Pain in Tourette Syndrome-Children’s and Parents’ Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Pain Severity
3.2. Location of Pain
3.3. Pain Descriptors
3.4. Pain Coping Strategies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Pain | |
---|---|
Exertional | Muscular pain due to excessive contraction |
Skeletal or joint pain | |
Neuropathic pain (due to spinal cord, radicular or peripheral nerve compression) | |
Traumatic | Pain in a body part struck by a moving limb |
Pain in a moving body part striking something nearby | |
Self-mutilation (including biting) | |
Pain from compulsive touching of hot or sharp objects | |
Pain inflicted on others from tics or compulsions | |
Pain Caused by Suppression of Tics | |
Pain Relieving Tics |
YGTSS | ||
---|---|---|
Child | Present pain | 0.860 * |
Worst pain | 0.744 * | |
Parent | Present pain | 0.843 * |
Worst pain | 0.772 * |
Child (n = 40) Median (Mean, SD) | Parent (n = 57) Median (Mean, SD) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Present pain | 1.0 (2.0; 2.5) | 1.0 (2.2; 2.6) | 0.720 |
Worst pain | 3.0 (3.1; 2.9) | 4.0 (3.9; 3.3) | 0.265 |
Boys (n = 31) Median (Mean, SD) | Girls (n = 9) Median (Mean, SD) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Present pain | 1.0 (1.9; 2.3) | 1.0 (2.5; 3.1) | 0.726 |
Worst pain | 3.0 (3.1; 2.9) | 2.5 (3.2; 3.2) | 0.824 |
Mothers (n = 35) Median (Mean, SD) | Fathers (n = 22) Median (Mean, SD) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Present pain | 1.0 (2.3; 2.8) | 1.0 (1.9; 2.1) | 0.940 |
Worst pain | 4.0 (3.7; 3.3) | 3.5 (3.9; 3.3) | 0.561 |
Pain Descriptors (%) | |
---|---|
Child | sharp (84) |
stinging (75) | |
burning (63) | |
pressure (54) | |
exhausting (42) | |
stabbing (29) | |
tingling (17) | |
Parent | sharp (72) |
stinging (56) | |
stabbing (54) | |
pressure (39) | |
nagging (21) |
Child (5–12 years) (n = 9) (%) | Parent (n = 17) (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Pain Coping Strategies | Wish for it to go away | 60.9 | 70.0 |
Try not to think about the pain or ignore the pain | 56.5 | 55.5 | |
Try to be brave and not say anything | 56.5 | 63.0 | |
Tell my mother or father | 56.5 | 62.9 | |
Play a game | 52.2 | 37.0 | |
Have my mother, father or a friend sit with me | 47.8 | 55.5 | |
Imagine I can make the pain or hurt disappear by myself | 47.8 | 25.9 | |
Know that I can ask for something that will make the pain or hurt feel better | 47.8 | 55.6 | |
Tell myself to be brave | 43.4 | 55.5 | |
Tell myself that it will be alright | 43.4 | 55.5 | |
Go to sleep until it feels better | 43.4 | 59.2 | |
Go to bed | 39.1 | 55.5 | |
Ask for medicine | 39.1 | 33.3 | |
Ask for a hug or kiss | 39.1 | 51.8 | |
Rub the sore spot | 39.1 | 40.7 |
Adolescent (13–18 years) (n = 15) (%) | Parent (n = 24) (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Pain Coping Strategies | Go to bed | 76.5 | 76.7 |
Ask to be left alone | 76.5 | 46.7 | |
Lie down | 70.6 | 70.0 | |
Sleep it off | 70.6 | 77.7 | |
Try to be strong and not say anything | 70.6 | 76.6 | |
Wish for it to go away | 70.6 | 70.0 | |
Visit with my friends | 64.7 | 53.3 | |
Play a game | 64.7 | 63.4 | |
Try not to think about the pain or ignore the pain | 64.7 | 70.0 | |
Tell myself that it will be alright | 58.8 | 66.7 | |
Watch TV | 58.8 | 70.0 | |
Rub the sore spot | 58.8 | 50.0 | |
Imagine I can make the pain disappear by myself | 52.9 | 46.6 | |
Cry or yell | 35.5 | 40.0 | |
Get angry, irritable, or cranky | 58.8 | 60.0 | |
Tell myself I can handle it | 56.6 | 56.6 | |
Have my mother, father or a friend sit with me | 47.1 | 63.3 | |
Breathe deeply | 47.0 | 53.3 | |
Tell my parent(s) | 52.7 | 66.7 | |
Know that I can ask for something that will make the pain feel better | 29.4 | 60.0 |
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Małek, A. Pain in Tourette Syndrome-Children’s and Parents’ Perspectives. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 460. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11020460
Małek A. Pain in Tourette Syndrome-Children’s and Parents’ Perspectives. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(2):460. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11020460
Chicago/Turabian StyleMałek, Agnieszka. 2022. "Pain in Tourette Syndrome-Children’s and Parents’ Perspectives" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 2: 460. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11020460