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Volume 14
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10.3390/jcm14176153
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Primary and Revision Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty Using Custom-Made 3D-Printed Baseplates for Severe Multiplanar Glenoid Bone Defects: A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes

by
Giovanni Merolla
1,2,*,
Francesco De Filippo
1,
Fabiana Magrini Pasquinelli
3,
Gian Mario Micheloni
4,
Giuseppe Porcellini
4,
Paolo Paladini
1 and
Roberto Castricini
5
1
Shoulder and Elbow Unit, Cervesi Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 47841 Cattolica, Italy
2
Center of Upper Limb Arthroscopy, Trauma and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Nova Clinic, 47895 Domagnano, San Marino
3
Orthopaedic and Trauma Unit, Principe di Piemonte Hospital, 60019 Senigallia, Italy
4
Orthopedic and Trauma Unit, Sassuolo Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41049 Sassuolo, Italy
5
Division of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Villa Verde Hospital, 63900 Fermo, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(17), 6153; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176153 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 7 July 2025 / Revised: 16 August 2025 / Accepted: 17 August 2025 / Published: 30 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: Severe glenoid bone loss presents a major challenge in both primary and revision reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). Standard implants often fail to achieve reliable fixation in these cases. Custom-made, 3D-printed glenoid components have emerged as a potential solution, offering anatomically tailored fit and fixation. This study evaluates the clinical and radiographic outcomes of custom-made glenoid implants in managing severe glenoid bone loss. Methods: A retrospective, multicenter study was conducted on 23 shoulders (11 primary and 12 revision RSAs) that received a custom-made glenoid component using the Enovis ProMade System (San Daniele del Friuli, Udine, Italy) between 2017 and 2022, with a minimum follow-up of 24 months. Preoperative planning utilized CT-based 3D modeling to design implants with patient-specific instrumentation. Clinical outcomes (ROM, pain, Constant–Murley score) and radiographic results were assessed. Statistical comparisons were made between primary and revision groups. Results: Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in shoulder mobility, pain relief, and Constant–Murley scores (all p < 0.001), with no significant differences between primary and revision groups in delta scores. Radiographically, no loosening was observed, with minimal radiolucent lines and low complication rates. Four cases of instability occurred, all in the revision group, with only one requiring conversion to hemiarthroplasty. No differences in radiographic outcomes were observed between groups. Conclusions: Custom-made glenoid implants provide a reliable solution for severe glenoid bone loss in both primary and revision RSA, yielding consistent functional improvement and implant stability. Further prospective studies with larger cohorts and long-term follow-up are warranted to confirm these findings and assess cost-effectiveness.
Keywords: reverse shoulder arthroplasty; glenoid bone loss; revision; anatomical models; custom implant reverse shoulder arthroplasty; glenoid bone loss; revision; anatomical models; custom implant

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MDPI and ACS Style

Merolla, G.; De Filippo, F.; Magrini Pasquinelli, F.; Micheloni, G.M.; Porcellini, G.; Paladini, P.; Castricini, R. Primary and Revision Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty Using Custom-Made 3D-Printed Baseplates for Severe Multiplanar Glenoid Bone Defects: A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 6153. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176153

AMA Style

Merolla G, De Filippo F, Magrini Pasquinelli F, Micheloni GM, Porcellini G, Paladini P, Castricini R. Primary and Revision Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty Using Custom-Made 3D-Printed Baseplates for Severe Multiplanar Glenoid Bone Defects: A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(17):6153. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176153

Chicago/Turabian Style

Merolla, Giovanni, Francesco De Filippo, Fabiana Magrini Pasquinelli, Gian Mario Micheloni, Giuseppe Porcellini, Paolo Paladini, and Roberto Castricini. 2025. "Primary and Revision Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty Using Custom-Made 3D-Printed Baseplates for Severe Multiplanar Glenoid Bone Defects: A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 17: 6153. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176153

APA Style

Merolla, G., De Filippo, F., Magrini Pasquinelli, F., Micheloni, G. M., Porcellini, G., Paladini, P., & Castricini, R. (2025). Primary and Revision Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty Using Custom-Made 3D-Printed Baseplates for Severe Multiplanar Glenoid Bone Defects: A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(17), 6153. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176153

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