Contact Efficacy of Different Wood Ashes against Spanish Slug, Arion vulgaris (Gastropoda: Arionidae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Slugs
2.2. Experimental Design
2.2.1. Study of the Contact Efficacy of the Wood Ash (Experiment A)
2.2.2. Study of Wood Ash as a Barrier for Slugs (Experiment B)
2.2.3. Study of Wood Ash in the Semi-Field Trials (Experiment C)
2.3. Geochemical Analysis of Wood Ash
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Group of Experiments: Experiment A
3.2. Analysis of Group of Experiments: Experiment B
3.3. Analysis of Group of Experiments: Experiment C
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Compounds/Element | Unit | Fagus sylvatica | Quercus petraea | Carpinus betulus | Abies alba | Picea abies | Alnus glutinous | Castanea sativa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | % | 6.87 | 4.94 | 1.02 | 11.53 | 7.46 | 3.04 | 2.78 |
Al2O3 | % | 1.61 | 1.53 | 0.49 | 2.95 | 2.48 | 0.73 | 1.03 |
Fe2O3 | % | 0.41 | 1.5 | 0.31 | 1.87 | 1.74 | 0.87 | 0.59 |
MgO | % | 7.36 | 3.4 | 1.87 | 6.83 | 4.44 | 2.34 | 1.92 |
CaO | % | 31.09 | 37.23 | 55.12 | 52.96 | 39.55 | 42.01 | 48.52 |
Na2O | % | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.13 |
K2O | % | 12.6 | 11.11 | 6.23 | 4.98 | 7.54 | 5.14 | 3.24 |
TiO2 | % | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.19 |
P2O5 | % | 1.86 | 2.12 | 1.77 | 2.24 | 2.36 | 1.07 | 2.03 |
MnO | % | 0.38 | 0.99 | 0.08 | 1.17 | 1.26 | 0.16 | 1.03 |
Cr2O3 | % | <0.002 | 0.014 | <0.002 | 0.009 | <0.002 | <0.002 | <0.002 |
Ba | % | 0,1371 | 0,26 | 0.089 | 0.1907 | 0.2736 | 0.0712 | 0.0982 |
Ni | % | <0.002 | 0.0032 | <0.002 | 0.0039 | 0.005 | <0.002 | <0.002 |
Co | % | 0.00021 | 0.00081 | 0.00003 | 0.00117 | 0.0012 | 0.00006 | 0.00009 |
Cs | % | 0.00017 | 0.0001 | 0.00002 | 0.00009 | 0.0002 | 0.00003 | 0.00005 |
Ga | % | 0.00012 | 0.00019 | <0.00005 | 0.00038 | 0.0004 | <0.00005 | <0.00005 |
Sr | % | 0.03252 | 0.04565 | 0.05365 | 0.07348 | 0.0668 | 0.02165 | 0.03265 |
Mo | % | 0.00034 | 0.00023 | 0.00106 | 0.00023 | 0.0002 | 0.00083 | 0.00093 |
Cu | % | 0.00914 | 0.01786 | 0.00615 | 0.0135 | 0.0163 | 0.00725 | 0.00623 |
Pb | % | 0.00603 | 0.00393 | 0.00023 | 0.00101 | 0.0029 | 0.00043 | 0.00067 |
Zn | % | 0.0294 | 0.0370 | 0.0072 | 0.0157 | 0.1145 | 0.00089 | 0.000971 |
Source | Slug Mortality | Feeding Ability | |||||
F | df | p | F | df | p | ||
Exp. A | Treatment (T) | 87.59 | 7 | <0.0001 | 75.43 | 7 | <0.0001 |
Exposure time (DAT) | 66.61 | 2 | <0.0001 | 69.33 | 2 | <0.0001 | |
Source | Barrier crossing | ||||||
F | df | p | |||||
Exp. B | Treatment (T) | 16.27 | 7 | <0.0001 | |||
Exposure time (DAT) | 87.04 | 2 | <0.0001 | ||||
Source | % damaged plants | % damaged leaves | |||||
F | df | p | F | df | p | ||
Exp. C | Treatment (T) | 33.84 | 4 | <0.0001 | 62.25 | 4 | <0.0001 |
Exposure time (DAT) | 29.82 | 2 | <0.0001 | 24.21 | 2 | <0.0001 |
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Laznik, Ž.; Majić, I.; Horvat, A.; Trdan, S. Contact Efficacy of Different Wood Ashes against Spanish Slug, Arion vulgaris (Gastropoda: Arionidae). Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8564. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238564
Laznik Ž, Majić I, Horvat A, Trdan S. Contact Efficacy of Different Wood Ashes against Spanish Slug, Arion vulgaris (Gastropoda: Arionidae). Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(23):8564. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238564
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaznik, Žiga, Ivana Majić, Aleksander Horvat, and Stanislav Trdan. 2020. "Contact Efficacy of Different Wood Ashes against Spanish Slug, Arion vulgaris (Gastropoda: Arionidae)" Applied Sciences 10, no. 23: 8564. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238564
APA StyleLaznik, Ž., Majić, I., Horvat, A., & Trdan, S. (2020). Contact Efficacy of Different Wood Ashes against Spanish Slug, Arion vulgaris (Gastropoda: Arionidae). Applied Sciences, 10(23), 8564. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238564