Behaviour of PPCP Substances in a Fluvial Aquifer after Infiltration of Treated Wastewater
Abstract
:1. Introduction, Motivation of the Experiment
2. Natural Characteristics of the Experimental Site
3. Experimental Setup and Performance
4. Results
4.1. Evaluation of Qualitative Changes
4.2. Cluster Analysis
- the number of clusters of PPCP substances—i.e., substances belonging to one set;
- a measurable degree of difference in the occurrence of pharmaceuticals between individual observation objects.
4.3. Characterization of the Transport Process
4.4. Evaluation of Groundwater Flow Velocities and Clogging
4.5. Generalization of PPCP Substance Behaviour
- Substances with random occurrence in very low concentrations and therefore with an undetectable origin.
- Substances, the contents of which increased in the Quaternary aquifer after the infiltration experiment.
- Substances persistent, apparently without significant WWTP influence
- Substances with a high natural attenuation capacity.
5. Conclusions
- An experiment consisting of the gradual infiltration of 2366 m3 of treated wastewater over a period of 36 days into a fluvial sand-gravel aquifer demonstrated a diverse influence on the quality of groundwater. Of the 113 monitored PPCP substances, 80 were detected at the experimental site, of which 69 were in the WWTP discharge.
- Groundwater contained a non-negligible range of PPCP substances even before the start of the experiment (PZ1 12 substances, CP1 11 substances and PZ5 17 substances), which represent “background” values. The source of these, mainly pharmaceuticals, is bank infiltration from the Morava River. River water contains a similar range of PPCP substances as WWTP discharge, although mostly in much lower concentrations.
- The influence of infiltration into the VSK infiltration well was manifested by changes in chemistry about 50 m away with a delay of 8–12 days.
- Of the monitored PPCP substances present in WWTP discharge, roughly half did not appear in the groundwater at all. It shows the selectively high degree of natural attenuation of the fluvial gravel sand sediments for some substances.
- On the other hand, a group of substances such Oxypurinol or Benzotriazole, which are often contained in treated wastewater in concentrations of the order of thousands of ng/L, migrated with groundwater, despite the fact that they were not detected as background values. Probably some degree of degradation of these occurred in the aquifer.
- Due to the lack of long-term medical studies that would document the possible negative impact of the detected substances on human health, the only option is to use the precautionary principle. Until a more efficient wastewater treatment technology is applied, it is clear that, despite the very good attenuation capacity of the rock environment for some substances, the infiltration of treated wastewater remains a problematic issue.
- However, this depends on the purpose for which the infiltration technology would be used. Both surface and shallow groundwater (in some places) in Central Europe already contain a non-negligible amount of PPCP substances. Therefore, in regions suffering from a lack of water for agricultural purposes, it would be possible potentially to infiltrate WWTP output into groundwater in accordance with current Czech legislation. After purification, these newly generated sources of groundwater could be used for irrigation in the event of a lack of another water source.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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DATE OF SAMPLING | 20 November 2021 | 7 November 2022 | 20 November 2022 | 24 November 2022 | 30 November 2022 | 8 December 2022 | 2022/12/12 | Average | Median | 20 November 2021 | 7 November 2022 | 20 November 2022 | 24 November 2022 | 30 November 2022 | 8 December 2022 | 12 December 2022 | Average | Median | 20 November 2021 | 7 November 2022 | 20 November 2022 | 24 November 2022 | 30 November 2022 | 8 December 2022 | 12 December 2022 | Average | Median | 7 November 2022 | 20 November 2022 | 24 November 2022 | 30 November 2022 | 8 December 2022 | 12 December 2022 | Average | Median | 7 November 2022 | 20 November 2022 | 24 November 2022 | 30 November 2022 | 8 December 2022 | 12 December 2022 | Average | Median | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ng/L | ng/L | ng/L | ng/L | ng/L | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
No | PPCP | WWTP OUTFLOW | MORAVA RIVER | PZ1 | CP1 | PZ5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | Carbamazepine | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 274 | 273 | 29 | 40 | 48 | 46 | 44 | 55 | 35 | 42 | 44 | 16 | 19 | 17 | 22 | 36 | 45 | 50 | 29 | 22 | 18 | 13 | 25 | 39 | 16 | 56 | 28 | 22 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 42 | 39 | 42 | 38 | 37 |
2 | 4-formylaminoantipyr | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 289 | 261 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 158 | 151 | 24 | 61 | 51 | 46 | 74 | 64 | 68 | 55 | 61 | 74 | 46 | 79 | 81 | 43 | 94 | 70 | 76 | 73 | 80 | 86 | 91 | 81 | 93 | 84 | 84 |
3 | Valsartan acid | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 1166 | 1280 | 99 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 190 | 195 | 34 | 88 | 78 | ## | ## | ## | ## | 157 | 135 | 99 | 71 | ## | ## | 80 | ## | 174 | 154 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 217 | 220 |
4 | Acesulfame | ## | ## | ## | 74 | ## | ## | ## | 128 | 119 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 242 | 220 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 214 | 217 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 177 | 179 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 179 | 168 |
5 | Gabapentin | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 690 | 680 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 218 | 209 | 24 | 82 | 55 | 82 | ## | ## | ## | 127 | 82 | 85 | 41 | ## | 59 | 51 | ## | 102 | 72 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
6 | Lamotrigine | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 1050 | 921 | 72 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 94 | 114 | 109 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 44 | 49 | 38 | 35 | 44 | 37 | 38 | 40 | 38 | ||||
7 | Diclofenac | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 1651 | 1580 | 85 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 139 | 140 | 0 | 26 | 33 | 57 | ## | ## | ## | 127 | 57 | 22 | 0 | ## | ## | 32 | ## | 27 | 46 | 25 | 33 | 31 | 28 | 32 | 30 | ||
8 | Telmisartan | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 7250 | 7060 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 494 | 492 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 30 | 27 | 33 | 32 | 29 | 31 | 31 | ||||
9 | Valsartan | 33 | 27 | 50 | 23 | 33 | 26 | 73 | 38 | 33 | 34 | 21 | 27 | 28 | 27 | 62 | 49 | 35 | 28 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 11 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 14 | ||||
10 | Tramadol | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 1673 | 1380 | 79 | ## | ## | ## | 95 | ## | 91 | 109 | 103 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 31 | 31 | 35 | 30 | 30 | 32 | 31 | ||||
11 | Oxypurinol | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 13903 | 13400 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 1911 | 1960 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ## | ## | ## | 0 | ## | ## | 69 | ## | 491 | 204 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 395 | 397 | |||
12 | Benzotriazol | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 4834 | 5620 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 563 | 498 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 62 | ## | ## | 0 | 0 | 93 | ## | 34 | ## | 124 | 63 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 156 | 157 | ||
13 | Benzotriazol 5-methy | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 475 | 474 | 61 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 170 | 153 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 33 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 34 | 0 | 46 | ## | 84 | 96 | 74 | 86 | 76 | 86 | 85 | ||||
14 | Sulfapyridin | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 264 | 269 | 14 | 21 | 24 | 20 | 25 | 38 | 22 | 23 | 22 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 52 | 56 | 11 | 0 | 22 | 33 | 11 | 68 | 24 | 17 | 19 | 0 | 12 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 13 | 14 | ||
15 | Hydrochlorothiazide | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 1553 | 1600 | 92 | 96 | ## | 99 | ## | ## | ## | 117 | 104 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ## | ## | ## | 0 | 0 | 68 | ## | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
16 | Metoprolol | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 794 | 789 | 51 | 42 | 67 | 51 | 59 | 88 | 54 | 59 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
17 | Clarithromycin | ## | 34 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 303 | 281 | 42 | 24 | 34 | 29 | 47 | 66 | 57 | 42 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
18 | Acebutolol | 66 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 169 | 191 | 12 | 12 | 18 | 12 | 14 | 19 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
19 | Venlafaxine | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 222 | 225 | 20 | 20 | 27 | 19 | 22 | 32 | 21 | 23 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
20 | Sulfamethoxazol | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 968 | 1050 | 37 | 47 | 71 | 55 | 66 | 81 | 57 | 59 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||
21 | Celiprolol | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 268 | 284 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
22 | Fexofenadine | 31 | 59 | 98 | 84 | 74 | 41 | 37 | 60 | 59 | 12 | 18 | 29 | 22 | 23 | 34 | 19 | 22 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
23 | Fluconazole | 46 | ## | 83 | ## | 46 | 23 | 65 | 79 | 65 | 18 | 21 | 34 | 16 | 22 | 25 | 13 | 21 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
24 | Irbesartan | 46 | ## | 86 | ## | ## | ## | ## | 109 | 127 | 18 | 26 | 34 | 20 | 24 | 35 | 21 | 25 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
25 | Sotalol | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 289 | 189 | 36 | 30 | 49 | 50 | 49 | 61 | 45 | 46 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
26 | Metformin | 56 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 652 | 147 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 635 | 551 | 0 | 0 | ## | 24 | 0 | 48 | 0 | 0 | ## | 0 | 40 | ## | 0 | 0 | ## | 0 | 42 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
27 | Venlafaxine O-desmet | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 642 | 557 | 66 | 63 | ## | 94 | ## | ## | 81 | 97 | 94 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
28 | Sucralose | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 8450 | 9610 | 0 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 1801 | 2030 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ## | ## | ## | ## | 1453 | 1480 | 0 | 0 | ## | ## | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
29 | Bisoprolol | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 144 | 138 | 12 | 0 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 24 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
30 | Diclofenac-4-hydroxy | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 711 | 639 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 25 | 54 | 35 | 21 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 66 | ## | ## | 53 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 69 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
31 | Trimetoprim | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 222 | 203 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 10 | 19 | 11 | 8 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
32 | Atenolol | 39 | 36 | 30 | 27 | 30 | 49 | 71 | 40 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
33 | Phenazone | 65 | 34 | 18 | 23 | 29 | 70 | 44 | 40 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
34 | Furosemide | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 789 | 786 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ## | 93 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 98 | ## | ## | 0 | 0 | 62 | 62 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
35 | Azithromycin | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 809 | 653 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
36 | Carbamazepine-E | 19 | 33 | 23 | 27 | 30 | 23 | 25 | 26 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
37 | Carbamazepine-DHH | 23 | 21 | 31 | 34 | 41 | 38 | 42 | 33 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
38 | Oxcarbazepine | 58 | 52 | 74 | 92 | 81 | 83 | 97 | 77 | 81 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
39 | Sertraline | 20 | 25 | 18 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
40 | Carbamazepine-2-hydr. | 29 | 71 | 46 | 59 | 69 | 50 | 63 | 55 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
41 | Citalopram | 69 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 118 | 122 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
42 | Mirtazapine | 48 | 64 | 43 | 80 | 76 | 38 | 50 | 57 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
43 | Benzotriazol 1-methy | 69 | ## | ## | ## | ## | 71 | 56 | 136 | 137 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
44 | Ketoprofen | 20 | 26 | 45 | 42 | 46 | 37 | 85 | 43 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
45 | Sulfanilamide | 50 | ## | 56 | 81 | 69 | ## | ## | 144 | 81 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 52 | 0 | 0 | 65 | ## | 96 | 98 | 60 | 65 | 0 | 0 | 69 | 56 | 0 | ## | 70 | 66 | 98 | 97 | ## | ## | 102 | 98 | ||||
46 | Iopromide | 52 | 71 | ## | ## | ## | 0 | 491 | 94 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 585 | 520 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 81 | 75 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 78 | 62 | 0 | 93 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
47 | 4-acetamidoantipyrin | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 760 | 816 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 193 | 180 | 34 | 25 | 43 | ## | ## | ## | 76 | 74 | 40 | 21 | 70 | 98 | 27 | ## | 68 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
48 | Cetirizine | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 387 | 422 | 41 | 61 | 33 | 44 | 54 | 29 | 44 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
49 | Sitagliptin | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 275 | 281 | 25 | 37 | 37 | 40 | 46 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
50 | Primidone | 0 | 20 | 58 | 71 | 72 | 92 | 60 | 71 | 26 | 28 | 38 | 29 | 34 | 50 | 28 | 33 | 29 | 20 | 24 | 19 | 21 | 22 | 28 | 35 | 24 | 22 | 22 | 16 | 18 | 16 | 22 | 51 | 24 | 20 | 25 | 22 | 26 | 23 | 36 | 37 | 28 | 25 | |
51 | Climbazole | 0 | 40 | 34 | 42 | 47 | 29 | 33 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
52 | Clindamycin | 0 | 37 | 22 | 53 | 58 | 94 | 36 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
53 | Naproxene-O-desmeth. | 0 | 0 | 49 | 23 | 60 | ## | 31 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
54 | Iomeprol | 74 | 62 | ## | ## | 0 | ## | 0 | 385 | 74 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 289 | 244 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ## | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 70 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
55 | Verapamil | 0 | 10 | 12 | 16 | 28 | ## | 12 | 11 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
56 | Losartan | 0 | 11 | 21 | 14 | 21 | ## | 20 | 12 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 14 | 16 | 26 | 16 | 13 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
57 | Warfarin | 0 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 39 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 0 | 27 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
58 | Erythromycin | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||
59 | Cyclamate | 0 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | ## | ## | 0 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
60 | DEET | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 62 | 18 | 0 | 13 | ## | 39 | 30 | 16 | 15 | 34 | 16 | ## | 32 | ## | 28 | ## | 60 | 180 | 140 | 26 | ## | 19 | 28 | 25 | 31 | 62 | 27 | ||||
61 | PFOS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
62 | Cyclophosphamide | 21 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
63 | Paraxanthine | 0 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ## | ## | 0 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
64 | Ibuprofen | 0 | 23 | 57 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 | ## | 51 | 28 | 23 | ## | 46 | 81 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 96 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
65 | Naproxene | 0 | 0 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 69 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
66 | Saccharin | 0 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 57 | 71 | 0 | ## | ## | ## | ## | ## | 145 | 142 | 0 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 54 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
67 | Paracetamol | 0 | 0 | 28 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 16 | 21 | 0 | 19 | 18 | 12 | 41 | 62 | 25 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
68 | Iohexol | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 80 | ## | 57 | 50 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
69 | Ibuprofen-2-hydroxy | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 99 | 69 | ## | 66 | ## | ## | 130 | 99 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
70 | Ibuprofen-carboxy | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 31 | 30 | 59 | 62 | 30 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
71 | Alfuzosin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 14 | 16 | 0 | 13 | 37 | 16 | 19 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
72 | Sulfamethazin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 28 | 30 | 34 | 45 | 30 | 29 | 31 | 36 | 24 | 37 | 39 | 28 | 43 | 35 | 26 | 32 | 35 | 43 | 42 | 46 | 37 | |||||||
73 | Caffein | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ## | ## | 0 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
74 | Diatrizoate | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
75 | Methylparaben | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 76 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
76 | Bisfenol S | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 65 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ## | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
77 | Cotinine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
78 | Ethylparaben | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
79 | Propylparaben | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
80 | Amitriptiline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PPCP SUBSTANCES | LABE | ISAR | JIZERA | PO | SAVA | BRYNICA | MORAVA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ng/L | |||||||
Metformin | 501 | 94 | 479 | 257 | 104 | 21 | 635 |
DEET | 26 | 26 | 44 | 10 | 10 | 63 | 24 |
Telmisartan | 195 | 53 | 223 | 36 | 10 | 191 | 494 |
Valsartan | 16 | 98 | 20 | 26 | 21 | 376 | 35 |
Valsartan acid | 65 | 38 | 45 | 44 | 10 | 15 | 190 |
Benzotriazol methyl | 97 | 160 | 42 | 48 | 26 | 152 | 170 |
Diclofenac | 20 | 78 | 25 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 139 |
Iopromide | 25 | 25 | 25 | 68 | 160 | 5 | 585 |
Irbesartan | 5 | 34 | 10 | 16 | 24 | 25 | 25 |
Paracetamol | 5 | 11 | 5 | 17 | 76 | 25 | |
Gabapentin | 119 | 82 | 110 | 35 | 9 | 218 | |
Benzotriazol | 256 | 348 | 210 | 93 | 45 | 563 | |
Caffeine | 141 | 155 | 120 | 50 | 50 | ||
Iohexol | 25 | 206 | 25 | 25 | 5 | 50 | |
Oxypurinol | 526 | 370 | 362 | 204 | 25 | 1911 | |
Acesulfam | 164 | 66 | 284 | 85 | 25 | 242 | |
Lamotrigine | 39 | 58 | 38 | 5 | 5 | 114 | |
Saccharin | 76 | 25 | 74 | 25 | 25 | 145 | |
Paraxanthine | 145 | 50 | 160 | 50 | 50 | ||
Iomeprol | 233 | 182 | 123 | 104 | 140 | 289 | |
Ibuprofen | 10 | 10 | 26 | 10 | 81 | ||
Clarithromycin | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 42 | ||
4-formylaminoantipyr | 73 | 114 | 53 | 27 | 158 | ||
Peniciline G | 5 | 5 | 5 | 57 | |||
Tramadol | 37 | 21 | 41 | 49 | 109 | ||
Carbamazepine | 21 | 23 | 23 | 5 | 42 | ||
Metoprolol | 23 | 43 | 17 | 5 | 59 | ||
PFOS | 5 | 3 | 12 | 3 | |||
Fexofenadine | 5 | 30 | 5 | 5 | 22 | ||
Hydrochlorothiazide | 25 | 75 | 25 | 25 | 117 | ||
Bisphenol S | 25 | 25 | 25 | ||||
Carbamazepine-DHH | 23 | 5 | 5 | ||||
Erythromycin | 5 | 5 | 79 | ||||
Celiprolol | 10 | 11 | 29 | 14 | |||
Cotinine | 10 | 10 | 10 | ||||
Iopamidol | 25 | 941 | 170 | ||||
Methylparaben | 50 | 15 | 43 | ||||
Primidone | 5 | 5 | 17 | 33 | |||
Venlafaxine | 13 | 24 | 5 | 23 | |||
Venlafaxine O-desmethyl | 29 | 59 | 5 | 97 | |||
Sulfamethoxazole | 16 | 23 | 17 | 59 |
CONCENTRATION OF BENZOTRIAZOL IN ng/L | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date of Sampling | WWTP | MORAVA RIVER | CP1 WELL | PZ1 WELL | PZ5 WELL |
7 November 2022 | 4390 | 657 | <20 | <20 | 159 |
20 November 2022 | 6640 | 459 | <20 | <20 | 155 |
24 November 2022 | 6610 | 606 | 93 | <20 | 173 |
30 November 2022 | 6290 | 471 | 196 | 62 | 124 |
8 December 2022 | 5620 | 838 | analysis error | 167 | 168 |
12 December 2022 | 2140 | 498 | 420 | 187 | 155 |
AVERAGE | 5282 | 588 | 236 | 69 | 156 |
MEDIAN | 5955 | 552 | 93 | 31 | 157 |
CONCENTRATION OF OXYPURINOL IN ng/L | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date of Sampling | WWTP | MORAVA RIVER | CP1 WELL | PZ1 WELL | PZ5 WELL |
7 November 2022 | 10200 | 729 | <50 | <50 | 270 |
20 November 2022 | 13400 | 2350 | <50 | <50 | 540 |
24 November 2022 | 17100 | 1960 | 338 | <50 | 438 |
30 November 2022 | 21800 | 2270 | 849 | 299 | 328 |
8 December 2022 | 14700 | 3050 | analysis error | 811 | 427 |
12 December 2022 | 12300 | 1600 | 1690 | 1070 | 366 |
AVERAGE | 14917 | 1993 | 550 | 363 | 395 |
MEDIAN | 14050 | 2115 | 379 | 150 | 400 |
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Share and Cite
Hrkal, Z.; Pastuszek, F. Behaviour of PPCP Substances in a Fluvial Aquifer after Infiltration of Treated Wastewater. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 9348. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13169348
Hrkal Z, Pastuszek F. Behaviour of PPCP Substances in a Fluvial Aquifer after Infiltration of Treated Wastewater. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(16):9348. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13169348
Chicago/Turabian StyleHrkal, Zbynek, and Frantisek Pastuszek. 2023. "Behaviour of PPCP Substances in a Fluvial Aquifer after Infiltration of Treated Wastewater" Applied Sciences 13, no. 16: 9348. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13169348
APA StyleHrkal, Z., & Pastuszek, F. (2023). Behaviour of PPCP Substances in a Fluvial Aquifer after Infiltration of Treated Wastewater. Applied Sciences, 13(16), 9348. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13169348