The Relationship between Adult Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Criminogenic Cognitions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Criminal Thinking
1.2. The Current Study
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Materials
2.3. Criminal Thinking Styles
2.4. Conners’ Adult Rating Scale
2.5. Procedure
2.6. Data Preparation and Screening
2.7. Data Analytic Plan
3. Results
3.1. PICTS Total
Factor-Derived Subscales
3.2. DSM-IV—Symptom Indices
3.3. PICTS Subscales
4. Discussion
4.1. Implications and Future Research
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Description |
---|---|
1. Mollification | Rationalizing norm violation by blaming the cause of behavior on external events |
2. Cut off | Ignoring common psychological deterrents of crime such as anxiety and guilt |
3. Entitlement | Feelings of ownership, feelings of being justified in immoral behavior and a misidentification of wants as needs |
4. Power Orientation | Pursuit of power and control over others, often by aggression and manipulation |
5. Sentimentality | Attempts at compensating for and justifying past actions by doing good deeds |
6. Super Optimism | Believing one can continue behavior without negative consequences |
7. Cognitive Indolence | Poor problem solving and a lack of critical thinking especially towards one’s own plan and ideas |
8. Discontinuity | Disruption of thought and lack of consistency and inability to follow through on thoughts and action (i.e., good intentions but poor self-discipline) |
N | % | |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 78 | 40.6 |
Female | 114 | 59.4 |
ADHD diagnosis | ||
Yes | 4 | 2.1 |
No | 188 | 97.9 |
Criminal conviction | ||
Yes | 9 | 4.7 |
No | 183 | 95.3 |
Police caution | ||
Yes | 24 | 12.5 |
No | 168 | 87.5 |
Education level (highest achieved) | ||
None | 8 | 4.2 |
GCSEs | 58 | 30.2 |
A-Levels | 63 | 32.8 |
Undergraduate Degree | 39 | 20.3 |
Postgraduate Degree | 19 | 9.9 |
PhD | 5 | 2.6 |
Occupation | ||
Employed (full time) | 92 | 48.2 |
Employed (part time) | 35 | 18.3 |
Unemployed | 11 | 5.8 |
Student | 53 | 27.7 |
Measure | Mean | SD | Minimum | Maximum | Skew | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conners’ ADHD rating scale | ||||||
Inattention/memory problems a | 7.06 | 0.67 | 5.83 | 9.43 | 0.492 | 0.535 |
Hyperactive/restlessness | 48.18 | 8.97 | 30.0 | 73.0 | 0.460 | −0.303 |
Impulsive/emotion lability a | 6.90 | 0.74 | 5.66 | 8.94 | 0.555 | −0.188 |
Problems with self-concept a | 6.93 | 0.68 | 5.83 | 8.83 | 0.604 | −0.269 |
DSM-IV inattention | 50.95 | 13.29 | 28.0 | 90.0 | 0.638 | 0.231 |
DSM-IV hyperactive/impulsive | 48.14 | 10.94 | 29.0 | 88.0 | 0.711 | 0.478 |
Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles | ||||||
Mollification b | 0.77 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 1.00 | −0.377 | −0.899 |
Cutoff c | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.54 | 0.505 | −0.404 |
Entitlement b | 0.81 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 1.00 | −0.644 | −0.266 |
Power orientation c | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.57 | 0.516 | −0.313 |
Sentimentality c | 0.23 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.53 | 0.296 | −0.167 |
Super optimism b | 0.73 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 1.00 | −0.450 | −0.001 |
Cognitive indolence a | 1.32 | 0.20 | 1.00 | 1.87 | 0.347 | −0.328 |
Discontinuity c | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.56 | 0.212 | −0.849 |
Total c | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.46 | 0.481 | −0.347 |
Variable | B | SE (B) | β | t-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Regression 1, with factor-derived subscales | ||||
Age | −0.002 | 0.000 | −0.33 | −6.48 ** |
Gender | −0.046 | 0.010 | −0.23 | −4.61 ** |
Inattention/memory problems | 0.058 | 0.009 | 0.40 | 6.11 ** |
Impulsivity/emotional lability | 0.030 | 0.009 | 0.23 | 3.45 ** |
Regression 2, with DSM-IV indices | ||||
Age | −0.002 | 0.000 | −0.24 | −4.37 ** |
Gender | −0.023 | 0.011 | −0.12 | −2.20 * |
Inattention | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.48 | 6.76 ** |
Hyperactivity/impulsivity | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.13 | 1.78 # |
|
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Engelhardt, P.E.; Nobes, G.; Pischedda, S. The Relationship between Adult Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Criminogenic Cognitions. Brain Sci. 2019, 9, 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9060128
Engelhardt PE, Nobes G, Pischedda S. The Relationship between Adult Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Criminogenic Cognitions. Brain Sciences. 2019; 9(6):128. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9060128
Chicago/Turabian StyleEngelhardt, Paul E., Gavin Nobes, and Sophie Pischedda. 2019. "The Relationship between Adult Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Criminogenic Cognitions" Brain Sciences 9, no. 6: 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9060128
APA StyleEngelhardt, P. E., Nobes, G., & Pischedda, S. (2019). The Relationship between Adult Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Criminogenic Cognitions. Brain Sciences, 9(6), 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9060128