Prevalence of Sleep Disturbance and Associated Risk Factors in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Statistical Analysis
2.3. Missing Data Handling
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Univariable Analysis
3.3. Multivariable Analysis
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Future Directions and Applications
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Level (Code) | Without Sleep Disorder | With Sleep Disorder | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n | - | 30,322 (74.77) | 10,229 (25.23) | |
Age (median (Q1, Q3)) | - | 61 (52, 71) | 61 (53, 70) | 0.9113 |
Age (mean (SD)) | - | 61.14 (12.79) | 61.18 (11.88) | |
BMI (median (Q1, Q3)) | - | 27.79 (24.12, 32.03) | 30 (25.82, 35.08) | 6.49 × 10−179 |
BMI (mean (SD)) | - | 28.43 (6.45) | 30.78 (7.40) | |
Hemiplegia Paraplegia (%) | - | 313 (1.03) | 75 (0.73) | 0.0086 |
Hypertension (%) | - | 17,557 (57.90) | 6654 (65.05) | 3.80 × 10−37 |
Myocardial Infarction (%) | - | 2040 (6.73) | 706 (6.90) | 0.5596 |
Congestive Heart Failure (%) | - | 2361(7.79) | 915 (8.95) | 0.0002 |
Peripheral Vascular Disease (%) | - | 3521 (11.61) | 1087 (10.63)) | 0.0070 |
Cerebrovascular Disease (%) | - | 4494 (14.82) | 1472 (14.39) | 0.2953 |
Dementia (%) | - | 1060 (3.5) | 296 (2.89) | 0.0038 |
Chronic Pulmonary Disease (%) | - | 8196 (27.03) | 3417 (33.41) | 7.01 × 10−35 |
Rheumatologic Disease (%) | - | 1970 (6.50) | 676 (6.61) | 0.7095 |
Peptic Ulcer (%) | - | 855 (2.82) | 289 (2.83) | 1 |
Mild Liver Disease (%) | - | 2500 (8.24) | 855 (8.36) | 0.7336 |
Moderate to Severe Liver Disease (%) | - | 128 (0.42) | 47 (0.46) | 0.6811 |
Moderate to Severe Renal Disease (%) | - | 3325 (10.97) | 1177 (11.51) | 0.1369 |
ESRD (%) | - | 357 (1.18) | 119 (1.16) | 0.9517 |
Any Malignancy (%) | - | 3045 (10.04) | 893 (8.73) | 0.0001 |
Metastatic Solid Tumor (%) | - | 667 (2.20) | 153 (1.50) | 1.47 × 10−5 |
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (%) | - | 96 (0.32) | 24 (0.23) | 0.224514637 |
Parkinson Disease (%) | - | 529 (1.74) | 205 (2.00) | 0.0970 |
Migraine (%) | - | 2628 (8.67) | 1158 (11.32) | 1.75 × 10−15 |
Tension Type Headache (%) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Other Type Headache (%) | - | 43 (0.14)) | 19 (0.19) | 0.4025 |
Osteoarthritis (%) | - | 11,350 (37.43) | 3840 (37.54) | 0.8535 |
Depression Bipolar (%) | - | 7358 (24.27) | 3556 (34.76) | 4.48 × 10−95 |
Race (%) | Caucasian | 22,695 (74.85) | 7801 (76.26) | 0.1580 |
African American | 4209 (13.88) | 1382 (13.51) | ||
Asian | 260 (0.86) | 72 (0.70) | ||
Hispanic/Latino | 135 (0.45) | 36 (0.35) | ||
Other | 731 (2.41) | 228 (2.23) | ||
Unknown | 1453 (4.79) | 515 (5.03) | ||
NA | 839 (2.77) | 195 (1.91) | ||
Gender (%) | Unknown | 3 (0.01) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0109 |
Male | 14,170 (46.73) | 4946 (48.35) | ||
Female | 16,149 (53.26) | 5283 (51.65) | ||
Diabetes Status (%) | No Diabetes | 24051 (79.3) | 7562 (73.9) | 8.15 × 10−30 |
Diabetes Without Complication | 5323 (17.6) | 2308 (22.6) | ||
Diabetes With Complication | 948 (3.1) | 359 (3.5) |
Variable | Coefficient | p Value | Odds Ratio Confidence Interval |
---|---|---|---|
Hypertension | 0.303 | 0 | 1.35 (1.29–1.42) |
Chronic Pulmonary Disease | 0.303 | 0 | 1.35 (1.29–1.42) |
Migraine | 0.297 | 0 | 1.35 (1.25–1.45) |
Depression Bipolar | 0.509 | 0 | 1.66 (1.58–1.75) |
BMI | 0.05 | 0 | 1.05 (1.05–1.05) |
Diabetes Status | 0.321 | 0 | 1.38 (1.30–1.46) |
Any Malignancy | −0.155 | 1.00 × 10−4 | 0.86 (0.79–0.93) |
Congestive Heart Failure | 0.151 | 2.00 × 10−4 | 1.16 (1.07–1.26) |
Parkinson Disease | 0.141 | 0.0889 | 1.15 (0.98–1.36) |
Moderate to Severe Renal Disease | 0.054 | 0.1322 | 1.06 (0.98–1.13) |
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | −0.3 | 0.1885 | 0.74 (0.47–1.16) |
Race | −0.042 | 0.2103 | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) |
Cerebrovascular Disease | −0.035 | 0.2879 | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) |
Other Type Headache | 0.27 | 0.3269 | 1.31 (0.76–2.25) |
Moderate to Severe Liver Disease | 0.085 | 0.6184 | 1.09 (0.78–1.52) |
Rheumatologic Disease | 0.018 | 0.6924 | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) |
Mild Liver Disease | 0.015 | 0.718 | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) |
Age | 0 | 0.7339 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
Osteoarthritis | 0.005 | 0.8442 | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) |
Gender | −9.513 | 0.8903 | 0.00 (0.00–3.81 × 1054) |
ESRD | −0.012 | 0.9095 | 0.99 (0.80–1.22) |
Peptic Ulcer | 0.002 | 0.9765 | 1.00 (0.88–1.15) |
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Yakdan, S.; Joseph, K.; Zhang, J.; Ruiz-Cardozo, M.A.; Pradhan, A.; Dhallan, A.; Arkam, F.; Mualem, W.; Bentz, G.; Moniz Garcia, D.P.; et al. Prevalence of Sleep Disturbance and Associated Risk Factors in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 7110. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14197110
Yakdan S, Joseph K, Zhang J, Ruiz-Cardozo MA, Pradhan A, Dhallan A, Arkam F, Mualem W, Bentz G, Moniz Garcia DP, et al. Prevalence of Sleep Disturbance and Associated Risk Factors in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(19):7110. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14197110
Chicago/Turabian StyleYakdan, Salim, Karan Joseph, Jingyi Zhang, Miguel A. Ruiz-Cardozo, Aryan Pradhan, Alisha Dhallan, Faraz Arkam, Willliam Mualem, Garrison Bentz, Diogo P. Moniz Garcia, and et al. 2025. "Prevalence of Sleep Disturbance and Associated Risk Factors in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 19: 7110. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14197110
APA StyleYakdan, S., Joseph, K., Zhang, J., Ruiz-Cardozo, M. A., Pradhan, A., Dhallan, A., Arkam, F., Mualem, W., Bentz, G., Moniz Garcia, D. P., Plog, B., Yahanda, A. T., Hafez, D., Ray, W. Z., Molina, C. A., & Greenberg, J. K. (2025). Prevalence of Sleep Disturbance and Associated Risk Factors in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(19), 7110. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14197110