Genes Associated with Muscle, Tendon and Ligament Injury Epidemiology in Women’s Amateur Football Players
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Sample and Genotyping
2.3. Injury Recording
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Musculoskeletal Injuries
3.2. Tendon/Ligament Injuries
3.3. Injury Settings
3.4. Severity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Injured | Non-Injured | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD) | 23.26 (3.37) | 23.63 (3.31) | 22.43 (4.13) | 0.459 | |
Weight, mean (SD) | 60.78 (6.08) | 60.15 (5.88) | 61.62 (6.55) | 0.853 | |
Height, mean (SD) | 163.91 (5.18) | 164.15 (4.99) | 163.10 (5.46) | 0.673 | |
BMI, mean (SD) | 22.63 (5.03) | 22.15 (4.88) | 23.32 (5.31) | 0.771 | |
Position | Goalkeeper, n (%) | 16 (9.5) | 7 (7.5) | 9 (12.0) | 0.239 |
Defenders, n (%) | 49 (29.2) | 28 (30.1) | 21 (28.0) | ||
Midfields, n (%) | 67 (39.9) | 34 (36.5) | 33 (44.0) | ||
Forwards, n (%) | 36 (21.4) | 24 (25.9) | 12 (16.0) |
Gene | Polymorphism | dbSNP | Genotype | Women Football Players, n (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACE | Angiotensin-converting enzyme | I/D | rs4646994 | DD | 86 (51.2) |
ID | 57 (33.9) | ||||
II | 25 (14.9) | ||||
ACTN3 | alpha-actinin-3 | c.1729C>T | rs1815739 | CC | 47 (27.9) |
CT | 96 (57.2) | ||||
TT | 25 (14.9) | ||||
AMPD1 | Adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 | c.34C>T | rs17602729 | CC | 125 (74.4) |
CT | 29 (17.2) | ||||
TT | 14 (8.4) | ||||
CKM | Muscle-specific creatine kinase | c.*800A>G | rs8111989 | GG | 22 (13.1) |
GA | 75 (44.6) | ||||
AA | 71 (42.3) | ||||
MLCK | Myosin light-chain kinase | c.49C>T | rs2700352 | CC | 111 (66.1) |
CT | 50 (29.7) | ||||
TT | 7 (4.2) | ||||
Myosin light-chain kinase | c.37885C>A | rs28497577 | AA | 7 (4.2) | |
CA | 18 (10.7) | ||||
CC | 143 (85.1) |
Frequency, n (%) | ||
---|---|---|
Onset | Acute | 160 (94.7) |
Repetitive/overuse | 9 (5.3) | |
Injury setting | Match | 99 (58.6) |
Training | 70 (41.4) | |
Tissue affected | Bone | 3 (1.8) |
Joints and ligaments | 92 (54.4) | |
Muscles and tendons | 73 (43.2) | |
Skin | 0 (0.0) | |
Nervous system | 1 (0.6) | |
Other | 0 (0.0) | |
Severity | Slight | 70 (41.4) |
Mild | 26 (15.4) | |
Moderate | 44 (26.0) | |
Severe | 29 (17.2) | |
Type | Fracture | 0 (0.0) |
Other bone injuries | 3 (1.8) | |
Luxation/subluxation | 9 (5.3) | |
Ligamentous distension | 55 (32.5) | |
Ligamentous tear | 15 (8.9) | |
Meniscus injury | 3 (1.8) | |
Chondral injury | 1 (0.6) | |
Synovitis | 0 (0.0) | |
Fasciitis | 0 (0.0) | |
Muscle tear | 47 (27.8) | |
Muscle contracture | 23 (13.6) | |
Tendon strain | 3 (1.8) | |
Tendon rupture | 0 (0.0) | |
Bursitis | 0 (0.0) | |
Tendinitis | 10 (5.9) | |
Hematoma contusion | 0 (0.0) | |
Abrasion | 0 (0.0) | |
Incised wound | 0 (0.0) | |
Concussion | 0 (0.0) | |
Dental injuries | 0 (0.0) | |
Nerve injury | 0 (0.0) | |
Other injuries | 0 (0.0) | |
Recurrency | No | 143 (84.6) |
Yes | 26 (15.4) |
Injured | Musculoskeletal Injuries | Tendon/Ligament Injuries | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polymorphism | Genotype | No, n (%) | Yes, n (%) | p Value | df | No, n (%) | Yes, n (%) | p Value | df | No, n (%) | Yes, n (%) | p Value | df | |
ACE | I/D | DD | 40 (53.3) | 46 (49.5) | 0.275 | 4 | 38 (38.4) | 35 (50.0) | 0.682 | 35 (45.4) | 35 (38.0) | 0.756 | 10 | |
ID | 30 (40.0) | 27 (29.0) | 42 (42.4) | 26 (37.1) | 8 | 31 (40.3) | 38 (41.3) | |||||||
II | 5 (6.7) | 20 (21.5) | 19 (19.2) | 9 (12.9) | 11 (14.3) | 19 (20.7) | ||||||||
ACTN3 | c.1729C>T | CC | 20 (26.7) | 27 (29.0) | 0.966 | 35 (35.4) | 22 (31.4) | 0.364 | 27 (35.1) | 23 (25.0) | 0.700 | 8 | ||
CT | 43 (57.3) | 53 (57.0) | 11 | 53 (53.5) | 44 (62.8) | 3 | 41 (53.2) | 58 (63.1) | ||||||
TT | 12 (16.0) | 13 (14.0) | 11 (11.1) | 4 (5.8) | 9 (11.8) | 11 (11.9) | ||||||||
AMPD1 | c.34C>T | CC | 61 (81.3) | 64 (68.8) | 0.219 | 54 (54.5) | 26 (37.1) | 0.317 | 41 (53.2) ↑ | 4 (4.3) ↓ | 0.003 | 3 | ||
CT | 14 (18.7) | 15 (16.1) | 2 | 28 (28.3) | 31 (44.3) | 12 | 25 (32.5) | 57 (62.0) | ||||||
TT | 0 (0.0) | 14 (15.1) | 17 (17.2) | 13 (18.6) | 11 (14.3) ↓ | 31 (33.7) ↑ | ||||||||
CKM | c.*800A>G | GG | 10 (13.3) | 12 (12.9) | 0.895 | 17 (17.2) | 9 (12.9) | 0.425 | 13 (16.9) | 11 (12.0) | 0.234 | 10 | ||
GA | 35 (46.7) | 40 (43.0) | 9 | 28 (28.3) | 31 (44.3) | 8 | 30 (39.0) | 23 (25.0) | ||||||
AA | 30 (40.0) | 41 (44.1) | 54 (54.5) | 30 (42.8) | 34 (44.1) | 58 (63.0) | ||||||||
MLCK | c.49C>T | CC | 50 (66.7) | 61 (65.6) | 0.597 | 75 (75.7) | 57 (81.4) | 0.686 | 66 (85.7) | 61 (66.3) | 0.135 | 2 | ||
CT | 25 (33.3) | 25 (26.9) | 2 | 21 (21.3) | 13 (18.6) | 2 | 11 (14.3) | 27 (29.4) | ||||||
TT | 0 (0.0) | 7 (7.5) | 3 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (4.3) | ||||||||
c.37885C>A | AA | 7 (9.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.127 | 0 (0.0) | 3 (4.3) | 0.617 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.1) | 0.279 | 2 | |||
CA | 5 (6.7) | 13 (14.0) | 2 | 24 (24.3) | 13 (18.6) | 2 | 14 (18.2) | 25 (27.2) | ||||||
CC | 63 (84.0) | 80 (86.0) | 75 (75.7) | 54 (77.1) | 63 (81.8) | 65 (70.7) |
Injury Setting | Severity | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polymorphism | Genotype | Training, n (%) | Match, n (%) | p Value | df | No, n (%) | Yes, n (%) | p Value | df | |
ACE | I/D | DD | 23 (32.8) | 47 (47.5) | 0.427 | 55 (39.3) | 14 (48.3) | 0.683 | ||
ID | 32 (45.7) | 37 (37.4) | 14 | 61 (43.6) | 9 (31.0) | 5 | ||||
II | 15 (21.5) | 15 (15.1) | 24 (17.1) | 6 (20.7) | ||||||
ACTN3 | c.1729C>T | CC | 23 (32.8) | 29 (29.3) | 0.937 | 50 (35.7) | 3 (10.3) | <0.001 | ||
CT | 38 (54.3) | 58 (58.6) | 8 | 85 (60.7) | 11 (37.9) | 4 | ||||
TT | 9 (12.9) | 12 (12.1) | 5 (3.6) ↓ | 15 (51.8) ↑ | ||||||
AMPD1 | c.34C>T | CC | 38 (54.3) | 46 (46.5) | 0.465 | 61 (43.6) ↑ | 1 (3.4) ↓ | <0.001 | ||
CT | 18 (25.7) | 38 (38.4) | 13 | 50 (35.7) | 6 (20.7) | 2 | ||||
TT | 14 (20.0) | 15 (15.1) | 29 (20.7) ↓ | 22 (75.9) ↑ | ||||||
CKM | c.*800A>G | GG | 20 (29.2) ↑ | 6 (6.1) ↓ | 0.038 | 20 (14.6) | 5 (17.3) | 0.199 | ||
GA | 23 (33.3) | 32 (32.3) | 5 | 38 (27.1) | 13 (44.8) | 4 | ||||
AA | 27 (37.5) | 61 (61.6) | 82 (58.3) | 11 (37.9) | ||||||
MLCK | c.49C>T | CC | 52 (74.3) | 75 (75.8) | 0.843 | 114 (81.4) | 17 (58.6) | 0.238 | ||
CT | 15 (21.4) | 20 (20.2) | 2 | 23 (16.4) | 12 (41.4) | 2 | ||||
TT | 3 (4.3) | 4 (4.0) | 3 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | ||||||
c.37885C>A | AA | 1 (1.4) | 2 (2.0) | 0.024 | 2 (1.4) | 2 (6.7) | 0.301 | |||
CA | 5 (7.1) ↓ | 30 (30.3) ↑ | 2 | 33 (23.6) | 9 (31.0) | 2 | ||||
CC | 64 (91.5) | 67 (67.7) | 105 (75.0) | 18 (62.3) |
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Varillas-Delgado, D. Genes Associated with Muscle, Tendon and Ligament Injury Epidemiology in Women’s Amateur Football Players. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 1980. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14051980
Varillas-Delgado D. Genes Associated with Muscle, Tendon and Ligament Injury Epidemiology in Women’s Amateur Football Players. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(5):1980. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14051980
Chicago/Turabian StyleVarillas-Delgado, David. 2024. "Genes Associated with Muscle, Tendon and Ligament Injury Epidemiology in Women’s Amateur Football Players" Applied Sciences 14, no. 5: 1980. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14051980
APA StyleVarillas-Delgado, D. (2024). Genes Associated with Muscle, Tendon and Ligament Injury Epidemiology in Women’s Amateur Football Players. Applied Sciences, 14(5), 1980. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14051980