Abstract
Our aim was to determine the prognostic impact of coronary artery disease (CAD) on heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) mortality and readmissions. From a prospective multicenter registry that included 1831 patients hospitalized due to heart failure, 583 had a left ventricular ejection fraction of <40%. In total, 266 patients (45.6%) had coronary artery disease as main etiology and 137 (23.5%) had idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and they are the focus of this study. Significant differences were found in Charlson index (CAD 4.4 ± 2.8, idiopathic DCM 2.9 ± 2.4, p < 0.001), and in the number of previous hospitalizations (1.1 ± 1, 0.8 ± 1.2, respectively, p = 0.015). One-year mortality was similar in the two groups: idiopathic DCM (hazard ratio [HR] = 1), CAD (HR 1.50; 95% CI 0.83–2.70, p = 0.182). Mortality/readmissions were also comparable: CAD (HR 0.96; 95% CI 0.64–1.41, p = 0.81). Patients with idiopathic DCM had a higher probability of receiving a heart transplant than those with CAD (HR 4.6; 95% CI 1.4–13.4, p = 0.012). The prognosis of HFrEF is similar in patients with CAD etiology and in those with idiopathic DCM. Patients with idiopathic DCM were more prone to receive heart transplant.
1. Introduction
Heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of mortality and hospital admissions worldwide [1]. The etiology of HF with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF) is diverse [2]; however, the two main causes are coronary artery disease (CAD) and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathies (DCM) [3,4]. The prognostic impact of HFrEF etiology is still under debate. Previous studies have established a worse prognosis in patients with CAD compared to other etiologies, such as hypertension or DCM [5,6,7]. However, a subanalysis of PARADIGM-HF (Prospective Comparison of ARNI [Angiotensin Receptor–Neprilysin Inhibitor] with ACEI [Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor] to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure Trial) found that patients with CAD had a higher crude incidence of mortality and readmissions; however, outcome did not differ by etiology (CAD, idiopathic, or hypertensive) when adjusting for other variables, such as age and comorbidity [8]. Moreover, most studies addressing the prognostic implications of HF etiology were performed before novel drugs development and cardiac devices [2,3,9,10]. Specifically, some of these improvements, such as implanted cardioverter defibrillators, are particularly effective in patients with CAD [11]. Ultimately, the clinical profile of HFrEF patients with idiopathic DCM compared to patients with CAD is usually different [8], and this fact might confound the real prognostic effect of etiology.
So, our objective was to assess the prognostic impact of CAD on mortality and hospitalizations in a large group of patients admitted with HFrEF in real-world practice.
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
This is a subanalysis of the Spanish Network for the Study of Heart Failure II registry (REDINSCOR II). The methodology of the study has been previously detailed [12,13]. Briefly, the REDINSCOR II is a prospective, multicenter, nationwide study including adults admitted for acute HF in 20 Spanish hospitals, from October 2013 to December 2014. All patients had a diagnosis of acute HF at admission, according to the definition of the current clinical practice guidelines [14] and, for this analysis, we only included those patients with HFrEF (left ventricular ejection fraction <40%) (n = 583). Patients received optimal HF therapy according to current guidelines in the recruitment years. Study data were comprehensively recorded, and quality controls took place regularly. The recorded variables include: (1) demographic data, such as previous medical history; (2) physical examinations for signs and symptoms; (3) complementary examinations (ECG, chest X ray, laboratory tests, echocardiography, coronary angiography, etc.); (4) detailed medical treatments and invasive procedures (mechanical circulatory support, mechanical ventilation, etc.). Follow-up data were obtained by telephone contact at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after discharge.
This study was conducted in line with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the recruiting hospitals (9/12/2013 CEIC: 57/2013; 19/09/2013 CEIC: 13/2013). All patients provided written informed consent.
2.2. Study Variables and Outcomes
Patients were stratified into two groups according to HF etiology (CAD, idiopathic DCM). Patients with CAD etiology had to present a coronary artery disease of sufficient severity and extension to justify myocardial damage [3,15]. Idiopathic DCM was defined as a ventricular dilation, accompanied by deterioration of contractile function in the absence of an evident cause [10,16].
The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality, hospital readmissions, sudden cardiac death, or heart transplantation at 12 months. The secondary endpoint was mortality due to refractory HF. The combined endpoint hospital readmissions and mortality at 1 and 6 months was also assessed.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables are shown as mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile interval) for non-normally distributed variables. Categorical data are presented as frequencies and percentages. Continuous quantitative variables were compared using Student’s t test and ANOVA for the comparison of means or the Wilcoxon rank sum in nonparametric data. Categorical variables were analyzed using the χ2 test and the Fischer exact test. Bonferroni’s correction was applied for multiple comparisons.
Multivariate analysis included multiple logistic regression techniques and Cox regression modeling for the study endpoints. To determine which variables were entered into the final model, we used a sequential inclusion and exclusion method, with an inclusion p threshold lower than 0.05 and exclusion over than 0.1. The final model included age, previous heart failure admissions, diabetes, Charlson Comorbidity Index, glomerular filtration rate, HF therapies, rhythm, and anemia at discharge. All analyses were performed with the STATA software (version 14.0).
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population According to HF Etiology
From the 1831 patients enrolled in the registry, 583 had HFrEF and are the focus of our study. Mean age was 68.2 ± 12.8 years and 136 (23.3%) were women. In total, 266 patients (45.6%) had CAD as main etiology, and 137 (23.5%) had idiopathic DCM. Baseline demographic, clinical characteristics, and chronic treatments are shown in Table 1. Compared with CAD, patients with idiopathic DCM were younger, had a lower left ventricular ejection fraction, and were more frequently carriers of implanted cardioverter defibrillators. Compared with patients with CAD, they also had less comorbidity, a shorter time since the diagnosis, and a lower prescription of HF drugs before admission. In total, 118 CAD patients (44.4%) had a history of percutaneous coronary revascularization, 55 (20.8%) had undergone coronary artery bypass graft, and 33 (12.5%) had a history of both percutaneous and surgical coronary revascularization. In 60 patients (22.3%), CAD was considered diffuse and non-amenable to revascularization.
Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics.
3.2. Management
Treatments administered during hospitalization and at hospital discharge are shown in Table 2. Compared with the CAD group, patients with idiopathic DCM were treated more frequently with a left ventricular assist device. Nitrates were mainly prescribed in patients with CAD. Patients with idiopathic DCM received beta blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists more frequently. There were no other relevant differences.
Table 2.
Treatments during hospital admission and at hospital discharge.
3.3. Prognostic Impact of CAD
Events during follow-up are shown in Table 3. Independent predictors of 12-month mortality and readmissions are shown in Table 4. Patients with ischemic HF presented the highest 12-month mortality (24%); however, HF etiology was not independently associated with prognosis. The 1-year mortality was similar in patients with CAD (hazard ratio [HR] 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83–2.70, p = 0.182) compared to idiopathic DCM. Mortality/readmissions were also comparable in CAD etiology (HR 0.96; 95% CI 0.64–1.41, p = 0.81) compared to idiopathic DCM. Figure 1 shows Kaplan–Meier survival curves in the two groups. Patients with idiopathic DCM had a higher likelihood of receiving a heart transplant: HR 4.6 (95% CI 1.4–13.4, p = 0.012) compared to CAD patients.
Table 3.
Events during follow-up and independent predictors of 12-month mortality and readmissions.
Table 4.
Independent predictors of 12-month mortality and readmissions by Cox regression analysis.
Figure 1.
Adjusted Kaplan–Meier curves in patients admitted due to heart failure divided in three groups: idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), coronary artery disease (CAD)-ischemic. (A) Combined endpoint of death/heart failure readmission. (B) All-cause death. (C) Heart transplantation.
4. Discussion
In our non-selected population of patients admitted to cardiology departments due to HFrEF, we have found that, after adjusting for comorbidities, patients with CAD etiology had a prognosis similar to idiopathic DCM with comparable adjusted mortality and readmissions.
Previous studies have found that the prevalence of nonischemic DCM ranges from 30 to 50% HF patients [16,17,18]. Patients with idiopathic DCM were younger, and had less cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities than those with CAD. This is in agreement with preceding studies [3,8,9,10,19]. However, a better outcome in patients with idiopathic DCM compared to CAD etiology was not found in some previous studies [20,21,22,23]. A possible explanation is that previous reports have been obtained from clinical trials performed in the 1980s [20,21,24], and in patients with a recent myocardial infarction [20,25]. Moreover, the substantial differences in age and clinical characteristics between the two groups may explain, at least in part, this prognostic difference. In the Revascularization for Ischemic Ventricular Dysfunction (REVIVED) trial, myocardial revascularization in patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction was not associated with a reduction in mortality or hospitalizations [26]; therefore, other factors, beyond ischemia per se, would have a greater weight in the evolution of HF patients. The Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure (STICH) trial and its extension study (STICHES) showed that the presence of viability in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy had no impact on the long-term prognosis, and bypass surgery seems to have no short-term survival benefit [27]. The results of the 10-year follow-up suggested a long-term benefit of coronary artery bypass grafting and of surgical ventricular reconstruction. However, in the group of surgical ventricular reconstruction, there was no difference with and without coronary artery bypass grafting. In addition, patients included in the STICH trial had a mean age below 60 years, and younger patients are the ones that had the greatest reductions in mortality. Comorbid conditions are strongly associated with an adverse prognosis in HF [28]. In our registry, comorbidities were more frequently found in patients with CAD than in those with idiopathic DCM. For instance, anemia [29] and diabetes mellitus were more common in CAD than in patients with ICM, and were associated with a substantial increase in mortality and hospitalizations. After adjusting for comorbidities, we found no independent relation between CAD and prognosis. The prevalence of mitral regurgitation and chronic kidney disease tended to be more frequent among patients with CAD but were not independently associated with outcomes in multivariate analysis.
Interestingly, we found that, compared with DCM, patients with CAD had a longer time of HF evolution since the diagnosis, a fact that may have also had an impact on outcomes. They also had a higher prescription of HF drugs before admission, in accordance with a more long-standing and advanced disease. Patients with CAD had a lower prescription of beta-blockers, possibly due to the greater comorbidity, including peripheral arterial disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, at hospital discharge, the proportion of patients treated with these drugs was close to 90%. Previous HF hospital admissions are associated with increased mortality, readmissions, and adverse outcomes [30,31,32]. Patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy had a higher rate of previous hospital admissions. Regarding smoking and alcohol abuse, it should be noted that patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy had a longer time since the diagnosis, so many patients may have changed their unhealthy behavior. In fact, the highest proportion of former smokers was seen in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Unexpectedly, the proportion of implantable cardioverter defibrillator carriers was higher in idiopathic DCM compared to CAD. Although there is more robust data on the effect of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in HFrEF patients with CAD [33,34], in our study, patients with idiopathic DCM were younger and had less comorbidity than those with CAD, and advanced age and comorbidities were associated with low rates of implantable cardioverter defibrillator use [33].
More than 10% of our patients with idiopathic DCM received a heart transplant during the year following the index hospital admission, a rate 4 times higher than in patients with CAD. Although in recent series, CAD is a major cause of heart transplant [35], CAD patients are older and frequently present comorbidities that contraindicate heart transplant [36]. Moreover, idiopathic DCM is associated with a better survival after heart transplant [37].
Our study has some limitations. Idiopathic DCM is a heterogeneous condition that may include undetected causes, such as viral infections/myocarditis, autoimmune disorders, unknown drugs toxicity, nutritional deficiencies, genetic/familiar cases, or infiltrative diseases [18]. This multicenter registry only included patients admitted to cardiology departments, and the clinical profile may differ from other patients admitted to other departments. Our study was performed before the advent of new HF drugs, such as sacubitril/valsartan and sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors. Genetic testing was not addressed, and it could have had an important impact on idiopathic DCM prognosis. Moderate–severe mitral regurgitation is a prognostic factor in HF with reduced ejection fraction, but we have no information regarding the surgical or invasive treatment performed after the index hospital admission. Information regarding active ischemia in the CAD group was not available as a study variable, so we cannot assess its impact on the outcome of this group of patients. Information regarding medical treatment during follow-up was not available. Data regarding the number of hospital readmissions during follow-up according to etiology was not recorded. Despite the high number of patients enrolled, the specific subgroups may have included a relatively low number of patients to assess the natural history of HFrEF. Finally, follow-up duration was 12 months, and a longer follow-up period may have shown significant differences in outcomes according to HF etiology. This study is based on a large-scale national registry, and patient follow-up data are only available 12 months after inclusion in the study. Future studies are desirable in order to address the potential differences according to etiology at subclinical and earlier stages of the disease.
5. Conclusions
After an HFrEF admission, prognosis is similar in patients with CAD and in idiopathic DCM. Patients with idiopathic DCM were more prone to receive heart transplant.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, J.Á.-G., R.V.-G. and M.M.-S.; data curation, L.V., J.S. and M.M.-S.; formal analysis, M.R. and M.M.-S.; investigation, F.F.-A. and M.M.-S.; methodology, L.V., F.W. and F.F.-A.; project administration, F.F.-A.; resources, F.F.-A.; supervision, J.Á.-G., J.R.G.-J., M.R., J.S., D.P.-F., R.B., F.W., A.A.-S. and M.M.-S.; validation, J.R.G.-J., A.A.-S. and M.R.; writing—original draft, L.V. and M.M.-S.; writing—review and editing, L.V., J.Á.-G., R.V.-G., J.R.G.-J., M.R., J.S., D.P.-F., R.B., F.W., F.F.-A., A.A.-S. and M.M.-S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by CIBERCV I and supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III. L.V. is funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (CM20/00104 and JR22/00004).
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the recruiting hospitals (9/12/2013 CEIC: 57/2013; 19/09/2013 CEIC: 13/2013).
Informed Consent Statement
Written informed consent was obtained from all the patients recruited in our study.
Data Availability Statement
The data will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding author (with additional anonymization to avoid patient identification).
Acknowledgments
REDINSCOR investigators.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Abbreviations
| DCM | Dilated cardiomyopathy |
| HF | Heart failure |
References
- Tsao, C.W.; Aday, A.W.; Almarzooq, Z.I.; Alonso, A.; Beaton, A.Z.; Bittencourt, M.S.; Boehme, A.K.; Buxton, A.E.; Carson, A.P.; Commodore-Mensah, Y.; et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2022, 145, e153–e639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McDonagh, T.A.; Metra, M.; Adamo, M.; Gardner, R.S.; Baumbach, A.; Böhm, M.; Burri, H.; Butler, J.; Čelutkienė, J.; Chioncel, O.; et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur. Heart J. 2021, 42, 3599–3726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lala, A.; Desai, A.S. The role of coronary artery disease in heart failure. Heart Fail. Clin. 2014, 10, 353–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bloom, M.W.; Greenberg, B.; Jaarsma, T.; Januzzi, J.L.; Lam, C.S.P.; Maggioni, A.P.; Trochu, J.N.; Butler, J. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 2017, 3, 17058. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pecini, R.; Moller, D.V.; Torp-Pedersen, C.; Hassager, C.; Kober, L. Heart failure etiology impacts survival of patients with heart failure. Int. J. Cardiol. 2011, 149, 211–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martinez-Selles, M.; Doughty, R.N.; Poppe, K.; Whalley, G.A.; Earle, N.; Tribouilloy, C.; McMurray, J.J.; Swedberg, K.; Kober, L.; Berry, C.; et al. Gender and survival in patients with heart failure: Interactions with diabetes and aetiology. Results from the MAGGIC individual patient meta-analysis. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2012, 14, 473–479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frazier, C.G.; Alexander, K.P.; Newby, L.K.; Anderson, S.; Iverson, E.; Packer, M.; Cohn, J.; Goldstein, S.; Douglas, P.S. Associations of gender and etiology with outcomes in heart failure with systolic dysfunction: A pooled analysis of 5 randomized control trials. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2007, 49, 1450–1458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Balmforth, C.; Simpson, J.; Shen, L.; Jhund, P.S.; Lefkowitz, M.; Rizkala, A.R.; Rouleau, J.L.; Shi, V.; Solomon, S.D.; Swedberg, K.; et al. Outcomes and effect of treatment according to etiology in HFrEF: An analysis of PARADIGM-HF. JACC Heart Fail. 2019, 7, 457–465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keogh, A.M.; Baron, D.W.; Hickie, J.B. Prognostic guides in patients with idiopathic or ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy assessed for cardiac transplantation. Am. J. Cardiol. 1990, 65, 903–908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dec, G.W.; Fuster, V. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994, 331, 1564–1575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Køber, L.; Thune, J.J.; Nielsen, J.C.; Haarbo, J.; Videbæk, L.; Korup, E.; Jensen, G.; Hildebrandt, P.; Steffensen, F.H.; Bruun, N.E.; et al. Defibrillator Implantation in Patients with Nonischemic Systolic Heart Failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 2016, 375, 1221–1230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martinez-Selles, M.; Diez-Villanueva, P.; Alvarez Garcia, J.; Ferrero-Gregori, A.; Vives-Borras, M.; Worner, F.; Bardaji, A.; Delgado, J.F.; Vazquez, R.; Gonzalez-Juanatey, J.R.; et al. Influence of sex and pregnancy on survival in patients admitted with heart failure: Data from a prospective multicenter registry. Clin. Cardiol. 2018, 41, 924–930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vicent, L.; Cinca, J.; Vazquez-Garcia, R.; Gonzalez-Juanatey, J.R.; Rivera, M.; Segovia, J.; Pascual-Figal, D.; Bover, R.; Worner, F.; Delgado-Jimenez, J.; et al. Discharge treatment with ACE inhibitor/ARB after a heart failure hospitalization is associated with a better prognosis irrespectively of left ventricular ejection fraction. Intern. Med. J. 2019, 49, 1505–1513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ponikowski, P.; Voors, A.A.; Anker, S.D.; Bueno, H.; Cleland, J.G.F.; Coats, A.J.S.; Falk, V.; González-Juanatey, J.R.; Harjola, V.-P.; Jankowska, E.A.; et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur. Heart J. 2016, 37, 2129–2200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Felker, G.M.; Shaw, L.K.; O’Connor, C.M. A standardized definition of ischemic cardiomyopathy for use in clinical research. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002, 39, 210–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McNally, E.M.; Mestroni, L. Dilated cardiomyopathy: Genetic determinants and mechanisms. Circ. Res. 2017, 121, 731–748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elliott, P.; Andersson, B.; Arbustini, E.; Bilinska, Z.; Cecchi, F.; Charron, P.; Dubourg, O.; Kühl, U.; Maisch, B.; McKenna, W.J.; et al. Classification of the cardiomyopathies: A position statement from the european society of cardiology working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases. Eur. Heart J. 2007, 29, 270–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hazebroek, M.; Dennert, R.; Heymans, S. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: Possible triggers and treatment strategies. Neth. Heart J. 2012, 20, 332–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kendir, C.; van den Akker, M.; Vos, R.; Metsemakers, J. Cardiovascular disease patients have increased risk for comorbidity: A cross-sectional study in the Netherlands. Eur. J. Gen. Pract. 2018, 24, 45–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pfeffer, M.A.; Braunwald, E.; Moye, L.A.; Basta, L.; Brown, E.J., Jr.; Cuddy, T.E.; Davis, B.R.; Geltman, E.M.; Goldman, S.; Flaker, G.C.; et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial: The SAVE Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992, 327, 669–677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elgendy, I.Y.; Mahtta, D.; Pepine, C.J. Medical therapy for heart failure caused by ischemic heart disease. Circ. Res. 2019, 124, 1520–1535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- White, H.D.; Aylward, P.E.; Huang, Z.; Dalby, A.J.; Weaver, W.D.; Barvik, S.; Marin-Neto, J.A.; Murin, J.; Nordlander, R.O.; van Gilst, W.H.; et al. Mortality and morbidity remain high despite captopril and/or Valsartan therapy in elderly patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, heart failure, or both after acute myocardial infarction: Results from the Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial (VALIANT). Circulation 2005, 112, 3391–3399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frankel, D.S.; Piette, J.D.; Jessup, M.; Craig, K.; Pickering, F.; Goldberg, L.R. Validation of prognostic models among patients with advanced heart failure. J. Card. Fail. 2006, 12, 430–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yusuf, S.; Pitt, B.; Davis, C.E.; Hood, W.B.; Cohn, J.N. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 1991, 325, 293–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Connors, K.F.; Lamas, G.A. Postmyocardial infarction patients: Experience from the SAVE trial. Am. J. Crit. Care 1995, 4, 23–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perera, D.; Clayton, T.; O’Kane, P.D.; Greenwood, J.P.; Weerackody, R.; Ryan, M.; Morgan, H.P.; Dodd, M.; Evans, R.; Canter, R.; et al. Percutaneous Revascularization for Ischemic Left Ventricular Dysfunction. N. Engl. J. Med. 2022, 387, 1351–1360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panza, J.A.; Ellis, A.M.; Al-Khalidi, H.R.; Holly, T.A.; Berman, D.S.; Oh, J.K.; Pohost, G.M.; Sopko, G.; Chrzanowski, L.; Mark, D.B.; et al. Myocardial Viability and Long-Term Outcomes in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2019, 381, 739–748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, D.S.; Austin, P.C.; Rouleau, J.L.; Liu, P.P.; Naimark, D.; Tu, J.V. Predicting mortality among patients hospitalized for heart failure: Derivation and validation of a clinical model. JAMA 2003, 290, 2581–2587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Groenveld, H.F.; Januzzi, J.L.; Damman, K.; van Wijngaarden, J.; Hillege, H.L.; van Veldhuisen, D.J.; van der Meer, P. Anemia and mortality in heart failure patients a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2008, 52, 818–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Formiga, F.; Chivite, D.; Manito, N.; Osma, V.; Miravet, S.; Pujol, R. One-year follow-up of heart failure patients after their first admission. QJM 2004, 97, 81–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Masip, J.; Formiga, F.; Comín-Colet, J.; Corbella, X. Short term prognosis of heart failure after first hospital admission. Med. Clin. 2020, 154, 37–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lin, A.H.; Chin, J.C.; Sicignano, N.M.; Evans, A.M. Repeat hospitalizations predict mortality in patients with heart failure. Mil. Med. 2017, 182, e1932–e1937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haugaa, K.H.; Tilz, R.; Boveda, S.; Dobreanu, D.; Sciaraffia, E.; Mansourati, J.; Papiashvili, G.; Dagres, N. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator use for primary prevention in ischaemic and non-ischaemic heart disease-indications in the post-DANISH trial era: Results of the European Heart Rhythm Association survey. Europace 2017, 19, 660–664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aktaa, S.; Tzeis, S.; Gale, C.P.; Ackerman, M.J.; Arbelo, E.; Behr, E.R.; Crotti, L.; D’Avila, A.; de Chillou, C.; Deneke, T.; et al. European Society of Cardiology quality indicators for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Europace 2022, 25, 199–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stehlik, J.; Edwards, L.B.; Kucheryavaya, A.Y.; Benden, C.; Christie, J.D.; Dipchand, A.I.; Dobbels, F.; Kirk, R.; Rahmel, A.O.; Hertz, M.I. The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: 29th official adult heart transplant report. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 2012, 31, 1052–1064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mehra, M.R.; Canter, C.E.; Hannan, M.M.; Semigran, M.J.; Uber, P.A.; Baran, D.A.; Danziger-Isakov, L.; Kirklin, J.K.; Kirk, R.; Kushwaha, S.S.; et al. The 2016 International Society for Heart Lung Transplantation listing criteria for heart transplantation: A 10-year update. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 2016, 35, 1–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jaramillo, N.; Segovia, J.; Gomez-Bueno, M.; Garcia-Cosio, D.; Castedo, E.; Serrano, S.; Burgos, R.; Garcia Montero, C.; Ugarte, J.; Martinez Cabeza, P.; et al. Characteristics of patients with survival longer than 20 years following heart transplantation. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. (Engl. Ed.) 2013, 66, 797–802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).