Impact of Surgical Margin Distance on Oncologic Outcomes in Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Introduction: Vulvar carcinoma is a rare malignancy with approximately 3090 cases annually in Germany. Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva (SCC) can be HPV-associated or non-HPV-associated. Surgical excision is the primary treatment, but the optimal tumor-free resection margin remains debated. This study evaluates the impact of resection margin distance on disease prognosis in SCC patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients diagnosed with SCC of the vulva at the University Hospital of Cologne between 2007 and 2022. Patients with TNM stage pT1a or higher who underwent primary surgical treatment with a tumor-free resection margin status were included. The cohort of 73 patients was divided into three groups based on resection margin distance: >0.01–<0.3 cm (Group 1), ≥0.3–<0.8 cm (Group 2), and ≥0.8 cm (Group 3). Statistical analyses including logrank tests were performed to assess correlations between resection margin distance and recurrence, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). Results: A total of 37.0% of patients were categorized into Group 1, 48.0% into Group 2, and 15.1% into Group 3. Disease recurrence occurred in 26% of patients, with rates of 31.6% in Group 1 (minimum resection margin distance), 42.1% in Group 2, and 26.3% in Group 3. The prevalence of recurrence was not dependent on resection margin distance (p = 0.28). Similarly, the prevalence of deaths was not dependent on resection margin distance (p = 0.43). Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) did not show significant differences between the groups (p = 0.25 and p = 0.87, respectively). Conclusions: This study found no significant impact of pathological tumor-free resection margin distance on DFS or OS in patients with SCC of the vulva. Given the heterogeneity in international guidelines and existing literature, further studies with larger patient cohorts are needed to establish definitive surgical recommendations.