Energy Efficiency Policies to Face Buildings’ Climate Change Effects in Paraguay
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Paraguayan Climate Scenario and Climate Change Effects
3. Review of Paraguayan Actions
3.1. The Road Toward EE in Paraguay
3.2. Energy Efficiency Overview of the Situation in the Building Sector
Energy Consumption Evolution
4. Review of Good Practices for Paraguay
4.1. About Energy Efficiency Policies from Surrounding Countries
4.2. About Building Design
4.2.1. Passive Measures and Efficient Appliances Effects
4.2.2. Climate Change Effects Mitigation on Buildings’ Comfort by Energy Efficiency Measurements
5. Conclusions
- Developing reliable regulatory frameworks that lead the roadmap clearly and strongly;
- Raising awareness of consumers and businesses about the need to change the energy model;
- Involving consumers and businesses in the new energy model to achieve change in consumption habits;
- Allowing consumers and businesses to benefit from the market opportunities created, e.g., offering discounts on municipal taxes for companies working for the energy transition or people who participate in projects promoting it;
- Supporting and promoting professional training, since the transition process requires qualified technicians to evaluate the efficiency of the process.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Paraguay EE Evolution | Energy Efficiency Weaknesses, Objectives, Progress, Challenges and Barriers |
---|---|
Weaknesses detected in 2013 for the implementation of EE measures [6]. | Limited financial resources in public institutions. Easy access to inefficient equipment (lower costs). Low level of consumers’ awareness of available options and their importance. Lack of technical capacity of state organization staff. Few outstanding projects focused on greenhouse gas mitigation |
Specific objectives set in the PNEE [38] | Implement a regulatory framework that optimizes energy consumption in the country. Promote EE programs that contemplate technological innovation in different sectors. Boost the culture of efficient use of energy. Identify sectors with greater EE potential in the country’s energy matrix. Encourage different actors to realise their EE potential in their respective sectors. |
Progress after two years of PNEE implementation [42] | Creation of energy labelling standards for equipment and appliances (CTN 51). Activities to promote the efficient use of energy, seminars and events at a national level. Implementation of efficient lighting projects in a mall and the creation of a project for a public entity. Estimation of saving potential in electrical energy based on the improvement of EE in the residential sector. Creation of training programs for professionals in the efficient and rational use of energy. |
Challenges to be overcome by CNEE [42] | Strengthen the National EE Committee. Quantify the EE potential by sectors. Implement the pilot project created for a public entity. Develop an appropriate legal framework for EE in the country. Ensure the necessary funding sources. |
Cultural barriers detected in the country to improve EE [43] | Lack of consumer awareness about advantages of rational and efficient use of energy. Bad habits of the citizenship that produce a great waste of energy due to the abundant availability. The low costs of inefficient electrical appliances. Identify sectors with greater EE potential in the country’s energy matrix. Lack of interest, by state and private sector, about investing in EE projects. |
Some goals and deadlines for the EE action plan in the Energy Policy Paraguay 2040 [39] | Promote plans for public and private financing of EE projects and technologies (short term). Training of professionals working in energy management institutions (short term). Identify international cooperation organizations and prioritise their areas of interest (short term). Carry out programs for the dissemination of EE through awareness-raising campaigns (short term). Improve EE in the building sector through the creation of certification projects and energy labelling (short term). |
Country | Year | Project/Program | Scope | Strategy | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | 1999 to 2005 | PIEEP—Program for Increasing Productive and Energy Efficiency | SMEs | Diffusion of EE services, projects development, highlighting EE for improvement companies’ productivity. | Securing jobs through improved competitiveness by advising over 500 SMEs. Gas consumption in the sugar industry was reduced by 60 million m3 in three years. [67] |
2007 | PRONUREE—National Program for the Rational and Efficient Use of Energy | National level | Labelling of efficient appliances. Incandescent lamps importation and marketing for residential use forbidden (Law 26473/2008). Minimum EE requirements were set for appliances, etc. | 210 million low-efficiency incandescent lamps have been replaced. The State distributed free of charge 25 million efficient lamps. Energy savings due to the implementation of these programs reached 1000 GWh in 2011. [68] | |
2007 | PAyPEE—Saving and EE Program for Public Buildings | Public buildings | Replacement of low-efficiency lamps; air-conditioning set point 24 °C; natural lighting cleaning tasks; ornamental lighting to turn off from 00 h, etc. | Energy saving of 19,927 MWh in the public buildings intervened and replacement of 476,000 low-efficiency lamps. [69] | |
2008 | Public lighting (PL) | Street lighting | Municipalities’ investment projects to improve EE in PL | More than 241 projects approved and 484,105 luminaries replaced by the end of 2012. [39] | |
2014 | FAEE—Argentine Energy Efficiency Fund | SMEs | Companies’ investment projects to improve EE: more efficient technologies, improve the productive processes, actions to reduce energy consumption, etc. | For 2017, 219 assessments were made, and more than 70 projects were approved. [70] | |
Brazil | 1984 | PBE—Brazilian Energy Labelling Program | Equipment and appliances | Market support and information program about EE of equipment and appliances. | 38 product categories and thousands of models labelled. [39] |
1985 | PROCEL—National Electricity Conservation Program | National level | EE campaigns; Appliances labelling regarding efficient electricity consumption; award high-efficiency buildings. | 107 billion kWh saved since 1986. EE educational projects for 1774 schools, 5678 professors and for 257,696 students. 15 billion kWh saved in 2016 using equipment. 43 buildings awarded with 8.19 GWh energy saved (estimated). [71] | |
2000 | Law 9991 | Energy distribution companies | Mandatory investment in EE programs (0.5% of the annual turnover) | By 2012, more than BRL 3 billion invested and 3930 GWh saved by the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL). [72] | |
Brazil | 2001 | Law 10295—Energy Efficiency | National level | Maximum consumption levels and minimum EE for equipment and appliances were established. | A total saving of 302 GWh (accumulated economy) and reduction in the power demand of 105.3 MW (2001–2010). [39] |
2005 | Edifica PBE | Buildings Sector | It sets the criteria for the energy labelling of buildings. | National building labelling scheme: more than 2139 buildings labelled by 2013. [73] | |
Chile | 1992 to 2000 | National Program for efficient energy use | National level | Pilot initiatives to promote EE: energy audits in public buildings and industries, etc. | 40 public buildings and industries audited resulting in savings of 25% to 55% of the buildings energy consumption. [6] |
2005 | PPEE—Energy Efficient Country Program | National level | Massive energy-saving campaigns; replacement of low-efficiency luminaries; public/private agreements with large electricity consumption sectors; etc. | Reduction of the electricity demand in the Central Interconnected System of 2.6% between 2008 and 2009; 2.8 × 106 efficient lamps given to low-income residences; 1 × 104 subsidies for energy retrofit of dwellings; etc. [39] | |
2010 | AChEE—Chilean Agency of EE | National level | EE in hospitals of the country; replacement of luminaires with LED technology; improve the thermal performance of dwellings, increasing EE in public buildings, etc. | The public expenditure on EE increased more than 40% between 2015–2016; 24 hospitals intervened; 36.39 GWh of annual energy savings between 2014–2016; 1.5 GWh of energy saved improving EE in public buildings; etc. [74] | |
Uruguay | 2005 to 2011 | PEE-UY—Uruguayan Energy Efficiency Project | National level | Labelling of efficient appliances; EE campaigns; development of energy services companies, etc. | 559 ktoe of energy saved; 1.4 million tonnes of CO2 emissions avoided; 10 ESCOs set in the country, etc. [75] |
2009 | Law 18597—Energy Efficiency | National level | The institutional legal framework to promote the efficient use of energy in the country. | Uruguayan Savings and Energy Efficiency Trust (FUDAEE) financed by the energy distribution companies (0.13% of the annual turnover); National EE Plan 2015–2024; EE certificates and a technical assistant line; National labelling system, etc. [76] | |
2016 | CEE—Energy efficiency Certificates | Energy users and suppliers of energy services | Certifies the amount of weighted energy saved throughout the useful life of an EE project. Provides monetary support for the EE measures implemented. | In 2017, 266 measures to improve EE implemented by 61 companies and public and private institutions were presented, which involved an energy saving of 14,519 toe/year. [77] | |
2016 | Technical Assistant Line | Final energy users | Non-refundable funds to finance the costs of feasibility studies for projects aiming to improve EE. | In 2017, 47 studies developed by 12 ESCOs in 37 companies and institutions were approved, and USD 130,357 were reimbursed. [78] |
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Silvero, F.; Rodrigues, F.; Montelpare, S. Energy Efficiency Policies to Face Buildings’ Climate Change Effects in Paraguay. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 3979. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10113979
Silvero F, Rodrigues F, Montelpare S. Energy Efficiency Policies to Face Buildings’ Climate Change Effects in Paraguay. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(11):3979. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10113979
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilvero, Fabiana, Fernanda Rodrigues, and Sergio Montelpare. 2020. "Energy Efficiency Policies to Face Buildings’ Climate Change Effects in Paraguay" Applied Sciences 10, no. 11: 3979. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10113979
APA StyleSilvero, F., Rodrigues, F., & Montelpare, S. (2020). Energy Efficiency Policies to Face Buildings’ Climate Change Effects in Paraguay. Applied Sciences, 10(11), 3979. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10113979