Actigraphic Wake after Sleep Onset and Symptom Severity Correspond with Rumination in Trauma-Exposed Individuals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Posttraumatic Stress, Depression, and Anxiety
2.2.2. Repetitive Negative Thinking
2.2.3. Sleep
2.3. Clinical and Sleep Characteristics
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Rumination
3.2. Worry
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Principal Diagnosis | n | % |
---|---|---|
Generalized anxiety disorder | 20 | 43.5 |
Major depressive disorder | 14 | 30.4 |
Social anxiety disorder | 6 | 13.0 |
Posttraumatic stress disorder | 3 | 6.5 |
Panic disorder | 2 | 4.3 |
Persistent depressive disorder | 1 | 2.2 |
Comorbidity | n | % |
Social anxiety disorder | 18 | 39.1 |
Major depressive disorder | 14 | 30.4 |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 12 | 26.1 |
Panic disorder | 10 | 21.7 |
Posttraumatic stress disorder | 8 | 17.4 |
Specific phobia | 7 | 15.2 |
Persistent depressive disorder | 5 | 10.9 |
Obsessive compulsive disorder | 2 | 4.3 |
Alcohol abuse | 1 | 2.2 |
Substance abuse | 1 | 2.2 |
Trauma Event Type | n | % |
Sudden death of close family or friend | 19 | 41.3 |
Suddenly abandoned by spouse, partner, parent or family | 13 | 28.3 |
Some other sudden event that made you feel very scared, helpless or horrified | 10 | 21.7 |
Hurricane, flood, earthquake, tornado or fire | 10 | 21.7 |
Forced or made to have sexual contact (adult) | 9 | 19.6 |
Hit or kicked hard enough to injure (child) | 8 | 17.4 |
Sudden move or loss of home and possessions | 7 | 15.2 |
Seeing someone die suddenly or get badly hurt/killed | 6 | 13.0 |
Really bad car, boat or airplane accident | 6 | 13.0 |
Forced or made to have sexual contact (child) | 4 | 8.7 |
Hit or kicked hard enough to injure (adult) | 3 | 6.5 |
Really bad accident at work or home | 3 | 6.5 |
Attacked with gun, knife or weapon | 2 | 4.3 |
During military service—seeing something horrible or badly scared | 2 | 4.3 |
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Chang, F.; Berenz, E.C.; Ajilore, O.; Langenecker, S.A.; Burgess, H.J.; Phan, K.L.; Klumpp, H. Actigraphic Wake after Sleep Onset and Symptom Severity Correspond with Rumination in Trauma-Exposed Individuals. Brain Sci. 2023, 13, 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13010139
Chang F, Berenz EC, Ajilore O, Langenecker SA, Burgess HJ, Phan KL, Klumpp H. Actigraphic Wake after Sleep Onset and Symptom Severity Correspond with Rumination in Trauma-Exposed Individuals. Brain Sciences. 2023; 13(1):139. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13010139
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang, Fini, Erin C. Berenz, Olusola Ajilore, Scott A. Langenecker, Helen J. Burgess, K. Luan Phan, and Heide Klumpp. 2023. "Actigraphic Wake after Sleep Onset and Symptom Severity Correspond with Rumination in Trauma-Exposed Individuals" Brain Sciences 13, no. 1: 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13010139
APA StyleChang, F., Berenz, E. C., Ajilore, O., Langenecker, S. A., Burgess, H. J., Phan, K. L., & Klumpp, H. (2023). Actigraphic Wake after Sleep Onset and Symptom Severity Correspond with Rumination in Trauma-Exposed Individuals. Brain Sciences, 13(1), 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13010139