Applications of Perilla frutescens Extracts in Clinical Practice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Evidence from In Vitro and Animal Studies Regarding the Perilla frutescens Effects
4. Apigenin, Luteolin, and Rosmarinic Acid—Three Important Constituents of Perilla frutescens
5. Anti-Inflammatory and Antiallergic Effects
6. Antioxidant and Hypolipemiant Effects
7. Miscellaneous Effects
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Activity | Part Used | Compound | Dose | Subject | Model | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects | Leaves | AE + RA | AE—500 mg/kg RA—19 mg/kg | ddY mice | PCA response elicited by OVA | [27] |
Herb | Water decoction | 500 mg/kg | Balb/c mice | PCA response elicited by OVA | [23] | |
Seeds | AE | 100 mL | C57BL/6 mice | Asthma provoked by OVA | [28] | |
Seeds | RA | 0.7 or 1.4 mg | Endothelial cell and mice | HMGB1 expression and HMGB1-mediated regulation of immune activation | [29] | |
Leaves | AE and Luteolin | 1 mg for both | ICR mice | Induced ear edema | [30] | |
Leaves | Luteolin | 1, 5 and 10 μM | BV-2 microglial cells | Nitric oxide production is enhanced by lipopolysaccharides | [31] | |
Leaves | RA | 30% ethanol extract | Mice; human mast cells | Respiratory allergic manifestations | [32] | |
Leaves | AE | 0.01 g/kg | SD rats, Rat peritoneal mast cell | Allergic response caused by anti-DNP IgE | [21] | |
Leaves | Glycoprotein from the hot water extract | 0.5 mg/mL | Rat peritoneal mast cell | Induced histamine release | [22] | |
Leaves | Methanol extract | 5–50 μg/mL | Human bronchial epithelial cells | Induced allergen gene expression | [33] | |
Leaves | RA | Cell culture—0–2 μM Mice—1.4 mg/12 h | HUVECs, C57BL/6 mice | Production and interaction of inflammatory cytokines | [34] | |
Leaves | RA | 1.5 mg/24 h | C3H/He mice | Induced allergic asthma | [25] | |
Leaves | Nine triterpene acids from ethanol extract | Inhibitory dose—0.09–0.3 mg | ICR mice | Ear inflammation | [35] | |
Leaves | AE | 400 μL | ICR mice | Ear edema | [36] | |
Leaves | AE | 1 mg b.i.w. | C3H/He mice | Influence over TNF-a production | [37] | |
Antioxidant and hypolypemiant effects | Leaves | AE | 1.7 or 4.6 mg/mL | HUVECs, healthy female volunteers | Induced lipid oxidation | [38] |
Seeds | RA | 20 mg/mL | H9c2 cardiac muscle cells | Induced programmed cell death | [15] | |
Seeds | RA | 10–50 μM | RAW 264.7 cells | Induced lipid production | [26] |
Disease | Number of Patients | Compound | Dose | Time-Frame | Results | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (AR) | 128 children (Lertal Group-LG: 64 patients; Observation Group-OG: 64 patients) | Lertal: Quercetin 150 mg, Perilla frutescens 80 mg (as dry extract of the seeds containing rosmarinic acid, luteolin, apigenin and chrysoeriol), and Vitamin D3 5 mcg (200 IU). | 1 tab/day | 4–12 weeks |
| [69] |
Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (AR) | 146 children (LG+ standard treatment: 73 patients; OG+ standard treatment: 73 patients) | Lertal | 1 tab q.d. | Baseline, after 2 and 4 weeks |
| [67] |
Seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (SAR) | 23 adults (16 women, and 7 men), without control group | Lertal | 1 tab b.i.d. | Baseline and after 1 month |
| [70] |
Seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (SAR) | Rosmarinic acid 50 mg (9 patients) Rosmarinic acid 200 mg (10 patients) Placebo (n10 patients) | Rosmarinic acid | 50 or 100 mg q.d. | 21 days |
| [24] |
Atopic dermatitis (AD) | 21 patients (14 women and 7 men) | Rosmarinic acid cream | 0.3%, topical application b.i.d | 8 weeks |
| [71] |
Main Outcome(s) | Number of Patients | Compound | Dose | Time-Frame | Results | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LDL oxidation and antioxidant enzyme expression | 8 healthy female volunteers | Red Perilla frutescens extract | 120 mL single dose | Plasma at baseline, 30 min, 1, 2, and 4 h |
| [38] |
Mental function, fatty acid profile, biological antioxidant potential | 32 healthy elderly volunteers (17 women, and 15 men) | Perilla frutescens seeds oil (PO) Anredera cordifolia (AC) leaf powder | PO: 1.47 mL q.d. PO + AC: 1.47 mL of PO and 1.12 g of AC | Baseline, and at 12 months |
| [87] |
Cognitive function | 49 healthy elderly (24 men and 25 women) | Perilla frutescens seeds oil (PO) Nobiletin-rich air-dried immature ponkan powder (PP) | PO: 1.47 mL (0.88 g of ALA) q.d. PO + PP: 1.47 mL of PO and 1.12 g ponkan powder (2.91 mg of nobiletin) | Baseline, and at 12 months |
| [88] |
Biological Antioxidant Potential | PO group (n = 42 patients) Control group (n = 33 patients) | Perilla frutescens seeds oil (PO) | PO: 7.0 mL of PO q.d. Control: 7.0 mL of canola oil q.d. | Baseline, and at 12 months |
| [89] |
Mental condition | PO group (n = 38 patients) Placebo group (n = 37 patients) | Perilla frutescens seeds oil (PO) | PO: 7.0 mL of PO q.d. Control: 7.0 mL of olive oil q.d. | Baseline, and at 12 months |
| [71] |
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Adam, G.; Robu, S.; Flutur, M.-M.; Cioanca, O.; Vasilache, I.-A.; Adam, A.-M.; Mircea, C.; Nechita, A.; Harabor, V.; Harabor, A.; et al. Applications of Perilla frutescens Extracts in Clinical Practice. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 727. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030727
Adam G, Robu S, Flutur M-M, Cioanca O, Vasilache I-A, Adam A-M, Mircea C, Nechita A, Harabor V, Harabor A, et al. Applications of Perilla frutescens Extracts in Clinical Practice. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(3):727. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030727
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdam, Gigi, Silvia Robu, Mihaela-Magdalena Flutur, Oana Cioanca, Ingrid-Andrada Vasilache, Ana-Maria Adam, Cornelia Mircea, Aurel Nechita, Valeriu Harabor, AnaMaria Harabor, and et al. 2023. "Applications of Perilla frutescens Extracts in Clinical Practice" Antioxidants 12, no. 3: 727. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030727