Relation of Serum Plasmalogens and APOE Genotype to Cognition and Dementia in Older Persons in a Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Clinical Evaluation
2.3. Serum Biomarker Analyses
2.4. APOE Genotyping
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Relation of PBV and APOE to AD and Level of Cognition
3.3. Study Variable Associations on Serum Lipids
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Female (n = 921) | Male (n = 284) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, Education | |||||
Variable | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p-Value |
Age (range) | 83.8 (58.3–103.9) | 7.6 | 84.3 (64.2–101.0) | 7.1 | 3.8 × 10−1 |
Education | 15.5 | 3.4 | 16.1 | 4.0 | 1.7 × 10−2 * |
Serum Lipids | |||||
Variable | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p-Value |
TG | 136.8 | 67.9 | 122.7 | 59.2 | 3.3e × 10−3 * |
TC | 192.6 | 38.3 | 161.7 | 35.6 | 6.0 × 10−28 * |
HDL-C | 63.9 | 18.4 | 52.5 | 15.2 | 4.9 × 10−18 * |
LDL-C | 101.4 | 33.2 | 84.6 | 29.1 | 1.9 × 10−12 * |
HDL-R | 0.338 | 0.092 | 0.331 | 0.088 | 3.5 × 10−1 |
Serum Ethanolamine Glycerophospholipids | |||||
Variable | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p-Value |
PE226 | 1.60 | 0.89 | 1.08 | 0.63 | 4.6 × 10−19 * |
PL224 | 0.85 | 0.48 | 0.72 | 0.31 | 8.0 × 10−5 * |
PL205 | 1.35 | 1.83 | 0.98 | 0.81 | 1.1 × 10−3 * |
PL226 | 3.48 | 2.28 | 2.84 | 1.22 | 8.5 × 10−6 * |
Plasmalogen Ratios | |||||
Variable | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p-Value |
PL205/PE226 | 0.65 | 0.55 | 0.715 | 0.480 | 7.3 × 10−2 |
PL226/PE226 | 1.81 | 0.88 | 2.18 | 1.00 | 1.6 × 10−9 * |
PL205/PL224 | 1.94 | 2.49 | 1.67 | 1.98 | 1.0 × 10−1 |
PL226/PL224 | 4.55 | 2.36 | 4.39 | 2.27 | 2.9 × 10−1 |
PL205/PL226 | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.337 | 0.186 | 1.4 × 10−1 |
PBV | −0.09 | 0.21 | −0.075 | 0.179 | 2.9 × 10−1 |
Clinical Diagnosis and Cognition by Key Variable Classes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable Class | All | No Dementia | Dementia (%) | NCI | MCI | AD | GCOG Mean (SD) |
Female | 921 | 784 | 137(14.9) | 597 | 168 | 104 | −0.025 (0.829) |
Male | 284 | 246 | 38 (13.4) | 184 | 68 | 26 | −0.051 (0.756) |
PBV > 1 SD | 183 | 172 | 11 (6.0) | 143 | 26 | 9 | 0.238 (0.647) |
PBV ± 1 SD | 851 | 740 | 111 (13.0) | 556 | 177 | 80 | −0.243 (0.782) |
PBV < 1 SD | 171 | 118 | 53 (31.0) | 82 | 33 | 41 | −0.374 (0.996) |
ApoE e2e3 | 149 | 139 | 10 (6.7) | 116 | 24 | 3 | 0.178 (0.589) |
+ PBV > 1 SD | 25 | 25 | 0 (0) | 23 | 2 | 0 | 0.370 (0.442) |
+ PBV ± 1 SD | 106 | 100 | 6 (5.7) | 82 | 18 | 2 | 0.184 (0.612) |
+ PBV < 1 SD | 18 | 14 | 4 (22.2) | 11 | 4 | 1 | −0.139 (0.528) |
ApoE e3e3 | 745 | 641 | 104 (14.0) | 480 | 152 | 75 | −0.028 (0.817) |
+ PBV > 1 SD | 122 | 115 | 7 (5.7) | 96 | 17 | 5 | 0.262 (0.606) |
+ PBV ± 1 SD | 511 | 448 | 63 (12.3) | 330 | 113 | 42 | −0.019 (0.771) |
+ PBV < 1 SD | 112 | 78 | 34 (30.4) | 54 | 22 | 28 | −0.406 (1.063) |
ApoE e3e4/e4e4 | 269 | 210 | 59 (21.9) | 151 | 55 | 51 | −0.181 (0.900) |
+ PBV > 1 SD | 28 | 24 | 4 (14.3) | 18 | 6 | 4 | −0.010 (0.917) |
+ PBV ± 1 SD | 206 | 164 | 42 (20.4) | 119 | 43 | 36 | −0.173 (0.881) |
+ PBV < 1 SD | 35 | 22 | 13 (37.1) | 14 | 6 | 11 | −0.390 (1.007) |
Dementia | NCI-MCI-AD | Global Cognition | Episodic Memory | Visuospatial Ability | Perceptual Speed | Semantic Memory | Working Memory | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 1085) | (n = 1030) | (n = 1049) | (n = 1026) | (n = 992) | (n = 1005) | (n = 1022) | (n = 1049) | |
Variable | OR 3 (p) | OR 2 (p) | Coef. 1 (p) | Coef. 1 (p) | Coef. 1 (p) | Coef. 1 (p) | Coef. 1 (p) | Coef. 1 (p) |
PBV | 0.607 (3.3 × 10−6) * | 0.699 (2.5 × 10−6) * | 0.118 (1.7 × 10−7) * | 0.134 (5.3 × 10−6) * | 0.051 (4.4 × 10−2) * | 0.111 (5.2 × 10−5) * | 0.107 (3.1 × 10−5) * | 0.079 (1.6 × 10−3) * |
HDL-R4 | 0.773 (5.9 × 10−3) * | 0.904 (1.6 × 10−1) | 0.062 (5.6 × 10−3) * | 0.078 (8.5 × 10−3) * | 0.018 (4.8 × 10−1) | 0.019 (4.8 × 10−1) | 0.042 (1.0 × 10−1) | 0.060 (1.6 × 10−2) * |
APOE ε3ε3 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
APOE ε2ε3 | 0.442 (3.0 × 10−2) * | 0.462 (1.8 × 10−3) * | 0.136 (4.2 × 10−2) * | 0.230 (8.1 × 10−3) * | 0.062 (4.1 × 10−1) | −0.033 (5.2 × 10−5) * | 0.112 (1.4 × 10−1) | 0.048 (5.2 × 10−1) |
APOE ε3ε4, ε4ε4 | 2.125 (2.2 × 10−4) * | 1.996 (1.9 × 10−5) * | −0.217 (6.2 × 10−5) * | −0.319 (7.6 × 10−6) * | −0.076 (2.2 × 10−1) | −0.276 (3.1 × 10−5) * | −0.190 (2.0 × 10−3) * | −0.105 (7.9 × 10−2) |
Age * | 2.271 (1.4 × 10−13) * | 2.056 (2.0 × 10−19) * | −0.262 (4.1 × 10−3) * | −0.290 (2.6 × 10−22) * | −0.137 (8.6 × 10−8) * | −0.352 (1.6 × 10−35) * | −0.191 (1.0 × 10−13) * | −0.177 (1.9 × 10−12) * |
Education * | 0.957 (6.5 × 10−1) | 0.917 (2.3 × 10−1) | 0.183 (4.8 × 10−16) * | 0.165 (1.9 × 10−8) * | 0.255 (1.0 × 10−22) * | 0.204 (1.2 × 10−13) * | 0.229 (6.7 × 10−19) * | 0.174 (3.2 × 10−12) * |
Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Male | 1.035 (8.8 × 10−1) | 1.104 (5.5 × 10−1) | −0.048 (3.7 × 10−1) | −0.159 (2.3 × 10−2) * | 0.205 (6.9 × 10−4) * | −0.156 (1.6 × 10−2) * | −0.013 (8.2 × 10−1) | 0.066 (2.7 × 10−1) |
Total Cholesterol (n = 1085) | LDL-Cholesterol (n = 1078) | HDL-Cholesterol (n = 909) | HDL-R (n = 909) | Trigylcerides (n = 909) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Coef. 1 (p) | Coef. 1 (p) | Coef. 1 (p) | Coef. 1 (p) | Coef. 1 (p) |
PBV | 0.009 (5.7 × 10−4) * | 0.014 (2.6 × 10−3) * | 0.029 (3.8 × 10−15) * | 0.020 (5.0 × 10−8) * | −0.043 (3.8 × 10−14) * |
APOE ε3ε3 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
APOE ε2ε3 | −0.009 (2.8 × 10−1) | −0.036 (7.6 × 10−3) * | 0.018 (9.7 × 10−2) | 0.027 (1.3 × 10−2) * | 0.014 (4.2 × 10−1) |
APOE ε3ε4, ε4ε4 | 0.021 (9.7 × 10−4) * | 0.042 (1.2 × 10−4) * | −0.002 (8.1 × 10−1) | −0.023 (6.5 × 10−3) * | 0.002 (8.8 × 10−1) |
Age | −0.009 (1.1 × 10−3) * | −0.014 (2.0 × 10−3) * | −0.002 (5.6 × 10−1) | 0.007 (6.1 × 10−2) | −0.006 (2.6 × 10−1) |
Education | −0.0004 (8.8 × 10−1) | 0.0001 (9.9 × 10−1) | 0.003 (3.8 × 10−1) | 0.004 (3.2 × 10−1) | −0.008 (1.4 × 10−1) |
Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Male | −0.001 (8.5 × 10−1) | −0.001 (9.4 × 10−1) | −0.002 (8.1 × 10−1) | −0.001 (8.7 × 10−1) | 0.007 (6.3 × 10−1) |
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Goodenowe, D.B.; Senanayake, V. Relation of Serum Plasmalogens and APOE Genotype to Cognition and Dementia in Older Persons in a Cross-Sectional Study. Brain Sci. 2019, 9, 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9040092
Goodenowe DB, Senanayake V. Relation of Serum Plasmalogens and APOE Genotype to Cognition and Dementia in Older Persons in a Cross-Sectional Study. Brain Sciences. 2019; 9(4):92. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9040092
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoodenowe, Dayan B., and Vijitha Senanayake. 2019. "Relation of Serum Plasmalogens and APOE Genotype to Cognition and Dementia in Older Persons in a Cross-Sectional Study" Brain Sciences 9, no. 4: 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9040092