 3.217 | 0.930 |
Cooperative leader’s experience | ||||
Migrant workers | Decision-makers of cooperatives have experience with migrant work | Yes = 1; no = 0 | 0.378 | 0.485 |
Entrepreneurship training | Cooperative decision-makers have participated in entrepreneurship training | Yes = 1; no = 0 | 0.729 | 0.445 |
Civil servant | Cooperative decision-makers have the experience of civil servants above the village level | Yes = 1; no = 0 | 0.353 | 0.478 |
Agricultural extension worker | Cooperative decision-makers have experience as agricultural extension workers | Yes = 1; no = 0 | 0.181 | 0.385 |
Enterprise manager | Cooperative decision-makers have the experience of enterprise managers | Yes = 1; no = 0 | 0.354 | 0.479 |
Characteristics of cooperatives | ||||
Number of brands | Number of brands owned by cooperatives | (Number of pieces) | 2.027 | 1.050 |
Standardized production | Cooperative production process follows clear production standards and has a supervision mechanism | Yes = 1; no = 0 | 0.920 | 0.272 |
Number of employees | Total number of workers employed by cooperatives, including short-term and temporary workers | (In thousands) | 0.231 | 1.296 |
Operating land area | Includes land owned by cooperatives and transferred land | (Per 10,000 mu) | 0.398 | 1.831 |
Contract farming | Signs production order with supermarket and performs production processes according to orders | Yes = 1; no = 0 | 0.597 | 0.491 |
Computerized office | Uses a computer to manage and record daily business data | Yes = 1; no = 0 | 0.532 | 0.499 |
Product features | ||||
Pollution-free certification | The product is certified as pollution-free | Yes = 1; no = 0 | 0.436 | 0.496 |
Green food certification | The product is certified as green | Yes = 1; no = 0 | 0.244 | 0.430 |
Organic food certification | The product is certified as organic food | Yes = 1; no = 0 | 0.110 | 0.313 |
Agro-product geographical indications | The products have agro-product geographical indications | Yes = 1; no = 0 | 0.148 | 0.355 |
Preliminarily processed products | Seed removal, purification, classification, sun drying, peeling, or bulk packaging of new agricultural products to provide preliminary market services | Yes = 1; no = 0 | 0.658 | 0.475 |
Deeply processed products | After the initial processing, the products are further processed for the purpose of pursuing greater benefits | Yes = 1; no = 0 | 0.117 | 0.321 |
Product standard level | Certification standard confirming the level of product quality | National standard = 1; industry standard = 2; local standard = 3; enterprise standard = 4; lower standard = 5 | 2.685 | 1.645 |
Variable | E-Commerce Cooperatives | Non-E-Commerce Cooperatives | Mean Difference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Value | Standard Deviation | Mean Value | Standard Deviation | ||
Characteristics of decision-makers | |||||
Gender | 0.85 | 0.36 | 0.94 | 0.24 | −0.09 *** |
Age | 48.67 | 8.29 | 49.24 | 8.98 | −0.57 |
Education | 3.38 | 0.88 | 2.99 | 0.95 | 0.38 *** |
Decision-maker experience | |||||
Migrant workers | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.36 | 0.48 | 0.04 |
Entrepreneurship training | 0.79 | 0.41 | 0.64 | 0.48 | 0.15 *** |
Teacher | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.04 ** |
Civil servant | 0.33 | 0.47 | 0.39 | 0.49 | −0.06 |
Agricultural extension worker | 0.22 | 0.41 | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.09 ** |
Enterprise manager | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0.27 | 0.45 | 0.14 *** |
Characteristics of cooperatives | |||||
Number of brands | 2.23 | 1.1 | 1.74 | 0.9 | 0.49 *** |
Standardized production | 0.95 | 0.21 | 0.87 | 0.33 | 0.08 *** |
Number of employees | 0.29 | 1.49 | 0.15 | 0.95 | 0.14 |
Operating land area | 0.24 | 0.47 | 0.62 | 2.78 | 0.38 ** |
Contract farming | 0.72 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.5 | 0.29 *** |
Computerized office | 0.63 | 0.48 | 0.4 | 0.49 | 0.23 *** |
Product features | |||||
Pollution-free certification | 0.48 | 0.5 | 0.37 | 0.48 | 0.12 *** |
Green food certification | 0.3 | 0.46 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.14 *** |
Organic food certification | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.06 ** |
Certification of geographical indications for agricultural products | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.11 | 0.32 | 0.06 ** |
Preliminarily processed products | 0.72 | 0.45 | 0.57 | 0.5 | 0.15 *** |
Deeply processed products | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.04 * |
Product standard level | 2.45 | 1.43 | 3.01 | 1.86 | −0.56 *** |
Var | 2SLS (1) | LIMI (2) | OLS (3) | OLS (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|
E-commerce adoption (EA) | 1.623 ** | 1.623 ** | 0.158 *** | |
(0.766) | (0.766) | (0.027) | ||
E-commerce percentage (EP) | 0.282 ** | |||
(0.126) | ||||
Control | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
_cons | 1.022 *** | 1.022 *** | 0.253 *** | 0.225 *** |
(0.598) | (0.598) | (0.035) | (0.078) | |
N | 635 | 635 | 372 | 635 |
Hausman test | 5.66 ** | |||
DWH test | 5.98 ** | |||
F-statistic | 26.51 |
Group | Decision-Making Stage | ATE | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
EA | No-EA | ATT | ATU | |
EA group | 0.444 | 0.321 | 0.123 *** | |
No-EA group | 0.417 | 0.357 | 0.060 *** |
Group | >10% | >20% | >30% | >40% | >50% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EP | 0.330 * | 0.355 ** | 0.780 * | 0.844 ** | 2.661 |
(0.193) | (0.139) | (0.467) | (0.360) | (0.165) | |
Control | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
p-Value | 0.090 | 0.021 | 0.085 | 0.026 | 0.125 |
N | 242 | 147 | 79 | 45 | 27 |
Var | Full Sample | Fresh Agri-Product | Primary Agri-Product | Deep Processing Agri-Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 2.896 | 4.589 | −3.295 | 2.682 |
(2.690) | (8.897) | (2.996) | (4.031) | |
Gender × EA | −3.453 * | 1.447 | −3.961 ** | 1.478 |
(1.858) | (3.154) | (1.548) | (3.179) | |
Age | 0.263 | −0.599 | 0.045 | 0.896 * |
(0.235) | (0.389) | (0.057) | (0.540) | |
Age × EA | −0.389 * | −0.298 | −0.877 | 0.376 * |
(0.206) | (0.286) | (0.547) | (0.204) | |
Education | 2.784 ** | 1.845 | 2.926 | 1.661 *** |
(1.084) | (1.748) | (3.850) | (0.309) | |
Education × EA | 1.695 *** | 1.141 * | 2.002 *** | 3.688 *** |
(0.511) | (0.652) | (0.365) | (0.579) | |
Experience | 2.241 * | 1.847 | 3.451 * | 3.967 * |
(1.209) | (2.478) | (1.916) | (2.234) | |
Experience × EA | 0.958 * | 1.254 | 2.514 | 0.425 *** |
(0.536) | (1.114) | (2.155) | (0.158) | |
Number of brands (NB) | 2.265 * | 3.368 | 1.754 * | 2.661 * |
(1.307) | (4.974) | (1.034) | (1.374) | |
NB × EA | 2.755 *** | 1.263 * | 3.145 ** | 2.882 |
(0.857) | (0.672) | (1.259) | (1.956) | |
Number of certifications (NC) | 3.339 *** | 1.074 * | 2.471 ** | 4.879 * |
(1.026) | (0.607) | (1.023) | (2.915) | |
NC × EA | 3.525 ** | 1.789 | 3.859 *** | 3.478 |
(1.607) | (1.837) | (0.855) | (4.217) | |
Total assets | 5.771 | 6.141 * | 4.154 | 6.385 |
(4.654) | (3.232) | (6.968) | (5.298) | |
Total assets × EA | 2.147 ** | 2.014 *** | 2.657 ** | 0.587 * |
(0.855) | (0.410) | (1.236) | (0.328) | |
Control | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
_cons | 12.74 *** | 9.77 *** | 13.67 *** | 10.69 *** |
(2.34) | (0.69) | (1.51) | (3.11) | |
N | 635 | 78 | 418 | 121 |
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Chi, L.; Zhu, M.; Shen, C.; Zhang, J.; Xing, L.; Zhou, X. Does the Winner Take All in E-Commerce of Agricultural Products under the Background of Platform Monopoly? Agriculture 2023, 13, 476. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020476
Chi L, Zhu M, Shen C, Zhang J, Xing L, Zhou X. Does the Winner Take All in E-Commerce of Agricultural Products under the Background of Platform Monopoly? Agriculture. 2023; 13(2):476. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020476
Chicago/Turabian StyleChi, Liang, Mengshuai Zhu, Chen Shen, Jing Zhang, Liwei Xing, and Xiangyang Zhou. 2023. "Does the Winner Take All in E-Commerce of Agricultural Products under the Background of Platform Monopoly?" Agriculture 13, no. 2: 476. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020476
APA StyleChi, L., Zhu, M., Shen, C., Zhang, J., Xing, L., & Zhou, X. (2023). Does the Winner Take All in E-Commerce of Agricultural Products under the Background of Platform Monopoly? Agriculture, 13(2), 476. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020476