Graffiti Characterization Prior to Intervention in the Punta Begoña Galleries (Getxo, North of Spain): Raman and XRF Spectroscopy in the Service of Restoration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Commercial Sprays Analyses: Database
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Instrumentation
3. Results
3.1. Commercial Sprays
3.2. Inks Samples from the Main Hall
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Brand | Pigment | Major Elements | Minor Elements |
---|---|---|---|
Titan | Orange (554) | Ti, Fe, Cl | Zn, Pb, Co, Zr, Ca |
White (566) | Ti | − | |
Yellow (529) | Ti, Fe | Ca, Zr, Co, Cl, Zn | |
Montana | Vivid Red (RV-3001) | Ti, Fe | Ca, Co, Zr, Zn |
Artic Blue (RV-29) | Ti | − | |
Dark Blue (RV-5005) | Ti, Cu | Si, Ca, Fe | |
Druid Brown (RV-246) | Ti, Fe | Zr | |
Cologno N. Green (RV-237) | Ti, Fe | Cl, Ca, Cu, Si, Zr, Co | |
Decor Pintura | Medium Yellow (ZT107) | Bi, V | Zr, Co, Zn, Ca, Ti, Cl |
Light Grey (ZT113) | Ti | Fe, Si, Zr, Ca | |
May Green (ZT129) | Cl, Cu, Zr, Ca | Ti, Fe, Co | |
Light Brown (ZT120) | Fe | Zr, Si, Zn, Ca, Co | |
Violet (ZT131) | Ti, Fe, Zr | Ca, Co, Zn | |
Fuchsia (ZT134) | Ti | Fe, Zr, Cl, Co, Ca, Cr | |
Bordeaux (ZT148) | Cl, Fe, Ca, Si, Zr | Co, Ti, Zn |
Brand | Pigment | Composition | Raman Bands |
---|---|---|---|
Titan | Orange (554) | Pyrazoloquinazolone (PO67) | 121, 226, 407, 546, 627, 652, 666, 738, 1012s, 1117, 1154, 1166, 1216, 1256 s, 1274, 1298, 1322, 1340, 1374, 1413, 1532, 1558 s, 1577, 1603 s cm−1 |
White (566) | Titanium oxide (Rutile) | 143, 234, 449 s, 612 s cm−1 | |
Alkyd binder Binder | 1044, 1168, 1302, 1447, 1582, 1602, 1725 cm−1 | ||
Yellow (529) | Diarylide (PY13) | 620, 656, 1146, 1259 s, 1288 s, 1401 s, 1450, 1493, 1526, 1600 vs cm−1 | |
Alkyd binder, most likely CHS-Alkyd S 471 | 1004,1044, 1166, 1727 cm−1 | ||
Montana | Vivid Red (RV-3001) | Naphthol AS (PR170) | 112, 193, 208, 267, 292, 335, 364, 423, 478, 494, 511, 539, 574, 611, 732 s, 778, 806, 866, 963 s, 1013, 1043, 1117, 1141, 1167 s, 1208, 1245, 1288 s, 1334, 1364 vs, 1386, 1423, 1454, 1489, 1513 s, 1552, 1606 vs cm−1 |
Alkyd binder, most likely CHS-Alkyd S 471 | 1002, 1043, 1725 cm−1 | ||
Artic Blue (RV-29) | Phthalocyanine (PB15) | 175, 234, 258, 484, 681 s,748 s, 782, 833, 849, 955, 1110, 1145, 1196, 1218, 1309, 1344 s, 1453, 1530 vs, 1602 cm−1 | |
Titanium oxide (Rutile) | 142, 234, 447 s, 610 s cm−1 | ||
Alkyd binder | 1008, 1042, 1731 cm−1 | ||
Dark Blue (RV-5005) | Phthalocyanine (PB15) | 176, 235, 259, 483, 483, 595, 681 s, 719, 747, 832, 847, 954, 1038, 1108, 1144, 1194, 1216, 1307, 1342 s, 1412, 1452 s, 1470, 1483, 1529 vs, 1590 cm−1 | |
Druid Brown (RV-246) | Hematite | 226, 244, 292 s, 404 s, 484, 610 cm−1 | |
Goethite | 392, 549 cm−1 | ||
Alkyd binder, most likely CHS-Alkyd S 471 | 652, 1004, 1040, 1578, 1601 cm−1 | ||
Cologno N. Green (RV-237) | Phthalocyanine (PG7) | 194, 234, 266, 598, 641, 684, 740, 775, 818, 951, 975, 1212, 1261, 1282, 1292, 1337, 1504, 1537, 1590 cm−1 | |
Decor Pintura | Medium Yellow (ZT107) | Acetoacetic arylide (PY74) | 186, 329, 363, 406, 648, 803, 829, 923, 1068, 1090, 1161, 1171, 1265, 1299, 1327, 1354, 1406, 1440, 1491, 1514, 1563, 1595, 1669 cm−1 |
Alkyd binder | 726, 1043, 1727 cm−1 | ||
Light Grey (ZT113) | Titanium white | 144, 233, 444 s, 611 s cm−1 | |
Alkyd binder, most likely CHS-Alkyd S 471 | 1005, 1043, 1303, 1439, 1602, 1728 cm−1 | ||
May Green (ZT129) | Phthalocyanine (PG7) | 148, 165, 198, 223, 266, 291, 333, 347, 546, 594, 643, 685 s, 740 s, 776 s, 817, 956, 979, 1083, 1213 s, 1282 s, 1338 s, 1388, 1445, 1538 vs. cm−1 | |
Light Brown (ZT120) | Hematite | 226, 246, 293, 411, 610, 1300 cm−1 | |
Goethite | 387, 549 cm−1 | ||
Alkyd binder, most likely CHS-Alkyd S 471 | 1005, 1042, 1444, 1583, 1602, 1724 cm−1 | ||
Violet (ZT131) | Dioxazine (PV23) | 317, 416, 484, 528 s, 591, 672, 724, 748, 921, 934, 990, 1108, 1122, 1131, 1152, 1167, 1208 s, 1258 s, 1334 s, 1348 s, 1394 vs, 1433 s, 1445, 1593 cm−1 | |
Alkyd binder, most likely CHS-Alkyd S 471 | 1003, 1042 cm−1 | ||
Fuchsia (ZT134) | Dioxazine (PV23) | 317, 485, 529, 592, 614, 681, 726, 746, 812, 922, 935, 1110, 1133, 1165, 1208, 1260, 1335, 1349, 1394 s, 1433, 1447, 1461, 1581 s cm−1 | |
Alkyd binder, most likely CHS-Alkyd S 471 | 1004, 1042, 1601, 1726 cm−1 | ||
Unidentified | 347, 442, 1062, 1231, 1284, 1359, 1484, 1553 cm−1 | ||
Bordeaux (ZT148) | Naphthol AS (PR112) | 348, 431, 529, 575, 620, 682, 720, 747, 814, 967, 1063, 1163, 1231, 1245, 1358, 1375, 1393, 1403, 1485, 1555, 1581 cm−1 | |
Alkyd binder | 651, 1004, 1729 cm−1 |
Name | Major Elements | Minor Elements |
---|---|---|
(T1) Light Red | Ca, S | Fe, Ti, Pb |
(T2) Light Green | Ti, Ca | S, Fe, Pb, Si, Zr |
(T3) Dark Yellow | Ca, Fe, S | Ti |
(T4) Light Blue | Ti, Ca, Fe | S, Pb, Bi, Si, K |
(T5) Light Orange | Ca, Fe, Ti | S, Pb, K, Si |
(T6) Dark Blue | Ti, S, Ca | Pb, Fe, Cu |
(T7) White | Ti, Ca | Fe, Si, S |
(T8) Bone White | Ti, Fe | Cu, Ca, S, Zr |
(T9) Ochre | Fe, Ca, S, Ti | Cu, Pb |
(T10) Dark Green | Ca, Ti, Fe, S | Cl, Si Cu, Pb, K |
(T11) Purple | Ti, Fe, Ca | S, Bi, Si, Mn, Zn |
(T12) Light Yellow | Ti, Fe | Ca, S, Si, As |
Name | Composition | Raman Bands |
---|---|---|
(T1) Light Red | Lead molybdate chromate (PR104) | 151, 337, 357, 823 s, 849 sh cm−1 |
(T2) Light Green | Acetoacetic arylide (PY74) | 187, 224, 260, 319, 361, 404, 465, 524, 601, 624, 646, 802, 846, 917, 1018, 1067, 1089, 1160, 1171, 1264 s, 1299, 1327 vs, 1353 s, 1404, 1423, 1439, 1459, 1512, 1551, 1593 s, 1668 cm−1 |
(T3) Dark Yellow | Acetoacetic arylide (PY74) | 186, 260, 359, 402, 464, 524, 601, 623, 646, 742, 802, 846, 917, 1017, 1066, 1089, 1160, 1170, 1263 s, 1298, 1327 vs, 1352 s, 1403, 1423, 1439, 1459, 1490, 1511, 1551, 1593 s, 1668 cm−1 |
Goethite | 301, 387, 549 cm−1 | |
(T4) Light Blue | Phthalocyanine (PB15) | 290, 483, 596, 642, 682 s, 719, 748v s, 782, 834, 846, 954, 1009, 1110, 1144 s, 1197, 1210, 1307, 1342, 1451, 1529 vs cm−1 |
(T5) Light Orange | Disazo pyrazolone (PO34) | 294, 369, 392, 539, 669, 768, 915, 1048, 1159, 1188, 1237, 1273, 1289, 1298, 1422, 1475, 1537, 1598 vs, 1654 cm−1 |
Acetoacetic arylide (PY74) | 186, 224, 259, 358, 403, 600, 322, 645, 801, 953, 1018, 1089, 1124, 1159, 1263, 1298, 1327 vs, 1351, 1404, 1438, 1498, 1511, 1598 s, 1666 cm−1 | |
(T6) Dark Blue | Phthalocyanine (PB15) | 290 vw, 483, 594, 643vw, 680 s, 715vw, 748 s, 780, 834, 855, 954, 1008 vw, 1108, 1144, 1195, 1307, 1342 s, 1450, 1529 vs cm−1 |
(T7) White | Titanium white | 448, 606 cm−1 |
Alkyd binder | 999, 1042, 1172, 1308, 1599 cm−1 (very weak) | |
(T8) Bone White | Acetoacetic arylide (PY74) | 186, 264, 314, 359, 404, 645, 802, 827, 915, 953, 1018, 1066, 1090, 1125, 1160, 1263 vs, 1300, 1331 vs, 1351 vs, 1403, 1511, 1549, 1592 vs, 1637, 1667 cm−1 |
Titanium white | 447 s, 612 s cm−1 | |
Alkyd binder | 1003 cm−1 (very weak) | |
(T9) Ochre | Acetoacetic arylide (PY74) | 187, 359, 403, 465, 601, 624, 646, 802, 916, 1018, 1067, 1089, 1160, 1171, 1264 s, 1298, 1327 vs, 1353 s, 1404, 1423, 1439, 1460, 1490, 1512 s, 1552, 1593 s, 1668 cm−1 |
Goethite | 385 cm−1 | |
(T10) Dark Green | Phthalocyanine (PG7) | 100, 224, 685 s, 740 s, 774 s, 817, 959, 1080, 1212 s, 1281 s, 1337 s, 1535 vs cm−1 |
(T11) Purple | Bona (PR48 Na or PR48:2 Ca) | 350, 412, 493, 532, 572, 601, 717, 748, 972, 1040, 1104, 1113, 1177, 1236, 1236, 1263, 1323, 1361, 1375, 1387, 1454, 1473, 1486, 1557, 1596 cm−1 |
(T12) Light Yellow | Phthalocyanine (PG7) | 100, 264, 292, 684, 740, 773, 956, 1081, 1209, 1277,1337, 1442, 1529 s cm−1 |
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Etxebarria, I.; Prieto-Taboada, N.; Lama, E.; Arana, G.; Rodríguez-Laso, M.D.; Madariaga, J.M. Graffiti Characterization Prior to Intervention in the Punta Begoña Galleries (Getxo, North of Spain): Raman and XRF Spectroscopy in the Service of Restoration. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 8640. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188640
Etxebarria I, Prieto-Taboada N, Lama E, Arana G, Rodríguez-Laso MD, Madariaga JM. Graffiti Characterization Prior to Intervention in the Punta Begoña Galleries (Getxo, North of Spain): Raman and XRF Spectroscopy in the Service of Restoration. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(18):8640. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188640
Chicago/Turabian StyleEtxebarria, Idoia, Nagore Prieto-Taboada, Estibaliz Lama, Gorka Arana, María Dolores Rodríguez-Laso, and Juan Manuel Madariaga. 2021. "Graffiti Characterization Prior to Intervention in the Punta Begoña Galleries (Getxo, North of Spain): Raman and XRF Spectroscopy in the Service of Restoration" Applied Sciences 11, no. 18: 8640. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188640