Breakdowns in Informativeness of Naturalistic Speech Production in Primary Progressive Aphasia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Speech Sample Collection
2.3. Speech Sample Transcription and Basic Coding
2.4. Content Unit (CUs) Coding
2.5. Self-Referential, Empty, or Other Atypical Speech
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. CUs and Informativeness
3.2. Self-Referential, Empty, or Other Atypical Speech
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Group | Participant | Sex | Age | Highest Educational Degree | CDR: Language | PASS Sum of Boxes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Semantic variant PPA | svPPA 1 | F | 68 | Master’s | 1 | 6 |
svPPA 2 | F | 62 | Bachelor’s | 1 | 3 | |
svPPA 3 | F | 53 | Bachelor’s | 0.5 | 3 | |
svPPA 4 | F | 64 | High School | 0.5 | 3.5 | |
svPPA 5 | M | 54 | Master’s | 0.5 | 1.5 | |
svPPA 6 | M | 59 | Bachelor’s | 0.5 | 3 | |
svPPA 7 | M | 83 | Bachelor’s | 0.5 | 5 | |
svPPA 8 | F | 63 | Bachelor’s | 1 | 4.5 | |
svPPA 9 | M | 80 | Bachelor’s | 0.5 | 2 | |
svPPA 10 | F | 63 | High School | 0.5 | 4 | |
svPPA 11 | F | 70 | Master’s | 0.5 | 4.5 | |
svPPA 12 | M | 65 | Bachelor’s | 1 | 5 | |
svPPA 13 | M | 81 | Bachelor’s | 0.5 | 3 | |
svPPA 14 | M | 64 | Doctorate | 1 | 5 | |
svPPA 15 | F | 54 | Doctorate | 1 | 3 | |
svPPA 16 | F | 74 | Bachelor’s | 0.5 | 2.5 | |
svPPA 17 | F | 72 | High School | 0.5 | 4 | |
svPPA 18 | F | 65 | Bachelor’s | 1 | 3 | |
svPPA 19 | M | 68 | Master’s | 1 | 1 | |
Logopenic variant PPA | lvPPA 1 | M | 68 | Bachelor’s | 1 | 5 |
lvPPA 2 | F | 68 | High School | 0.5 | 3.5 | |
lvPPA 3 | M | 79 | High School | 0.5 | 3 | |
lvPPA 4 | M | 71 | Master’s | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
lvPPA 5 | M | 71 | Master’s | 0.5 | 3.5 | |
lvPPA 6 | M | 79 | Master’s | 1 | 3.5 | |
lvPPA 7 | F | 59 | Bachelor’s | 1 | 6 | |
lvPPA 8 | F | 70 | Associate’s | 1 | 5 | |
lvPPA 9 | F | 59 | Master’s | 1 | 6 | |
lvPPA 10 | F | 64 | Bachelor’s | 0.5 | 5 | |
lvPPA 11 | M | 71 | Master’s | 1 | 3.5 | |
lvPPA 12 | M | 72 | High School | 1 | 5 | |
lvPPA 13 | F | 53 | Bachelor’s | 0.5 | 4.5 | |
lvPPA 14 | F | 68 | High School | 1 | 3 | |
lvPPA 15 | F | 75 | High School | 0.5 | 5 | |
lvPPA 16 | M | 79 | Bachelor’s | 0.5 | 4 | |
lvPPA 17 | F | 70 | Bachelor’s | 0.5 | 3.5 | |
lvPPA 18 | F | 69 | Bachelor’s | 0.5 | 3 | |
lvPPA 19 | M | 75 | Bachelor’s | 1 | 5 | |
lvPPA 20 | M | 76 | Master’s | 0.5 | 3.5 | |
lvPPA 21 | F | 78 | Master’s | 0.5 | 5 | |
lvPPA 22 | F | 55 | High School | 0.5 | 5 | |
lvPPA 23 | M | 69 | Doctorate | 0.5 | 3 | |
lvPPA 24 | M | 72 | Master’s | 1 | 4 | |
lvPPA 25 | M | 73 | Bachelor’s | 1 | 5 | |
lvPPA 26 | M | 69 | Bachelor’s | 0.5 | 2 | |
Non-fluent variant PPA | nfvPPA 1 | F | 72 | Bachelor’s | 0.5 | 3.5 |
nfvPPA 2 | M | 64 | Bachelor’s | 0.5 | 5.5 | |
nfvPPA 3 | F | 69 | Master’s | 1 | 3 | |
nfvPPA 4 | F | 74 | Bachelor’s | 0.5 | 5 | |
nfvPPA 5 | M | 60 | Bachelor’s | 1 | 5 | |
nfvPPA 6 | M | 63 | Bachelor’s | 0.5 | 4 | |
nfvPPA 7 | M | 70 | Doctorate | 0.5 | 2 | |
nfvPPA 8 | F | 69 | Master’s | 1 | 3 | |
nfvPPA 9 | F | 63 | High School | 0.5 | 4 | |
nfvPPA 10 | M | 68 | Bachelor’s | 1 | 4 | |
nfvPPA 11 | F | 75 | Doctorate | 0.5 | 2 | |
nfvPPA 12 | M | 67 | Bachelor’s | 0.5 | 3.5 | |
nfvPPA 13 | F | 65 | Bachelor’s | 0.5 | 5.5 | |
nfvPPA 14 | F | 79 | High School | 0.5 | 5.5 | |
nfvPPA 15 | M | 55 | Master’s | 0.5 | 3 | |
nfvPPA 16 | M | 80 | Master’s | 0.5 | 3 | |
nfvPPA 17 | F | 71 | Master’s | 0.5 | 1 | |
nfvPPA 18 | F | 78 | High School | 0.5 | 3.5 | |
nfvPPA 19 | M | 69 | Bachelor’s | 1 | 5 | |
nfvPPA 20 | F | 75 | High School | 0.5 | 3.5 | |
nfvPPA 21 | F | 79 | High School | 0.5 | 5 | |
nfvPPA 22 | F | 82 | High School | 1 | 6 | |
nfvPPA 23 | M | 77 | High School | 0.5 | 3 | |
nfvPPA 24 | F | 74 | High School | 1 | 4 | |
nfvPPA 25 | F | 62 | Master’s | 1 | 3 | |
Healthy Controls | HC 1 | F | 61 | Bachelor’s | ||
HC 2 | F | 61 | High School | |||
HC 3 | M | 53 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 4 | F | 50 | High School | |||
HC 5 | M | 52 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 6 | M | 51 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 7 | M | 68 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 8 | F | 71 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 9 | F | 71 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 10 | M | 62 | High School | |||
HC 11 | F | 71 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 12 | F | 68 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 13 | M | 69 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 14 | M | 53 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 15 | F | 55 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 16 | M | 68 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 17 | F | 66 | High School | |||
HC 18 | M | 65 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 19 | F | 62 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 20 | F | 66 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 21 | M | 59 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 22 | F | 57 | High School | |||
HC 23 | M | 54 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 24 | F | 60 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 25 | F | 72 | High School | |||
HC 26 | M | 73 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 27 | F | 55 | High School | |||
HC 28 | F | 65 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 29 | F | 63 | Bachelor’s | |||
HC 30 | M | 76 | High School | |||
HC 31 | M | 83 | Bachelor’s |
Appendix B
Group | 0 pt. | 1 pt. | 2 pt. | 3 pt. | 4 pt. | No. Participants Changed |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HC | 7 | 9 | 11 | 2 | 2 | 24 |
lvPPA | 18 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
nfvPPA | 17 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
svPPA | 10 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 9 |
Appendix C
Group | Self-Referential Statements | SD | Ability Statements | SD | Tangential Statements | SD | Empty Speech | SD | False Starts | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HC | 0.016 | 0.037 | 0.005 | 0.013 | 0.003 | 0.012 | 0.051 | 0.042 | 0.006 | 0.009 |
lvPPA | 0.006 | 0.016 | 0.053 | 0.056 | 0.005 | 0.017 | 0.198 | 0.072 | 0.053 | 0.032 |
nfvPPA | 0.004 | 0.016 | 0.007 | 0.019 | 0.009 | 0.036 | 0.074 | 0.061 | 0.023 | 0.038 |
svPPA | 0.127 | 0.183 | 0.070 | 0.067 | 0.024 | 0.043 | 0.100 | 0.075 | 0.008 | 0.011 |
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PPA (N = 70) | Healthy Controls | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
svPPA (N = 19) | lvPPA (N = 26) | nfvPPA (N = 25) | (HC) (N = 31) | |
Age at testing, years (SD) | 69.7 (8.35) | 70.2 (7.17) | 68.2 (8.28) | 63.4 (8.20) |
Female, n (%) | 11.0 (57.8) | 12.0 (46.2) | 15.0 (60.0) | 17.0 (54.8) |
Education, years (SD) | 16.2 (2.30) | 15.7 (2.38) | 15.5 (2.73) | 14.9 (1.83) |
CDR language (SD), n = 0.5 | 0.71 (0.25), 11 | 0.71 (0.25), 15 | 0.66 (0.24), 17 | -- |
PASS sum of boxes (SD) | 3.50 (1.30) | 4.04 (1.25) | 3.82 (1.26) | -- |
Category | CU # | Referent CU# | Count | CU |
---|---|---|---|---|
Unambiguous entities/objects/events | 1 | 31 | Kite | |
2 | 31 | House, home, rental, cottage, cabin | ||
3 | 31 | Wine, drink, liquid, drinks, beverage, soda, juice, champagne | ||
4 | 30 | Dog, puppy | ||
5 | 29 | Beach, sand | ||
6 | 28 | Sailboat, boat | ||
7 | 28 | Picnic, picnicking | ||
8 | 27 | Woman, mother, mom, wife, lady | ||
9 | 26 | Sandcastle(s), pile, castle | ||
10 | 26 | Water, lake, ocean, river, sea | ||
11 | 26 | Boy, son | ||
12 | 24 | Girl, daughter | ||
13 | 21 | Pier, dock | ||
14 | 18 | Book | ||
15 | 18 | Tree | ||
16 | 16 | Car | ||
17 | 16 | Driveway, path, road, street | ||
18 | 15 | Garage, parked (car) | ||
19 | 15 | Shoes, sandals, sneakers | ||
20 | 13 | Fish (noun) | ||
21 | 13 | Couple, two (people), parents | ||
22 | 13 | Radio, boombox | ||
23 | 11 | Flag, flagpole | ||
24 | 11 | Glass, cup, glasses | ||
25 | 10 | Blanket, carpet | ||
26 | 8 | Shovel | ||
27 | 7 | Pail, bucket | ||
28 | 7 | Sky, clouds | ||
29 | 6 | Fisherman | ||
30 | 4 | Nasket | ||
31 | 3 | (Man’s) glasses | ||
32 | 3 | Bottle, thermos | ||
Unambiguous actions | 33 | 31 | Fishing, caught (a fish), catching (a fish) | |
34 | 31 | Flying (a kite), pulling (a kite) | ||
35 | 31 | Building (a sandcastle), making (a sandcastle), playing (in the sand), built a sandcastle | ||
36 | 26 | Reading | ||
37 | 21 | Pouring | ||
38 | 18 | Enjoying, relaxing, happy, having a good time, relaxed, (having) fun | ||
39 | 17 | (Dog is) chasing, (dog is) following, chased | ||
40 | 8 | Sailing, cruising | ||
Unambiguous properties | 41 | 17 | Beautiful, idyllic, nice, lovely, pleasant, calm | |
42 | 10 | Big, large | ||
Ambiguous-referent entities | 43 | 31 | Man, father, dad, gentleman, grandpa, husband, hubby, pops | |
43a | 42 | 18 | ||
43b | 29 | 15 | ||
44 | No Pattern | 31 | Grass, yard, shrubbery, park, enclave, grassy, place, bushes, environment, foliage, gable, hill, mountains, scenery, spot, trees, forest | |
45 | 30 | Someone, guy, fellow, somebody, person, jabroni, adult | ||
45a | 11 | |||
45b | 12 | |||
45c | 42 | |||
45d | 29 | |||
46 | 24 | Family, people, everyone, families, occupants | ||
46a | 11, 12, 8, 42 | |||
46b | 11, 12, 8, 42, 29 | |||
46c | No Pattern | |||
47 | 12 | Inlet, lakeside, seashore, seaside, bay, oceanside, shore, wharf | ||
47a | 58 | |||
47b | 12 | |||
47c | 29 | |||
48 | 8 | Kid, kids, children | ||
48a | 11 | |||
48b | 12 | |||
49 | 5 | Shorts | ||
49a | 11 | |||
49b | 8 + 42 | |||
49c | 42 | |||
50 | 3 | T-shirt | ||
50a | 11 | |||
50b | 8 | |||
Ambiguous-referent actions | 51 | 12 | Running | |
51a | 11 | |||
51b | 4 | |||
51c | 11 + 4 | |||
52 | 6 | Sitting | ||
52a | 8 | |||
52b | 42 | |||
52c | 8 + 42 | |||
53 | 5 | Wearing | ||
53a | 11 | |||
53b | 8 + 42 | |||
53c | 42 | |||
53d | 29 | |||
54 | 15 | 4 | Bloom, blossomed, blooming | |
Ambiguous-referent properties | 55 | 27 | Little, young, younger | |
55a | 11 | |||
55b | 12 | |||
55c | 4 | |||
55d | 2 | |||
55e | 43 | |||
Unambiguous but inferred (not physically present/abstract) | 56 | 20 | Summer, sun, sunny, summertime, weather, season, spring, warm | |
57 | 16 | Music, listening to (music), (playing) music | ||
58 | 16 | Day, afternoon, vacation, retreat | ||
59 | 9 | Scene, picture | ||
60 | 9 | Activities, recreational, sport | ||
61 | 8 | Outside | ||
62 | 4 | Breeze, windy | ||
63 | 4 | Sandwich(es), food | ||
Ambiguous-referent spatial relations | 64 | 31 | Across, around, background, behind, beside, close, distance, distant, far, foreground, front, left, nearby, next to, right, side | |
64a | 2 | |||
64b | 6 | |||
64c | 11 | |||
64d | 15 | |||
64e | 23 | |||
64f | 4 | |||
64g | 21 | |||
64h | 29 | |||
64i | 43 | |||
64j | 16 | |||
64k | 22 | |||
64l | 17 |
Method | Group | CUs (SD) | CU Effect Size vs. HCs (Hedge’s g) | Informativeness (SD) | Informativeness Effect Size vs. HCs (Hedge’s g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Original Berube et al. (2019) [21] | HC | 28.5 (6.46) | - | 20.9% (5.67) | - |
lvPPA | 14.5 (5.81) ***♦ | 2.25 | 11.7% (5.18) ***♦ | 1.75 | |
nfvPPA | 20.3 (6.07) *** | 1.28 | 23.1% (9.45) | −0.29 | |
svPPA | 13.0 (5.67) ***♦ | 2.47 | 11.1% (6.46) ***♦ | 1.69 | |
CU-uniqueref | HC | 30.0 (7.99) | - | 21.9% (5.87) | - |
lvPPA | 14.8 (6.07) ***♦ | 2.23 | 11.9% (5.26) ***♦ | 1.86 | |
nfvPPA | 20.8 (6.19) *** | 1.33 | 23.5% (9.31) | >−0.22 | |
svPPA | 13.7 (6.24) ***♦ | 2.34 | 11.7% (7.02) ***♦ | 1.65 |
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Gallée, J.; Cordella, C.; Fedorenko, E.; Hochberg, D.; Touroutoglou, A.; Quimby, M.; Dickerson, B.C. Breakdowns in Informativeness of Naturalistic Speech Production in Primary Progressive Aphasia. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020130
Gallée J, Cordella C, Fedorenko E, Hochberg D, Touroutoglou A, Quimby M, Dickerson BC. Breakdowns in Informativeness of Naturalistic Speech Production in Primary Progressive Aphasia. Brain Sciences. 2021; 11(2):130. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020130
Chicago/Turabian StyleGallée, Jeanne, Claire Cordella, Evelina Fedorenko, Daisy Hochberg, Alexandra Touroutoglou, Megan Quimby, and Bradford C. Dickerson. 2021. "Breakdowns in Informativeness of Naturalistic Speech Production in Primary Progressive Aphasia" Brain Sciences 11, no. 2: 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020130
APA StyleGallée, J., Cordella, C., Fedorenko, E., Hochberg, D., Touroutoglou, A., Quimby, M., & Dickerson, B. C. (2021). Breakdowns in Informativeness of Naturalistic Speech Production in Primary Progressive Aphasia. Brain Sciences, 11(2), 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020130