Effect of Mineral Additives on the Behavior of an Expansive Soil for Use in Highway Subgrade Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
2.1. Black Cotton Soil (BCS)
2.2. Natural Pozzolans
2.3. Hydrated Lime
3. Experimental Methods and Tests
3.1. Physical–Mechanical Properties Measurements
3.2. Measurements of pH and Electrical Conductivity
3.3. Mineralogical Phase Measurements
3.4. Measurements of Moisture Content and Settlement
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Physical–Mechanical Properties
4.1.1. OMC and MDD
4.1.2. Determining the Lime and Natural Pozzolans Dosage
4.1.3. Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS)
4.2. Mineralogical Changes of Stabilized BCS
4.2.1. Evolution of pH and EC
4.2.2. Mineralogical Phase Analysis
4.3. Field Tests and Observations
5. Conclusions
- BCS is characterized as having high clay mineral content, plasticity index, and swelling potential, which indicate that BCS is a typical expansive soil.
- Lime can vastly improve the physical–mechanical properties of BCS. VA can also decrease the liquid limit and plasticity index of BCS and increase the CBR and UCS of BCS, but has no significant effect. BCS stabilized with combinations of lime and VA presents a better effect than a single stabilizer.
- According to JTG D30-2015, BCS stabilized with 3% lime + 15% VA meets the performance requirements of roadbed materials and could become one option for treating BCS in Kenya.
- The consumption of stabilizers indicates that BCS reacts with stabilizers to form new minerals, as observed by XRD and TEM.
- BCS stabilized with 3% lime + 15% VA shows a better effect in controlling both the moisture change and soil movement of the foundation BCS.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kanyanjua, S.M.; Keter, J.K.; Okalebo, R.J.; Verchot, L. Identifying potassium-deficient soils in Kenya by mapping and analysis of selected sites. Soil Sci. 2006, 171, 610–626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, A.K.; Sivapullaiah, P. Ground granulated blast furnace slag amended fly ash as an expansive soil stabilizer. Soils Found 2016, 56, 205–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ackroyd, L.W.; Husain, R. Residual and lacustrine black cotton soils of northeast Nigeria. Geotechnique 1986, 36, 13–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, P.P.; Huang, J.Q.; Shen, Z.P.; Wang, X.L.; Luo, F.; Zhang, P.; Wang, J.; Miao, S.D. Fired hollow clay bricks manufactured from black cotton soils and natural pozzolans in Kenya. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 141, 435–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miao, S.D.; Shi, J.Z.; Sun, Y.B.; Zhang, P.; Shen, Z.P.; Nian, H.G.; Huang, J.Q.; Wang, X.Q.; Zhang, P.P. Mineral abundances quantification to reveal the swelling property of the black cotton soil in Kenya. Appl. Clay Sci. 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.F.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y.H. Design for Treatment of Subgrade on Black Cotton Soil (BCS). Highway 2012, 9, 46–53. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Croft, J.B. The processes involved in the lime-stabilisation of clay soils. In Proceedings of the 2nd Australian Road Research Board (ARRB) Conference, Melbourne, Australian, 31 May–1 June 1964. [Google Scholar]
- Ola, S.A. The potentials of lime stabilization of lateritic soils. Eng. Geol. 1977, 11, 305–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anisur Rahman, M.D. The potentials of some stabilizers for the use of lateritic soil in construction. Build. Environ. 1986, 21, 57–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- George, S.Z.; Ponniah, D.A.; Little, J.A. Effect of temperature on lime-soil stabilization. Constr. Build. Mater. 1992, 6, 247–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.F.; Shui, S.L.; Yin, Y.Y.; Xu, Y.S. Rapid field evaluation of the strength of cement-stabilized clayey soil. Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 2015, 74, 991–999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aldaood, A.; Bouasker, M.; Al-Mukhtar, M. Effect of long-term soaking and leaching on the behaviour of lime-stabilised gypseous soil. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 2015, 16, 11–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Escolano, F.; Sánchez, J.R.; Pacheco-Torres, R.; Cerro-Prada, E. Strategies on Reuse of Clayey Expansive Soils as Embankment Material in Urban Development Areas: A Case Study in New Urbanized Zones. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 764–776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Viswanadham, B.V.S.; Phanikumar, B.R.; Mukherjee Rahul, V. Swelling behaviour of a geofiber-reinforced expansive soil. Geotext. Geomembr. 2009, 27, 73–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sivakumar Babu, G.L.; Vasudevan, A.K.; Sayida, M.K. Use of Coir Fibers for Improving theEngineering Properties of Expansive Soils. J. Nat. Fibers 2008, 5, 61–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramana Murty, V.; Praveen, G.V. Use of Chemically Stabilized Soil as Cushion Material below Light Weight Structures Founded on Expansive Soils. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2008, 20, 392–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yazdandoust, F.; Shahaboddin Yasrobi, S. Effect of cyclic wetting and drying on swelling behavior of polymer-stabilized expansive clays. Appl. Clay Sci. 2010, 50, 461–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miao, H.H. Chemical Modify of Expansive Soil. Master’s Thesis, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China, 2007. (In Chinese). [Google Scholar]
- Al-Rawas, A.A.; Hago, A.W.; Al-Sarmi, H. Effect of lime, cement and Sarooj (artificial pozzolan) on the swelling potential of an expansive soil from Oman. Build. Environ. 2005, 40, 681–687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Mukhtar, M.; Lasledj, A.; Alcover, J.F. Behaviour and mineralogy changes in lime-treated expansive soil at 20 °C. Appl. Clay Sci. 2010, 50, 191–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Mukhtar, M.; Lasledj, A.; Alcover, J.F. Behaviour and mineralogy changes in lime-treated expansive soil at 50 °C. Appl. Clay Sci. 2010, 50, 199–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, R.K.; Hymavathi, J. Effect of fly ash, construction demolition waste and lime on geotechnical characteristics of a clayey soil: A comparative study. Environ. Earth Sci. 2016, 75, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alrubaye, A.J.; Hasan, M.; Fattah, M.Y. Improving geotechnical characteristics of Kaolin Soil using silica fume and lime. Spec. Top. Rev. Porous Media 2016, 7, 77–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Federico, A.; Vitone, C.; Murianni, A. On the mechanical behaviour of dredged submarine clayey sediments stabilized with lime or cement. Can. Geotech. J. 2015, 52, 2030–2040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadeeq, J.A.; Ochepo, J.; Salahudeen, A.B.; Tijjani, S.T. Effect of bagasse ash on lime stabilized lateritic soil. Jordan J. Civ. Eng. 2015, 9, 203–213. [Google Scholar]
- Kalkan, E.; Akbulut, S. The positive effects of silica fume on the permeability, swelling pressure and compressive strength of natural clay liners. Eng. Geol. 2004, 73, 145–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nalbantoğlu, Z. Effectiveness of Class C fly ash as an expansive soil stabilizer. Constr. Build. Mater. 2004, 18, 377–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ene, E.; Okagbue, C. Some basic geotechnical properties of expansive soil modified using pyroclastic dust. Eng. Geol. 2009, 107, 61–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hossain, K.M.A.; Mol, L. Some engineering properties of stabilized clayey soils incorporating natural pozzolans and industrial wastes. Constr. Build. Mater. 2011, 25, 3495–3501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harichane, K.; Ghrici, M.; Missoum, H. Influence of natural pozzolana and lime additives on the temporal variation of soil compaction and shear strength. Front. Earth Sci. 2011, 5, 162–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hossain, K.M.A.; Lachemi, M. Stabilized building blocks incorporating volcanic ash and finely ground natural lime. In Proceedings of the 1st Canadian conference on effective design of structures, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, 10–13 July 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Harichane, K.; Ghrici, M.; Kenai, S. Effect of the combination of lime and natural pozzolana on the compaction and strength of soft clayey soils: A preliminary study. Environ. Earth Sci. 2012, 66, 2197–2205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deocampo, D.M.; Behrensmeyer, A.K.; Potts, R. Ultrafine clay minerals of the Pleistocene olorgesailie formation, southern Kenya rift: Diagenesis and paleoenvironments of early hominins. Clays Clay Miner. 2010, 58, 294–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- National Energy Administration. Analysis Method for Clay Minerals and Ordinary Non–Clay Minerals in Sedimentary Rocks by X–ray Diffraction (SY/T 5163-2010); Petroleum Industry Press: Beijing, China, 2010. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China. Test Methods of Soils for Highway Engineering (JTG E40-2007); China Communications Press: Beijing, China, 2015. (In Chinese)
- Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China. Test Methods of Materials Stabilized with Inorganic Binders for Highway Engineering (JTG E51-2009); China Communications Press: Beijing, China, 2009. (In Chinese)
- Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China. Specification for Design of Highway Subgrades (JTG D30-2015); China Communications Press: Beijing, China, 2015. (In Chinese)
- Gadouri, H.; Harichane, K.; Ghrici, M. Assessment of sulphates effect on pH and pozzolanic reactions of soil–lime–natural pozzolana mixtures. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harichane, K.; Ghrici, M.; Kenai, S.; Grine, K. Use of Natural Pozzolana and Lime for Stabilization of Cohesive Soils. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 2011, 29, 759–769. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keller, W. Classification of kaolins exemplified by their textures in scan electron micrographs. Clays Clay Miner. 1978, 26, 1–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Properties (Physical Properties) | Test Values |
---|---|
Liquid limit (%) | 64.3 |
Plastic limit (%) | 33.6 |
Plasticity index (%) | 30.7 |
Free swell index (%) | 165 |
Optimal moisture content (%) | 31.5 |
Maximum dry density (g/cm3) | 1.35 |
California bearing ratio (%) | 1.6 |
Unconfined compressive strength (MPa) | 0.215 |
Cation exchange capacity (meq/100 g) | 58.3 |
Sodium (Na) (%) | 2.73 |
Calcium (Ca) (%) | 47.1 |
Magnesium (Mg) (%) | 4.78 |
Potassium (K) (%) | 1.64 |
Oxides (%) | CaO | MgO | Fe2O3 | Al2O3 | SiO2 | K2O | Na2O | SO3 | P2O5 | MnO | TiO2 | LOI a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BCS | 1.70 | 0.95 | 9.44 | 16.89 | 50.34 | 1.01 | 0.76 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 0.90 | 17.5 |
VA | 10.69 | 11.69 | 12.43 | 13.35 | 43.26 | 1.29 | 2.76 | 0.07 | 0.54 | 0.17 | 2.85 | 0.32 |
Samples | Liquid Limit (%) | Plastic Limit (%) | Plasticity Index (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Untreated soil | 64.3 | 33.6 | 30.7 |
1% lime | 65.6 | 35.7 | 29.9 |
3% lime | 68.1 | 41.9 | 26.2 |
6% lime | 63.4 | 45.8 | 17.6 |
9% lime | 58.3 | 50.0 | 8.3 |
10% VA | 58.2 | 30.6 | 27.6 |
15% VA | 56.5 | 31.5 | 25.0 |
20% VA | 55.1 | 30.3 | 24.8 |
25% VA | 51.6 | 28.9 | 22.7 |
1% lime + 15% VA | 58.4 | 30.5 | 27.9 |
1% lime + 20% VA | 59.4 | 32.2 | 27.2 |
3% lime + 15% VA | 49.2 | 25.4 | 23.8 |
3% lime + 20% VA | 46.6 | 24.4 | 22.2 |
Traffic Classification | Depth Under Pavement (M) | Expressway/First-Class Highway | Second-Class Highway | Third-/Fourth-Class Highway |
---|---|---|---|---|
Any Level ofTraffic | 0.0–0.3 | 8% | 6% | 5% |
Light/Medium Traffic | 0.3–0.8 | 5% | 4% | 3% |
Heavy/Very Heavy Traffic | 0.3–1.2 | 5% | 4% | - |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Cheng, Y.; Huang, X. Effect of Mineral Additives on the Behavior of an Expansive Soil for Use in Highway Subgrade Soils. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9010030
Cheng Y, Huang X. Effect of Mineral Additives on the Behavior of an Expansive Soil for Use in Highway Subgrade Soils. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(1):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9010030
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheng, Yongzhen, and Xiaoming Huang. 2019. "Effect of Mineral Additives on the Behavior of an Expansive Soil for Use in Highway Subgrade Soils" Applied Sciences 9, no. 1: 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9010030
APA StyleCheng, Y., & Huang, X. (2019). Effect of Mineral Additives on the Behavior of an Expansive Soil for Use in Highway Subgrade Soils. Applied Sciences, 9(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9010030