COVID-19-Related Predictors of Fear and Attitude to Vaccination Displayed by Polish Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Questionnaire
2.2.1. Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale (VAX)
2.2.2. Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S)
2.3. Ethics
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Group
3.2. Fear of COVID-19 Scale
3.3. Vaccination Attitude Examination Scale (VAX)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total (N = 614) | |
---|---|---|
Age [years] | Average ± SD | 22.85 ± 4.88 |
Median | 21 | |
Quartiles | 20–23 | |
Sex | Female | 512 (83.39%) |
Male | 102 (16.61%) | |
Field of study | Dietetics | 228 (37.13%) |
Physiotherapy | 79 (12.87%) | |
Medical | 210 (34.20%) | |
Nursing/Obstetrics | 97 (15.80%) | |
Information sources about vaccination * | Internet | 424 (69.06%) |
Physician | 312 (50.81%) | |
Scientific literature | 316 (51.47%) | |
Nurse/Midwife | 83 (13.52%) | |
Friends/Family | 178 (28.99%) | |
Others | 15 (2.44%) | |
I’m not looking for information on this | 8 (1.30%) | |
Adherence to the obligatory vaccination schedule | Definitely not | 9 (1.47%) |
Not | 35 (5.70%) | |
I have no opinion | 56 (9.12%) | |
Yes | 227 (36.97%) | |
Definitely yes | 287 (46.74%) | |
Belief that vaccination, especially against COVID-19, should be mandatory | Definitely not | 102 (16.61%) |
Not | 149 (24.27%) | |
I have no opinion | 119 (19.38%) | |
Yes | 116 (18.89%) | |
Definitely yes | 128 (20.85%) | |
Belief that COVID-19 vaccines on the market are safe and should be obligatory | Definitely not | 40 (6.51%) |
Not | 73 (11.89%) | |
I have no opinion | 166 (27.04%) | |
Yes | 206 (33.55%) | |
Definitely yes | 129 (21.01%) | |
COVID-19 infection in the last 12 months | No | 395 (64.33%) |
Yes, mild disease course | 148 (24.10%) | |
Yes, moderate disease course | 48 (7.82%) | |
Yes, severe disease course | 23 (3.75%) | |
COVID-19 infection in a family member in the last 12 months | No | 178 (28.99%) |
Yes, mild disease course | 173 (28.18%) | |
Yes, moderate disease course | 181 (29.48%) | |
Yes, severe disease course | 82 (13.36%) |
Point Range | N | M | SD | Mean per Question | Me | Min | Max | Q1 | Q3 |
5–35 | 614 | 14.04 | 5.09 | 2.01 | 14 | 7 | 35 | 10 | 17 |
Point range | |||||||||
5–35 |
Variables | One-Factor Models | Multivariate Model | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | 95%CI | p | Parameter | 95%CI | p | ||||
Age | Years | 0.309 | 0.23 | 0.388 | <0.001 * | 0.24 | 0.156 | 0.324 | <0.001 * |
Sex | Female | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Male | −2.888 | −3.946 | −1.831 | <0.001 * | −2.14 | −3.237 | −1.044 | <0.001 * | |
Field of study | Dietetics | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Physiotherapy | −1.906 | −3.188 | −0.625 | 0.004 * | −0.927 | −2.184 | 0.331 | 0.149 | |
Medical | −0.478 | −1.417 | 0.461 | 0.318 | −0.806 | −1.815 | 0.202 | 0.117 | |
Nurse/Midwife | 1.566 | 0.375 | 2.756 | 0.01 * | 0.488 | −0.725 | 1.701 | 0.431 | |
Information sources about vaccination: Internet | No | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Yes | −1.038 | −1.905 | −0.171 | 0.019 * | 0.112 | −0.759 | 0.983 | 0.802 | |
Information sources about vaccination: Physician | No | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Yes | 1.276 | 0.477 | 2.075 | 0.002 * | 0.688 | −0.144 | 1.519 | 0.106 | |
Information sources about vaccination: Scientific literature | No | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Yes | 0.656 | −0.148 | 1.46 | 0.11 | 0.149 | −0.62 | 0.918 | 0.705 | |
Information sources about vaccination: Nurse/Midwife | No | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Yes | 2.397 | 1.234 | 3.559 | <0.001 * | 0.677 | −0.529 | 1.883 | 0.271 | |
Information sources about vaccination: Friends/Family | No | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Yes | −0.011 | −0.898 | 0.877 | 0.981 | 0.281 | −0.588 | 1.149 | 0.527 | |
Information sources about vaccination: Others | No | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Yes | −0.447 | −3.055 | 2.161 | 0.737 | −0.257 | −2.732 | 2.219 | 0.839 | |
Information sources about vaccinations: I’m not looking for information on this | No | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Yes | −2.316 | −5.862 | 1.23 | 0.201 | −0.47 | −3.977 | 3.036 | 0.793 | |
Adherence to the obligatory vaccination schedule | Definitely not | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Not | 4.025 | 0.338 | 7.712 | 0.033 * | 0.428 | −3.358 | 4.214 | 0.825 | |
I have no opinion | 4.45 | 0.908 | 7.993 | 0.014 * | 0.735 | −2.956 | 4.427 | 0.696 | |
Yes | 4.913 | 1.56 | 8.266 | 0.004 * | −0.01 | −3.553 | 3.533 | 0.996 | |
Definitely yes | 5.766 | 2.427 | 9.106 | 0.001 * | 0.247 | −3.296 | 3.79 | 0.891 | |
Belief that vaccination, especially against COVID-19, should be mandatory | Definitely not | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Not | 2.561 | 1.324 | 3.797 | <0.001 * | 1.685 | 0.381 | 2.989 | 0.012 * | |
I have no opinion | 2.853 | 1.555 | 4.151 | <0.001 * | 1.843 | 0.369 | 3.317 | 0.015 * | |
Yes | 4.296 | 2.99 | 5.602 | <0.001 * | 3.129 | 1.562 | 4.697 | <0.001 * | |
Definitely yes | 3.767 | 2.49 | 5.043 | <0.001 * | 3.218 | 1.491 | 4.945 | <0.001 * | |
Belief that COVID-19 vaccines on the market are safe and should be obligatory | Definitely not | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Not | 1.995 | 0.064 | 3.926 | 0.043 * | 1.29 | −0.676 | 3.257 | 0.199 | |
I have no opinion | 3.116 | 1.387 | 4.845 | <0.001 * | 1.719 | −0.172 | 3.61 | 0.075 | |
Yes | 3.613 | 1.917 | 5.309 | <0.001 * | 1.672 | −0.317 | 3.66 | 0.1 | |
Definitely yes | 3.779 | 2.002 | 5.555 | <0.001 * | 1.784 | −0.438 | 4.006 | 0.116 | |
COVID-19 infection in the last 12 months | No | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Yes, mild disease course | −0.217 | −1.172 | 0.738 | 0.656 | −0.611 | −1.563 | 0.341 | 0.209 | |
Yes, moderate disease course | 1.697 | 0.182 | 3.212 | 0.029 * | 0.99 | −0.476 | 2.456 | 0.186 | |
Yes, severe disease course | 2.395 | 0.269 | 4.521 | 0.028 * | 0.556 | −1.496 | 2.609 | 0.595 | |
COVID-19 infection in a family member in the last 12 months | No | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Yes, mild disease course | 0.637 | −0.426 | 1.701 | 0.241 | 0.342 | −0.712 | 1.396 | 0.525 | |
Yes, moderate disease course | 0.849 | −0.202 | 1.9 | 0.114 | 0.113 | −0.925 | 1.15 | 0.832 | |
Yes, severe disease course | 1.215 | −0.115 | 2.544 | 0.074 | 0.196 | −1.081 | 1.473 | 0.764 |
VAX (N = 614) | The Range of Values | Mean | SD | Average per Question | Me | Min | Max | Q1 | Q3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negative Attitude Toward Vaccination (VAX Total Score) | 12–72 | 40.02 | 12.87 | 3.34 | 40 | 12 | 72 | 31 | 47 |
Lack of faith in vaccine effectiveness | 3–18 | 9.34 | 4.44 | 3.11 | 9 | 3 | 18 | 6 | 12 |
Fear of unforeseeable consequences in the future | 3–18 | 11.88 | 3.74 | 3.96 | 12 | 3 | 18 | 10 | 15 |
The belief that the goal of vaccination is the profit of the vaccine manufacturer | 3–18 | 10.25 | 3.95 | 3.42 | 10 | 3 | 18 | 8 | 13 |
Prefer natural immunity | 3–18 | 8.55 | 3.77 | 2.85 | 9 | 3 | 18 | 6 | 11 |
Variables | One-Factor Models | Multivariate Model | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | 95%CI | p | Parameter | 95%CI | p | ||||
Age | Years | 0.214 | 0.006 | 0.422 | 0.045 * | 0.212 | 0.066 | 0.358 | 0.005 * |
Sex | Female | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Male | −6.976 | −9.656 | −4.296 | <0.001 * | −2.299 | −4.208 | −0.39 | 0.019 * | |
Field of study | Dietetics | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Physiotherapy | −0.404 | −3.55 | 2.743 | 0.802 | 0.005 | −2.183 | 2.194 | 0.996 | |
Medical | −8.637 | −10.942 | −6.331 | <0.001 * | −2.19 | −3.945 | −0.435 | 0.015 * | |
Nursing Obstetrics | −2.373 | −5.295 | 0.549 | 0.112 | −1.903 | −4.014 | 0.208 | 0.078 | |
Information sources about vaccination: Internet | No | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Yes | 1.268 | −0.933 | 3.469 | 0.259 | 0.192 | −1.324 | 1.708 | 0.804 | |
Information sources about vaccination: Physician | No | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Yes | −5.064 | −7.061 | −3.067 | <0.001 * | −0.463 | −1.911 | 0.985 | 0.531 | |
Information sources about vaccination: Scientific literature | No | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Yes | −4.487 | −6.494 | −2.481 | <0.001 * | −1.053 | −2.392 | 0.286 | 0.124 | |
Information sources about vaccination: Nurse/Midwife | No | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Yes | −1.197 | −4.174 | 1.781 | 0.431 | 0.609 | −1.49 | 2.708 | 0.57 | |
Information sources about vaccination: Friends/Family | No | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Yes | 3.758 | 1.533 | 5.982 | 0.001 * | 2.019 | 0.507 | 3.531 | 0.009 * | |
Information sources about vaccination: Others | No | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Yes | 1.002 | −5.595 | 7.598 | 0.766 | 3.824 | −0.485 | 8.134 | 0.083 | |
Information sources about vaccinations: I’m not looking for information on this | No | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Yes | −9.269 | −18.22 | −0.317 | 0.043 * | −10.883 | −16.986 | −4.78 | 0.001 * | |
Adherence to the obligatory vaccination schedule | Definitely not | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Not | −2.241 | −10.846 | 6.364 | 0.61 | 4.692 | −1.898 | 11.283 | 0.163 | |
I have no opinion | −5.984 | −14.253 | 2.284 | 0.157 | 3.179 | −3.246 | 9.605 | 0.333 | |
Yes | −13.401 | −21.227 | −5.576 | 0.001 * | 1.339 | −4.828 | 7.505 | 0.671 | |
Definitely yes | −19.05 | −26.844 | −11.256 | <0.001 * | 0.885 | −5.282 | 7.053 | 0.779 | |
Belief that vaccination, especially against COVID-19, should be mandatory | Definitely not | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Not | −7.444 | −9.871 | −5.017 | <0.001 * | −3.164 | −5.434 | −0.895 | 0.006 * | |
I have no opinion | −13.321 | −15.869 | −10.772 | <0.001 * | −5.74 | −8.305 | −3.174 | <0.001 * | |
Yes | −17.405 | −19.968 | −14.841 | <0.001 * | −7.724 | −10.452 | −4.996 | <0.001 * | |
Definitely yes | −25.756 | −28.263 | −23.25 | <0.001 * | −10.879 | −13.885 | −7.872 | <0.001 * | |
Belief that COVID-19 vaccines on the market are safe and should be obligatory | Definitely not | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Not | −5.648 | −9.006 | −2.29 | 0.001 * | −5.671 | −9.094 | −2.248 | 0.001 * | |
I have no opinion | −15.401 | −18.408 | −12.395 | <0.001 * | −13.343 | −16.635 | −10.051 | <0.001 * | |
Yes | −22.051 | −25.001 | −19.102 | <0.001 * | −15.921 | −19.383 | −12.46 | <0.001 * | |
Definitely yes | −32.573 | −35.662 | −29.484 | <0.001 * | −22.237 | −26.105 | −18.369 | <0.001 * | |
COVID-19 infection in the last 12 months | No | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Yes, mild disease course | 0.159 | −2.273 | 2.592 | 0.898 | −0.266 | −1.924 | 1.392 | 0.753 | |
Yes, moderate disease course | 2.451 | −1.407 | 6.309 | 0.214 | 1.233 | −1.32 | 3.785 | 0.344 | |
Yes, severe disease course | −1.275 | −6.689 | 4.139 | 0.644 | 2.159 | −1.413 | 5.732 | 0.237 | |
COVID-19 infection in a family member in the last 12 months | No | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Yes, mild disease course | 0.65 | −2.045 | 3.344 | 0.637 | −0.584 | −2.419 | 1.251 | 0.533 | |
Yes, moderate disease course | −1.027 | −3.691 | 1.638 | 0.45 | −0.412 | −2.218 | 1.395 | 0.655 | |
Yes, severe disease course | −0.995 | −4.363 | 2.374 | 0.563 | −1.137 | −3.359 | 1.086 | 0.317 |
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Bartosiewicz, A.; Łuszczki, E.; Bartosiewicz, A.; Dereń, K.; Oleksy, Ł.; Stolarczyk, A. COVID-19-Related Predictors of Fear and Attitude to Vaccination Displayed by Polish Students. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1524. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091524
Bartosiewicz A, Łuszczki E, Bartosiewicz A, Dereń K, Oleksy Ł, Stolarczyk A. COVID-19-Related Predictors of Fear and Attitude to Vaccination Displayed by Polish Students. Vaccines. 2022; 10(9):1524. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091524
Chicago/Turabian StyleBartosiewicz, Anna, Edyta Łuszczki, Adam Bartosiewicz, Katarzyna Dereń, Łukasz Oleksy, and Artur Stolarczyk. 2022. "COVID-19-Related Predictors of Fear and Attitude to Vaccination Displayed by Polish Students" Vaccines 10, no. 9: 1524. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091524