Adult Gambling Problems and Histories of Mental Health and Substance Use: Findings from a Prospective Multi-Wave Australian Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Problem Gambling Severity
2.2.2. Mental Health Symptoms
2.2.3. Substance Use Behaviours
2.2.4. Mental Health Symptom and Substance Use Behaviour Histories
2.2.5. Potential Confounders
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Substance Use Behaviours
4.2. Mental Health Symptoms
4.3. Sex Differences
4.4. Study Limitations
4.5. Implications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Problem Gambling Severity | |||
n | % | 95% CI | |
Any-Risk Gambling | 137 | 10.26 | (8.24, 12.28) |
Mental Health and Substance Use Histories | |||
n | % | 95% CI | |
Depressive symptoms | |||
None | 565 | 42.4 | (39.34, 45.47) |
Adolescence only | 135 | 10.09 | (8.17, 12.01) |
Young adulthood only | 307 | 23.01 | (20.15, 25.86) |
Persistent | 327 | 24.5 | (21.88, 27.12) |
Anxiety symptoms | |||
None | 483 | 36.24 | (33.15, 39.33) |
Adolescence only | 222 | 16.66 | (14.35, 18.97) |
Young adulthood only | 293 | 22.01 | (19.18, 24.85) |
Persistent | 334 | 25.08 | (22.44, 27.73) |
Binge drinking | |||
None | 394 | 29.55 | (26.81, 32.3) |
Adolescence only | 60 | 4.48 | (3.07, 5.89) |
Young adulthood only | 536 | 40.18 | (37.16, 43.2) |
Persistent | 344 | 25.79 | (23.04, 28.53) |
Tobacco | |||
None | 607 | 45.57 | (42.52, 48.62) |
Adolescence only | 74 | 5.58 | (4.04, 7.12) |
Young adulthood only | 223 | 16.74 | (13.94, 19.54) |
Persistent | 428 | 32.11 | (29.3, 34.91) |
Cannabis | |||
None | 977 | 73.3 | (70.45, 76.15) |
Adolescence only | 43 | 3.25 | (2.05, 4.45) |
Young adulthood only | 210 | 15.73 | (13.16, 18.3) |
Persistent | 103 | 7.72 | (6.09, 9.34) |
Potential confounding factors | |||
n | % | 95% CI | |
Parent non-Australian birth | 360 | 26.98 | (24.59, 29.37) |
Parent separation/divorce | 213 | 15.95 | (13.98, 17.91) |
Parent low education (<year 12) | 342 | 25.69 | (23.37, 28.01) |
Women | 721 | 54.07 | (51.42, 56.71) |
Adolescent anti-social behaviour | 608 | 45.64 | (42.95, 48.32) |
Behaviour problems | 267 | 20.04 | (17.74, 22.35) |
Early (<13 years) gambling | 100 | 7.47 | (5.52, 9.41) |
Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
Depressive symptoms | ||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Adolescence only | 1.13 | (0.52, 2.46) | 0.759 | 1.25 | (0.56, 2.80) | 0.583 |
Young adulthood only | 1.06 | (0.56, 2.01) | 0.860 | 0.81 | (0.42, 1.56) | 0.524 |
Persistent | 1.19 | (0.67, 2.10) | 0.560 | 1.13 | (0.61, 2.09) | 0.685 |
Anxiety symptoms | ||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Adolescence only | 0.75 | (0.33, 1.72) | 0.501 | 0.88 | (0.37, 2.08) | 0.775 |
Young adulthood only | 1.57 | (0.85, 2.91) | 0.148 | 1.26 | (0.67, 2.38) | 0.478 |
Persistent | 1.49 | (0.81, 2.72) | 0.196 | 1.63 | (0.86, 3.08) | 0.132 |
Binge drinking | ||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Adolescence only | 1.98 | (0.48, 8.20) | 0.343 | 1.98 | (0.47, 8.37) | 0.351 |
Young adulthood only | 3.35 | (1.62, 6.94) | 0.001 | 2.54 | (1.17, 5.50) | 0.019 |
Persistent | 5.09 | (2.46, 10.53) | 0.000 | 3.42 | (1.54, 7.59) | 0.003 |
Tobacco | ||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Adolescence only | 0.98 | (0.24, 3.93) | 0.978 | 1.09 | (0.27, 4.49) | 0.903 |
Young adulthood only | 2.31 | (1.18, 4.51) | 0.014 | 2.04 | (1.03, 4.05) | 0.042 |
Persistent | 2.71 | (1.54, 4.77) | 0.001 | 2.50 | (1.34, 4.66) | 0.004 |
Cannabis | ||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Adolescence only | 1.09 | (0.20, 6.03) | 0.924 | 0.93 | (0.16, 5.36) | 0.931 |
Young adulthood only | 2.00 | (1.04, 3.86) | 0.038 | 1.55 | (0.77, 3.14) | 0.221 |
Persistent | 3.19 | (1.53, 6.61) | 0.002 | 2.30 | (1.01, 5.20) | 0.046 |
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Merkouris, S.S.; Greenwood, C.J.; Youssef, G.J.; Letcher, P.; Vassallo, S.; Dowling, N.A.; Olsson, C.A. Adult Gambling Problems and Histories of Mental Health and Substance Use: Findings from a Prospective Multi-Wave Australian Cohort Study. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 1406. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10071406
Merkouris SS, Greenwood CJ, Youssef GJ, Letcher P, Vassallo S, Dowling NA, Olsson CA. Adult Gambling Problems and Histories of Mental Health and Substance Use: Findings from a Prospective Multi-Wave Australian Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(7):1406. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10071406
Chicago/Turabian StyleMerkouris, Stephanie S., Christopher J. Greenwood, George J. Youssef, Primrose Letcher, Suzanne Vassallo, Nicki A. Dowling, and Craig A. Olsson. 2021. "Adult Gambling Problems and Histories of Mental Health and Substance Use: Findings from a Prospective Multi-Wave Australian Cohort Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 7: 1406. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10071406
APA StyleMerkouris, S. S., Greenwood, C. J., Youssef, G. J., Letcher, P., Vassallo, S., Dowling, N. A., & Olsson, C. A. (2021). Adult Gambling Problems and Histories of Mental Health and Substance Use: Findings from a Prospective Multi-Wave Australian Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(7), 1406. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10071406